Myosorex varius: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of mammal}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{speciesbox |
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| image = Myosorex varius.png |
| image = Myosorex varius.png |
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| image_caption = Drawing of ''M. varius'' |
| image_caption = Drawing of ''M. varius'' |
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| status = LC |
| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name=":0" /> |
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| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN 2012">Baxter R. (2008). [http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41382/0 ''Myosorex varius'']. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 19 September 2012.</ref> |
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| genus = Myosorex |
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| species = varius |
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| classis = [[Mammalia]] |
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| ordo = [[Eulipotyphla]] |
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| familia = [[Soricidae]] |
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| genus = ''[[Myosorex]]'' |
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| species = '''''M. varius''''' |
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| binomial = ''Myosorex varius'' |
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| synonyms = |
| synonyms = |
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| range_map = Forest Shrew area.png |
| range_map = Forest Shrew area.png |
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The '''forest shrew''' (''Myosorex varius'') is a species of [[shrew]] in the mouse shrew family, [[Soricidae]].<ref name = MSW3>{{MSW3 Soricomorpha| id = 13700323 | page = 266}}</ref> It is found in [[Lesotho]], [[South Africa]], and [[ |
The '''forest shrew''' ('''''Myosorex varius''''') is a species of [[shrew]] in the mouse shrew family, [[Soricidae]].<ref name = MSW3>{{MSW3 Soricomorpha| id = 13700323 | page = 266}}</ref> It is found in [[Lesotho]], [[South Africa]], and [[Eswatini]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41382/115519477|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> Its natural habitats include temperate forests, dry [[savanna]], Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, and temperate [[grassland]].<ref name=":0" /> The term "forest shrews" in the plural is sometimes confusingly used to collectively refer to a different genus, ''[[Sylvisorex]]''. |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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The forest shrew grows to a length around {{convert|12.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} with a tail of {{convert|4.3|cm|1|abbr=on}} and an average mass of about {{convert|12|g|1|abbr=on}}. In [[KwaZulu-Natal]] and the [[Drakensberg]] region, the males are larger than the females, but in the [[Cape Colony]], the sexes are of similar sizes. This shrew is covered in short, dense fur, dark grey or brown above and paler underneath.<ref name=ADW>{{cite web |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Myosorex_varius/ |title=''Myosorex varius'': forest shrew |author=Joseph, Jency |year=2011 |work=Animal Diversity Web | |
The forest shrew grows to a length around {{convert|12.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} with a tail of {{convert|4.3|cm|1|abbr=on}} and an average mass of about {{convert|12|g|1|abbr=on}}. In [[KwaZulu-Natal]] and the [[Drakensberg]] region, the males are larger than the females, but in the [[Cape Colony]], the sexes are of similar sizes. This shrew is covered in short, dense fur, dark grey or brown above and paler underneath.<ref name=ADW>{{cite web |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Myosorex_varius/ |title=''Myosorex varius'': forest shrew |author=Joseph, Jency |year=2011 |work=Animal Diversity Web |access-date=23 February 2014}}</ref> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
==Distribution and habitat== |
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The forest shrew is native to South Africa, Lesotho, and |
The forest shrew is native to South Africa, Lesotho, and Eswatini. In upland areas, it is often the commonest small mammal, but it is less common in coastal areas. It is found in a wide range of primary and secondary habitats, including forests, grassland, scrub, semidesert, [[karoo]], and [[fynbos]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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==Biology== |
==Biology== |
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The forest shrew is mainly nocturnal and is an [[insectivore]], but its diet also includes any small invertebrates it can find, including [[earthworm]]s, [[millipede]]s, [[centipede]]s, [[crustaceans]], and [[spider]]s. The forest shrew is preyed upon by [[barn owl]]s, [[marsh mongoose]]s, [[African striped weasel|striped weasels]], and [[striped polecat]]s. To avoid predation, it spends most of its time in its burrow and only leaves when it needs to feed or defecate. Its droppings are very pungent.<ref name=ADW/> |
The forest shrew is mainly nocturnal and is an [[insectivore]], but its diet also includes any small invertebrates it can find, including [[earthworm]]s, [[millipede]]s, [[centipede]]s, [[crustaceans]], and [[spider]]s. The forest shrew is preyed upon by [[barn owl]]s, [[marsh mongoose]]s, [[African striped weasel|striped weasels]], and [[striped polecat]]s. To avoid predation, it spends most of its time in its burrow and only leaves when it needs to feed or defecate. Its droppings are very pungent.<ref name=ADW/> |
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The breeding season varies across the forest shrew's range. In some areas, breeding takes place all year round, but in others, it is correlated with the higher rainfall which occurs in the summer, while unusually wet weather at other times of year can spark further reproductive activity.<ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in the Biology of Shrews II: Variation in aspects of the population dynamics of the endemic forest shrew ''Myosorex varius'' in South Africa | |
The breeding season varies across the forest shrew's range. In some areas, breeding takes place all year round, but in others, it is correlated with the higher rainfall which occurs in the summer, while unusually wet weather at other times of year can spark further reproductive activity.<ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in the Biology of Shrews II: Variation in aspects of the population dynamics of the endemic forest shrew ''Myosorex varius'' in South Africa |last1=Merritt |first1=Joseph F. (ed.)|last2=Baxter |first2=Rod M. |year=2005 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9781411678187 |pages=179–187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MrKLeOYjtV4C&q=Myosorex+varius&pg=PA179 }}</ref> |
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The forest shrew often contains the [[Brachylaimidae|brachylaimid]] [[trematode]] ''[[Renylaima|Renylaima capensis]]'' in its kidney and ureter. This parasitic fluke has been found to have a three-host lifecycle, the first intermediate host being the terrestrial slug ''[[Ariostralis nebulosa]]'' and the second, another slug ''[[Ariopelta|Ariopelta capensis]]''. The forest shrew feeds on both these slugs.<ref name="Sirgel 2012">Sirgel, W. F.; Artigas, P.; Bargues, M. D.; Mas-Coma, S. (2012). "Life Cycle of ''Renylaima capensis'', a Brachylaimid Trematode of Shrews and Slugs in South Africa: Two-host and Three-host Transmission Modalities Suggested by Epizootiology and DNA Sequencing". ''[[Parasites & Vectors]]'' 5: 169. {{doi|10.1186/1756-3305-5-169}}.</ref> |
The forest shrew often contains the [[Brachylaimidae|brachylaimid]] [[trematode]] ''[[Renylaima|Renylaima capensis]]'' in its kidney and ureter. This parasitic fluke has been found to have a three-host lifecycle, the first intermediate host being the terrestrial slug ''[[Ariostralis nebulosa]]'' and the second, another slug ''[[Ariopelta|Ariopelta capensis]]''. The forest shrew feeds on both these slugs.<ref name="Sirgel 2012">Sirgel, W. F.; Artigas, P.; Bargues, M. D.; Mas-Coma, S. (2012). "Life Cycle of ''Renylaima capensis'', a Brachylaimid Trematode of Shrews and Slugs in South Africa: Two-host and Three-host Transmission Modalities Suggested by Epizootiology and DNA Sequencing". ''[[Parasites & Vectors]]'' 5: 169. {{doi|10.1186/1756-3305-5-169}}.</ref> |
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Feeding as it does on small invertebrates, the forest shrew tends to accumulate any [[Pollution|environmental contaminants]] in its tissues. Earthworms are known to bioaccumulate [[lead]] and the levels of lead in forest shrews are found to rise when they eat contaminated earthworms. This enables the shrews to be used as [[bioindicator]]s of heavy metal pollution.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Reinecke, A. J. |author2=Reinecke, S. A. |author3=Musilbono, D. E. |author4=Chapman, A. |year=2000 |title=The Transfer of Lead (Pb) from Earthworms to Shrews (''Myosorex varius'') |journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=392–397 |doi=10.1007/s002440010120 }}</ref> |
Feeding as it does on small invertebrates, the forest shrew tends to accumulate any [[Pollution|environmental contaminants]] in its tissues. Earthworms are known to bioaccumulate [[lead]] and the levels of lead in forest shrews are found to rise when they eat contaminated earthworms. This enables the shrews to be used as [[bioindicator]]s of heavy metal pollution.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Reinecke, A. J. |author2=Reinecke, S. A. |author3=Musilbono, D. E. |author4=Chapman, A. |year=2000 |title=The Transfer of Lead (Pb) from Earthworms to Shrews (''Myosorex varius'') |journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=392–397 |doi=10.1007/s002440010120 |pmid=10948291 |s2cid=31190285 }}</ref> |
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==Status== |
==Status== |
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The [[IUCN]] lists the forest shrew as being of "[[Least Concern]]" because it has a wide distribution and is common over much of its range and the population seems stable. It is able to adapt to variations in its habitat and no specific threats have been identified.<ref name=" |
The [[IUCN]] lists the forest shrew as being of "[[Least Concern]]" because it has a wide distribution and is common over much of its range and the population seems stable. It is able to adapt to variations in its habitat and no specific threats have been identified.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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{{ |
{{Commons category|Myosorex varius}} |
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{{Soricomorpha|M.}} |
{{Soricomorpha|M.}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q1768511}} |
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[[Category:Myosorex]] |
[[Category:Myosorex]] |
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[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]] |
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[[Category:Mammals described in 1832]] |
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Latest revision as of 09:38, 24 November 2022
| Myosorex varius | |
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| Drawing of M. varius | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Eulipotyphla |
| Family: | Soricidae |
| Genus: | Myosorex |
| Species: | M. varius
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| Binomial name | |
| Myosorex varius (Smuts, 1832)
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| Forest shrew range | |
The forest shrew (Myosorex varius) is a species of shrew in the mouse shrew family, Soricidae.[2] It is found in Lesotho, South Africa, and Eswatini.[1] Its natural habitats include temperate forests, dry savanna, Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, and temperate grassland.[1] The term "forest shrews" in the plural is sometimes confusingly used to collectively refer to a different genus, Sylvisorex.
Description
[edit]The forest shrew grows to a length around 12.5 cm (5 in) with a tail of 4.3 cm (1.7 in) and an average mass of about 12 g (0.4 oz). In KwaZulu-Natal and the Drakensberg region, the males are larger than the females, but in the Cape Colony, the sexes are of similar sizes. This shrew is covered in short, dense fur, dark grey or brown above and paler underneath.[3]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The forest shrew is native to South Africa, Lesotho, and Eswatini. In upland areas, it is often the commonest small mammal, but it is less common in coastal areas. It is found in a wide range of primary and secondary habitats, including forests, grassland, scrub, semidesert, karoo, and fynbos.[1]
Biology
[edit]The forest shrew excavates a shallow burrow or takes over the burrow of another small mammal. The complex of passages has several entrances and a nesting chamber containing dry grasses. These shrews are territorial and a breeding pair of shrews is often found in a nest.[3]
The forest shrew is mainly nocturnal and is an insectivore, but its diet also includes any small invertebrates it can find, including earthworms, millipedes, centipedes, crustaceans, and spiders. The forest shrew is preyed upon by barn owls, marsh mongooses, striped weasels, and striped polecats. To avoid predation, it spends most of its time in its burrow and only leaves when it needs to feed or defecate. Its droppings are very pungent.[3]
The breeding season varies across the forest shrew's range. In some areas, breeding takes place all year round, but in others, it is correlated with the higher rainfall which occurs in the summer, while unusually wet weather at other times of year can spark further reproductive activity.[4]
The forest shrew often contains the brachylaimid trematode Renylaima capensis in its kidney and ureter. This parasitic fluke has been found to have a three-host lifecycle, the first intermediate host being the terrestrial slug Ariostralis nebulosa and the second, another slug Ariopelta capensis. The forest shrew feeds on both these slugs.[5]
Feeding as it does on small invertebrates, the forest shrew tends to accumulate any environmental contaminants in its tissues. Earthworms are known to bioaccumulate lead and the levels of lead in forest shrews are found to rise when they eat contaminated earthworms. This enables the shrews to be used as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution.[6]
Status
[edit]The IUCN lists the forest shrew as being of "Least Concern" because it has a wide distribution and is common over much of its range and the population seems stable. It is able to adapt to variations in its habitat and no specific threats have been identified.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
- ^ Hutterer, R. (2005). "Order Soricomorpha". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c Joseph, Jency (2011). "Myosorex varius: forest shrew". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
- ^ Merritt, Joseph F. (ed.); Baxter, Rod M. (2005). Advances in the Biology of Shrews II: Variation in aspects of the population dynamics of the endemic forest shrew Myosorex varius in South Africa. Lulu.com. pp. 179–187. ISBN 9781411678187.
{{cite book}}:|first1=has generic name (help) - ^ Sirgel, W. F.; Artigas, P.; Bargues, M. D.; Mas-Coma, S. (2012). "Life Cycle of Renylaima capensis, a Brachylaimid Trematode of Shrews and Slugs in South Africa: Two-host and Three-host Transmission Modalities Suggested by Epizootiology and DNA Sequencing". Parasites & Vectors 5: 169. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-169.
- ^ Reinecke, A. J.; Reinecke, S. A.; Musilbono, D. E.; Chapman, A. (2000). "The Transfer of Lead (Pb) from Earthworms to Shrews (Myosorex varius)". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 39 (3): 392–397. doi:10.1007/s002440010120. PMID 10948291. S2CID 31190285.
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Myosorex varius.