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'''''Mycobacteroides abscessus''''' (formerly ''Mycobacterium abscessus''<ref name="Gupta"/>) is a species of rapidly growing, [[multidrug-resistant]], [[nontuberculous mycobacteria]] that is a common soil and water contaminant. Although ''M. abscessus'' most commonly causes [[chronic condition|chronic]] [[Lower respiratory tract infection|lung infection]] and skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), it can also cause infection in almost all human organs, mostly in patients with suppressed [[immune system]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Song|first1=Joon Young|last2=Sohn|first2=Jang Wook|last3=Jeong|first3=Hye Won|last4=Cheong|first4=Hee Jin|last5=Kim|first5=Woo Joo|last6=Kim|first6=Min Ja|date=2006-01-13|title=An outbreak of post-acupuncture cutaneous infection due to ''Mycobacterium abscessus''|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=6|pages=6|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-6-6|issn=1471-2334|pmc=1361796|pmid=16412228}}</ref> Amongst NTM species responsible for disease, infection caused by ''M. abscessus'' complex are more difficult to treat due to [[antimicrobial]] drug resistance.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lee | display-authors = etal | year = 2015 | title = ''Mycobacterium abscesses'' complex infections in humans | journal = Emerg Infect Dis | volume = 21 | issue = 9| pages = 1638–1646 | doi = 10.3201/2109.141634 | pmid = 26295364| pmc = 4550155}}</ref>
'''''Mycobacteroides abscessus''''' (formerly ''Mycobacterium abscessus''<ref name="Gupta"/>) is a species of rapidly growing, [[multidrug-resistant]], [[nontuberculous mycobacteria]] (NTM) that is a common soil and water contaminant. Although ''M. abscessus'' most commonly causes [[chronic condition|chronic]] [[Lower respiratory tract infection|lung infection]] and skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), it can also cause infection in almost all human organs, mostly in patients with suppressed [[immune system]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Song|first1=Joon Young|last2=Sohn|first2=Jang Wook|last3=Jeong|first3=Hye Won|last4=Cheong|first4=Hee Jin|last5=Kim|first5=Woo Joo|last6=Kim|first6=Min Ja|date=2006-01-13|title=An outbreak of post-acupuncture cutaneous infection due to ''Mycobacterium abscessus''|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=6|pages=6|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-6-6|issn=1471-2334|pmc=1361796|pmid=16412228 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Amongst NTM species responsible for disease, infection caused by ''M. abscessus'' complex are more difficult to treat due to [[antimicrobial]] drug resistance.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lee | display-authors = etal | year = 2015 | title = ''Mycobacterium abscesses'' complex infections in humans | journal = Emerg Infect Dis | volume = 21 | issue = 9| pages = 1638–1646 | doi = 10.3201/2109.141634 | pmid = 26295364| pmc = 4550155}}</ref>


[[Image:Mycobacterium abscessus.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''M. abscessus ''grown in starch-based medium on a [[Petri dish]]: Colonies appear as light yellow streaks.]]
[[Image:Mycobacterium abscessus.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''M. abscessus ''grown in starch-based medium on a [[Petri dish]]: Colonies appear as light yellow streaks.]]


==Description==
==Description==
''Mycobacteroides abscessus'' cells are [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive]], nonmotile, [[Acid-fastness|acid-fast]] rods about 1.0–2.5&nbsp;µm long by 0.5&nbsp;µm wide. They may form colonies on [[Löwenstein–Jensen medium]] that appear smooth or rough, white or greyish, and [[nonphotochromogenic]].
''Mycobacteroides abscessus'' cells are [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive]], nonmotile, [[Acid-fastness|acid-fast]] rods about 1.0–2.5&nbsp;μm long by 0.5&nbsp;μm wide. They may form colonies on [[Löwenstein–Jensen medium]] that appear smooth or rough, white or greyish, and [[nonphotochromogenic]].{{cn|date=August 2022}}


===Etymology===
===Etymology===
''Abscessus'' is named for [[abscess]]es. It is a [[Latin]] word derived from ''ab-'' ("away") + ''cedere'' ("to go") because it was the ancient medical notion that a manifestation of the [[Humorism|four humors]] was for [[pus]] to leave the body. ''M. abscessus'' was first isolated from gluteal abscesses in a 62-year-old patient who had injured her knee as a child and had a disseminated infection 48 years later. The species ''M. bolletii'', which was first described in 2006, is named after the late eminent French microbiologist and taxonomist Claude Bollet.
''Abscessus'' is named for [[abscess]]es. It is a [[Latin]] word derived from {{Lang|la|ab-}} ("away") + {{Lang|la|cedere}} ("to go") because it was the ancient medical notion that a manifestation of the [[Humorism|four humors]] was for [[pus]] to leave the body. ''M. abscessus'' was first isolated from gluteal abscesses in a 62-year-old patient who had injured her knee as a child and had a disseminated infection 48 years later. The species ''M. bolletii'', which was first described in 2006, is named after the late eminent French microbiologist and taxonomist Claude Bollet.{{fact|date=July 2022}}


==Physiology==
==Physiology==
''M. abscessus'' shows growth at 28 and 37°C after 7 days, but not at 43°C. It may grow on [[MacConkey agar]] at 28°C and even 37°C.
''M. abscessus'' shows growth at 28&nbsp;°C and 37&nbsp;°C after 7 days, but not at 43&nbsp;°C. It may grow on [[MacConkey agar]] at 28&nbsp;°C and even 37&nbsp;°C.
It shows tolerance to saline media (5% NaCl) and 500&nbsp;mg/l [[hydroxylamine]] (Ogawa egg medium) and 0.2% [[picrate]] (Sauton agar medium). Strains of the species have been shown to degrade the antibiotic [[p-aminosalicylate|''p''-aminosalicylate]]. ''M. abscessus'' has also been shown to produce [[arylsulfatase]], but not of [[nitrate reductase]] and Tween 80 hydrolase.
It shows tolerance to saline media (5% NaCl) and 500&nbsp;mg/L [[hydroxylamine]] (Ogawa egg medium) and 0.2% [[picrate]] (Sauton agar medium). Strains of the species have been shown to degrade the antibiotic [[p-aminosalicylate|''p''-aminosalicylate]]. ''M. abscessus'' has also been shown to produce [[arylsulfatase]], but not of [[nitrate reductase]] and Tween 80 hydrolase.
It shows a negative result for the iron uptake test and no use of [[fructose]], [[glucose]], [[oxalate]], or [[citrate]] as sole carbon sources.
It shows a negative result for the iron uptake test and no use of [[fructose]], [[glucose]], [[oxalate]], or [[citrate]] as sole carbon sources.{{fact|date=July 2022}}


==Differential characteristics==
==Differential characteristics==
''M. abscessus'' and [[Mycobacteroides chelonae|''M. chelonae'']] can be distinguished from ''[[Mycobacterium fortuitum|M. fortuitum]]'' or ''[[Mycobacterium peregrinum|M. peregrinum]]'' by their failure to reduce [[nitrate]] and to take up iron.
''M. abscessus'' and [[Mycobacteroides chelonae|''M. chelonae'']] can be distinguished from ''[[Mycobacterium fortuitum|M. fortuitum]]'' or ''[[Mycobacterium peregrinum|M. peregrinum]]'' by their failure to reduce [[nitrate]] and to take up iron.
Tolerance to 5% NaCl in Löwenstein-Jensen medium, tolerance to 0.2% picrate in Sauton agar, and non-use of citrate as a sole carbon source are characteristics that distinguish ''M. abscessus'' from ''M. chelonae''. ''M. abscessus'' and ''M. chelonae'' sequevar I share an identical sequence in the 54-510 region of [[16S ribosomal RNA|16S rRNA]], though both species can be differentiated by their ''hsp65'', [[Internal transcribed spacer|ITS]] or ''[[rpoB]]'' [[DNA sequencing|gene sequences]].
Tolerance to 5% NaCl in Löwenstein-Jensen medium, tolerance to 0.2% picrate in Sauton agar, and non-use of citrate as a sole carbon source are characteristics that distinguish ''M. abscessus'' from ''M. chelonae''. ''M. abscessus'' and ''M. chelonae'' sequevar I share an identical sequence in the 54-510 region of [[16S ribosomal RNA|16S rRNA]], though both species can be differentiated by their ''hsp65'', [[Internal transcribed spacer|ITS]] or ''[[rpoB]]'' [[DNA sequencing|gene sequences]].{{fact|date=July 2022}}


==Genetics==
==Genetics==
A draft genome sequence of ''M. abscessus'' subsp. ''bolletii'' BD<sup>T</sup> was completed in 2012.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Choi|first=G.-E.|author2=Cho, Y.-J. |author3=Koh, W.-J. |author4=Chun, J. |author5=Cho, S.-N. |author6= Shin, S. J. |title=Draft Genome Sequence of ''Mycobacterium abscessus'' subsp. ''bolletii'' BDT|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|date=24 April 2012|volume=194|issue=10|pages=2756–2757|doi=10.1128/JB.00354-12|pmid=22535937|pmc=3347169}}</ref> Since then, a large number of [[strain (biology)|strain]]s from this subspecies have had their [[genome]]s sequenced, leading to a clarification of subspecies boundaries. In 1992, ''M. abscessus'' was first recognised as a distinct species. In 2006, this group was separated into three subspecies: ''M. a. abscessus'', ''M. a. bolletii'', and ''M. a. massiliense''. In 2011, the latter two were briefly merged into a single subspecies,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Leao|first=SC|author2=Tortoli, E |author3=Euzéby, JP |author4= Garcia, MJ |title=Proposal that ''Mycobacterium massiliense'' and ''Mycobacterium bolletii'' be united and reclassified as ''Mycobacterium abscessus'' subsp. ''bolletii'' comb. nov., designation of ''Mycobacterium abscessus'' subsp. ''abscessus'' subsp. nov. and emended description of ''Mycobacterium abscessus''|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|date=September 2011|volume=61|issue=Pt 9|pages=2311–3|pmid=21037035|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.023770-0|doi-access=free}}</ref> but were subsequently separated again following greater availability of genome sequence data, which showed the three subspecies formed genetically distinct groups.<ref name="Lee2015" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tortoli E, Kohl TA, Brown-Elliott BA, Trovato A, Leao SC, Garcia MJ, Vasireddy S, Turenne CY, Griffith DE, Philley JV, Baldan R, Campana S, Cariani L, Colombo C, Taccetti G, Teri A, Niemann S, ((Wallace Jr RJ)), ((Cirillo DM.)) | title = Emended description of ''Mycobacterium abscessus'', ''Mycobacterium abscessus'' subsp. ''abscessus'' and ''Mycobacterium abscessus'' subsp. ''bolletii''and designation of ''Mycobacterium abscessus'' subsp. ''massiliense'' comb. nov. | journal = Int J Syst Evol Microbiol | year = 2016 | volume = 66 | pages = 4471–4479 | doi = 10.1099/ijsem.0.001376 | pmid = 27499141}}</ref> It has been proposed that ''M. bolletii'' and ''M. massiliense'' be reinstated as unique species.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sassi M, ((Drancourt M.)) | title = Genome analysis reveals three genomospecies in ''Mycobacterium abscessus'' | journal = BMC Genomics | volume = 15 | pages = 359 | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2164-15-359 | pmid = 24886480 | pmc = 4035080}}</ref>
A draft genome sequence of ''M. abscessus'' subsp. ''bolletii'' BD<sup>T</sup> was completed in 2012.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Choi|first=G.-E.|author2=Cho, Y.-J. |author3=Koh, W.-J. |author4=Chun, J. |author5=Cho, S.-N. |author6= Shin, S. J. |title=Draft Genome Sequence of ''Mycobacterium abscessus'' subsp. ''bolletii'' BDT|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|date=24 April 2012|volume=194|issue=10|pages=2756–2757|doi=10.1128/JB.00354-12|pmid=22535937|pmc=3347169}}</ref> Since then, a large number of [[strain (biology)|strain]]s from this subspecies have had their [[genome]]s sequenced, leading to a clarification of subspecies boundaries. In 1992, ''M. abscessus'' was first recognised as a distinct species. In 2006, this group was separated into three subspecies: ''M. a. abscessus'', ''M. a. bolletii'', and ''M. a. massiliense''. In 2011, the latter two were briefly merged into a single subspecies,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Leao|first=SC|author2=Tortoli, E |author3=Euzéby, JP |author4= Garcia, MJ |title=Proposal that ''Mycobacterium massiliense'' and ''Mycobacterium bolletii'' be united and reclassified as ''Mycobacterium abscessus'' subsp. ''bolletii'' comb. nov., designation of ''Mycobacterium abscessus'' subsp. ''abscessus'' subsp. nov. and emended description of ''Mycobacterium abscessus''|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|date=September 2011|volume=61|issue=Pt 9|pages=2311–3|pmid=21037035|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.023770-0|doi-access=free}}</ref> but were subsequently separated again following greater availability of genome sequence data, which showed the three subspecies formed genetically distinct groups.<ref name="Lee2015" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tortoli E, Kohl TA, Brown-Elliott BA, Trovato A, Leao SC, Garcia MJ, Vasireddy S, Turenne CY, Griffith DE, Philley JV, Baldan R, Campana S, Cariani L, Colombo C, Taccetti G, Teri A, Niemann S, ((Wallace Jr RJ)), ((Cirillo DM.)) | title = Emended description of ''Mycobacterium abscessus'', ''Mycobacterium abscessus'' subsp. ''abscessus'' and ''Mycobacterium abscessus'' subsp. ''bolletii''and designation of ''Mycobacterium abscessus'' subsp. ''massiliense'' comb. nov. | journal = Int J Syst Evol Microbiol | year = 2016 | volume = 66 | issue = 11 | pages = 4471–4479 | doi = 10.1099/ijsem.0.001376 | pmid = 27499141}}</ref> It has been proposed that ''M. bolletii'' and ''M. massiliense'' be reinstated as unique species.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sassi M, ((Drancourt M.)) | title = Genome analysis reveals three genomospecies in ''Mycobacterium abscessus'' | journal = BMC Genomics | volume = 15 | pages = 359 | year = 2014 | issue = 1 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2164-15-359 | pmid = 24886480 | pmc = 4035080 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


These distinct groups also correspond to important biological differences. Clinically important differences include differing susceptibilities to antibiotics. ''M. a. abscessus'' and ''M. a. bolletii'' carry a common [[antimicrobial resistance|antibiotic resistance]] gene, which confers resistance to [[macrolide]] [[antibiotic]]s, while ''M. a. massiliense'' is thought to carry a nonfunctional copy, so is more susceptible to antibiotics and more easily treated.<ref name="Lee2015" />
These distinct groups also correspond to important biological differences. Clinically important differences include differing susceptibilities to antibiotics. ''M. a. abscessus'' and ''M. a. bolletii'' carry a common [[antimicrobial resistance|antibiotic resistance]] gene, which confers resistance to [[macrolide]] [[antibiotic]]s, while ''M. a. massiliense'' is thought to carry a nonfunctional copy, so is more susceptible to antibiotics and more easily treated.<ref name="Lee2015" />
Line 52: Line 52:
''M. abscessus'' can cause [[lung disease]], skin infections, [[central nervous system]] infections, [[bacteremia]], eye infections, and other, less common diseases.<ref name="Lee2015">{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Meng-Rui|last2=Sheng|first2=Wang-Huei|last3=Hung|first3=Chien-Ching|last4=Yu|first4=Chong-Jen|last5=Lee|first5=Li-Na|last6=Hsueh|first6=Po-Ren|title=''Mycobacterium abscessus'' Complex Infections in Humans|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|date=September 2015|volume=21|issue=9|pages=1638–46|doi=10.3201/2109.141634|pmid=26295364|pmc=4550155}}</ref>
''M. abscessus'' can cause [[lung disease]], skin infections, [[central nervous system]] infections, [[bacteremia]], eye infections, and other, less common diseases.<ref name="Lee2015">{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Meng-Rui|last2=Sheng|first2=Wang-Huei|last3=Hung|first3=Chien-Ching|last4=Yu|first4=Chong-Jen|last5=Lee|first5=Li-Na|last6=Hsueh|first6=Po-Ren|title=''Mycobacterium abscessus'' Complex Infections in Humans|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|date=September 2015|volume=21|issue=9|pages=1638–46|doi=10.3201/2109.141634|pmid=26295364|pmc=4550155}}</ref>


Chronic lung disease occurs most commonly in vulnerable hosts with underlying lung disease such as [[cystic fibrosis]], [[bronchiectasis]], and prior [[tuberculosis]]. Clinical symptoms of lung infection vary in scope and intensity, but commonly include chronic cough, often with purulent sputum. [[Haemoptysis]] may also be present. Systemic symptoms include [[malaise]], [[fatigue]], and weight loss in advanced disease.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Johnson | last2 = Odell | year = 2014 | title = Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infections | journal = J Thorac Dis | volume = 6 | issue = 3| pages = 210–220 |pmc=3949190 | pmid = 24624285 | doi = 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.24}}</ref> The diagnosis of ''M. abscessus'' pulmonary infection requires the presence of symptoms, radiologic abnormalities, and [[Microbiological culture|microbiologic cultures]].
Chronic lung disease occurs most commonly in vulnerable hosts with underlying lung disease such as [[cystic fibrosis]], [[bronchiectasis]], and prior [[tuberculosis]]. Clinical symptoms of lung infection vary in scope and intensity, but commonly include chronic cough, often with purulent sputum. [[Haemoptysis]] may also be present. Systemic symptoms include [[malaise]], [[fatigue]], and weight loss in advanced disease.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Johnson | last2 = Odell | year = 2014 | title = Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infections | journal = J Thorac Dis | volume = 6 | issue = 3| pages = 210–220 |pmc=3949190 | pmid = 24624285 | doi = 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.24}}</ref> The diagnosis of ''M. abscessus'' pulmonary infection requires the presence of symptoms, radiologic abnormalities, and [[Microbiological culture|microbiologic cultures]].{{cn|date=December 2022}}


''M. abscessus'' can cause skin infections in immunodeficient patients, patients who have recently undergone surgery, [[tattoo]]ing, or [[acupuncture]], or after exposure to [[hot spring]]s or spas.<ref name="Lee2015" /> It can be associated with middle-ear infections ([[otitis media]]).<ref name="pmid18794448">{{cite journal |vauthors=Linmans JJ, Stokroos RJ, Linssen CF |title=''Mycobacterium abscessus'', an uncommon cause of chronic otitis media: A case report and literature review |journal=Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. |volume=134 |issue=9 |pages=1004–6 |date=September 2008 |pmid=18794448 |doi=10.1001/archotol.134.9.1004 |url=http://archotol.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18794448 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
''M. abscessus'' can cause skin infections in immunodeficient patients, patients who have recently undergone surgery, [[tattoo]]ing, or [[acupuncture]], or after exposure to [[hot spring]]s or spas.<ref name="Lee2015" /> It can be associated with middle-ear infections ([[otitis media]]).<ref name="pmid18794448">{{cite journal |vauthors=Linmans JJ, Stokroos RJ, Linssen CF |title=''Mycobacterium abscessus'', an uncommon cause of chronic otitis media: A case report and literature review |journal=Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. |volume=134 |issue=9 |pages=1004–6 |date=September 2008 |pmid=18794448 |doi=10.1001/archotol.134.9.1004 |url=http://archotol.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18794448 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Line 66: Line 66:
A bacteriophage known as Muddy had proved effective at killing the patient’s distinct ''M. abscessus'' strain (GD01), while phages like ZoeJ and BPs had reduced capabilities at infecting GD01.<ref name=":2"/> A mixture of phages, Muddy and engineered versions of ZoeJ and BPs, though, completely infected and killed GD01.<ref name=":2"/>
A bacteriophage known as Muddy had proved effective at killing the patient’s distinct ''M. abscessus'' strain (GD01), while phages like ZoeJ and BPs had reduced capabilities at infecting GD01.<ref name=":2"/> A mixture of phages, Muddy and engineered versions of ZoeJ and BPs, though, completely infected and killed GD01.<ref name=":2"/>


===='' In vivo'' ====
===='' In vivo''====
A cocktail of bacteriophages, Muddy, ZoeJ, and BPs, effectively killed a strain of ''M. abscessus in vitro''.<ref name=":2" /> The potential this showed encouraged the commencement of patient treatments towards the GD01 infection.<ref name=":2"/> Every 12 hours, the patient received a treatment of the bacteriophage cocktail.<ref name=":2"/>
A cocktail of bacteriophages, Muddy, ZoeJ, and BPs, effectively killed a strain of ''M. abscessus in vitro''.<ref name=":2" /> The potential this showed encouraged the commencement of patient treatments towards the GD01 infection.<ref name=":2"/> Every 12 hours, the patient received a treatment of the bacteriophage cocktail.<ref name=":2"/>


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==External links==
==External links==
* [http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=8416&submit=Search Type strain of ''Mycobacteroides abscessus'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]
* [https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/8416 Type strain of ''Mycobacteroides abscessus'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]
* [http://ait-pharm.com/ntm/ A guide for patients and clinicians - AIT Therapeutics]
* [http://mabellinidb.science/ ''Mabellini'' - annotated, modeled structural proteome of ''Mycobacteroides abscessus'']
* [http://mabellinidb.science/ ''Mabellini'' - annotated, modeled structural proteome of ''Mycobacteroides abscessus'']
* [https://www.hhmi.org/news/phage-therapy-treats-patient-with-drug-resistant-bacterial-infection HHMI report on the use of phage therapy]
* [https://www.hhmi.org/news/phage-therapy-treats-patient-with-drug-resistant-bacterial-infection HHMI report on the use of phage therapy]
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{{Taxonbar|from1=Q6946978|from2=Q6946989|from3=Q16259369}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q6946978|from2=Q6946989|from3=Q16259369}}


[[Category:Mycobacteriales]]

[[Category:Acid-fast bacilli]]
[[Category:Acid-fast bacilli]]
[[Category:Nontuberculous mycobacteria|abscessus]]
[[Category:Healthcare-associated infections]]
[[Category:Healthcare-associated infections]]
[[Category:Bacteria described in 1992]]
[[Category:Bacteria described in 1992]]

Latest revision as of 21:19, 26 October 2024

Mycobacteroides abscessus
GD01 strain of Mycobacteroides abscessus isolated from patient
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinomycetota
Class: Actinomycetia
Order: Mycobacteriales
Family: Mycobacteriaceae
Genus: Mycobacteroides
Species:
M. abscessus
Binomial name
Mycobacteroides abscessus
(Moore and Frerichs 1953) Gupta et al. 2018[1]
Type strain[2]
ATCC 19977
CCUG 20993
CIP 104536
DSM 43491
DSM 44196
Hauduroy L948
JCM 13569
L948
NCTC 13031
TMC 1543
Subspecies
  • M. a. subsp. abscessus (Moore and Frerichs 1953) Gupta et al. 2018
  • M. a. subsp. bolletii (Adékambi et al. 2006) Gupta et al. 2018
  • M. a. subsp. massiliense (Adékambi et al. 2006) Gupta et al. 2018
Synonyms[1]
  • "Mycobacterium abscessus" Moore and Frerichs 1953
  • Mycobacterium abscessus (Moore and Frerichs 1953) Kusunoki and Ezaki 1992
  • Mycobacterium bolletii Adékambi et al. 2006
  • Mycobacterium chelonae subsp. abscessus corrig. (Moore and Frerichs 1953) Kubica et al. 1972 (Approved Lists 1980)
  • Mycobacterium chelonei subsp. abscessus (Moore and Frerichs 1953) Kubica et al. 1972 (Approved Lists 1980)
  • Mycobacterium massiliense Adékambi et al. 2006

Mycobacteroides abscessus (formerly Mycobacterium abscessus[1]) is a species of rapidly growing, multidrug-resistant, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that is a common soil and water contaminant. Although M. abscessus most commonly causes chronic lung infection and skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), it can also cause infection in almost all human organs, mostly in patients with suppressed immune systems.[3] Amongst NTM species responsible for disease, infection caused by M. abscessus complex are more difficult to treat due to antimicrobial drug resistance.[4]

M. abscessus grown in starch-based medium on a Petri dish: Colonies appear as light yellow streaks.

Description

[edit]

Mycobacteroides abscessus cells are Gram-positive, nonmotile, acid-fast rods about 1.0–2.5 μm long by 0.5 μm wide. They may form colonies on Löwenstein–Jensen medium that appear smooth or rough, white or greyish, and nonphotochromogenic.[citation needed]

Etymology

[edit]

Abscessus is named for abscesses. It is a Latin word derived from ab- ("away") + cedere ("to go") because it was the ancient medical notion that a manifestation of the four humors was for pus to leave the body. M. abscessus was first isolated from gluteal abscesses in a 62-year-old patient who had injured her knee as a child and had a disseminated infection 48 years later. The species M. bolletii, which was first described in 2006, is named after the late eminent French microbiologist and taxonomist Claude Bollet.[citation needed]

Physiology

[edit]

M. abscessus shows growth at 28 °C and 37 °C after 7 days, but not at 43 °C. It may grow on MacConkey agar at 28 °C and even 37 °C. It shows tolerance to saline media (5% NaCl) and 500 mg/L hydroxylamine (Ogawa egg medium) and 0.2% picrate (Sauton agar medium). Strains of the species have been shown to degrade the antibiotic p-aminosalicylate. M. abscessus has also been shown to produce arylsulfatase, but not of nitrate reductase and Tween 80 hydrolase. It shows a negative result for the iron uptake test and no use of fructose, glucose, oxalate, or citrate as sole carbon sources.[citation needed]

Differential characteristics

[edit]

M. abscessus and M. chelonae can be distinguished from M. fortuitum or M. peregrinum by their failure to reduce nitrate and to take up iron. Tolerance to 5% NaCl in Löwenstein-Jensen medium, tolerance to 0.2% picrate in Sauton agar, and non-use of citrate as a sole carbon source are characteristics that distinguish M. abscessus from M. chelonae. M. abscessus and M. chelonae sequevar I share an identical sequence in the 54-510 region of 16S rRNA, though both species can be differentiated by their hsp65, ITS or rpoB gene sequences.[citation needed]

Genetics

[edit]

A draft genome sequence of M. abscessus subsp. bolletii BDT was completed in 2012.[5] Since then, a large number of strains from this subspecies have had their genomes sequenced, leading to a clarification of subspecies boundaries. In 1992, M. abscessus was first recognised as a distinct species. In 2006, this group was separated into three subspecies: M. a. abscessus, M. a. bolletii, and M. a. massiliense. In 2011, the latter two were briefly merged into a single subspecies,[6] but were subsequently separated again following greater availability of genome sequence data, which showed the three subspecies formed genetically distinct groups.[7][8] It has been proposed that M. bolletii and M. massiliense be reinstated as unique species.[9]

These distinct groups also correspond to important biological differences. Clinically important differences include differing susceptibilities to antibiotics. M. a. abscessus and M. a. bolletii carry a common antibiotic resistance gene, which confers resistance to macrolide antibiotics, while M. a. massiliense is thought to carry a nonfunctional copy, so is more susceptible to antibiotics and more easily treated.[7]

Pathogenesis

[edit]

M. abscessus can cause lung disease, skin infections, central nervous system infections, bacteremia, eye infections, and other, less common diseases.[7]

Chronic lung disease occurs most commonly in vulnerable hosts with underlying lung disease such as cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and prior tuberculosis. Clinical symptoms of lung infection vary in scope and intensity, but commonly include chronic cough, often with purulent sputum. Haemoptysis may also be present. Systemic symptoms include malaise, fatigue, and weight loss in advanced disease.[10] The diagnosis of M. abscessus pulmonary infection requires the presence of symptoms, radiologic abnormalities, and microbiologic cultures.[citation needed]

M. abscessus can cause skin infections in immunodeficient patients, patients who have recently undergone surgery, tattooing, or acupuncture, or after exposure to hot springs or spas.[7] It can be associated with middle-ear infections (otitis media).[11]

The incidence of M. abscessus infections appears to be increasing over time.[7][12] Outbreaks of M. abscessus have been reported in hospitals and clinical settings worldwide.[13] While outbreaks of major clinical concern involve transmission (most likely indirect transmission) between vulnerable patients such as those receiving lung transplants or being treated for cystic fibrosis, outbreaks have also been reported at clinics providing cosmetic surgery, liposuction, mesotherapy and IV infusion of cell therapy, although these are more attributable to contaminated disinfectants, saline and instruments than contact between patients.[7]

Management

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Bacteriophage therapy

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A study from 2019 supported the capability of phages in killing resistant bacteria unable to be treated with antibiotics.[14] Research laboratories came together to find these phages by collecting, isolating, and exposing them to resistant M. abscessus that had been isolated from a patient in London.[14]

In vitro

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A bacteriophage known as Muddy had proved effective at killing the patient’s distinct M. abscessus strain (GD01), while phages like ZoeJ and BPs had reduced capabilities at infecting GD01.[14] A mixture of phages, Muddy and engineered versions of ZoeJ and BPs, though, completely infected and killed GD01.[14]

In vivo

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A cocktail of bacteriophages, Muddy, ZoeJ, and BPs, effectively killed a strain of M. abscessus in vitro.[14] The potential this showed encouraged the commencement of patient treatments towards the GD01 infection.[14] Every 12 hours, the patient received a treatment of the bacteriophage cocktail.[14]

One day of treatment showed high bacteriophage levels in the bloodstream.[14] This suggested that they were being released into the bloodstream and replicating to infect bacteria.[14] No significant side effects were reported.[14] The right phages were found for this patient, but a different strain may be sensitive to different phages.[14]

Type strain

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The type strain of M. abscessus, most commonly referred to as ATCC 19977, was isolated in 1953 from a human knee infection presenting with abscess-like lesions, leading to the strain being named "abscessus".[15] The strain wasn't recognised as a distinct species until 1992, however, when DNA hybridisation work identified it as genetically distinct from its relative, M. chelonae.[16] The genome of the type train was published in 2009.[17]

References

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This article incorporates public domain text from the CDC as cited

  1. ^ a b c Gupta, Radhey S.; Lo, Brian; Son, Jeen (2018-02-13). "Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomic Studies Robustly Support Division of the Genus Mycobacterium into an Emended Genus Mycobacterium and Four Novel Genera". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 67. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00067. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 5819568. PMID 29497402.
  2. ^ Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Mycobacteroides abscessus". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  3. ^ Song, Joon Young; Sohn, Jang Wook; Jeong, Hye Won; Cheong, Hee Jin; Kim, Woo Joo; Kim, Min Ja (2006-01-13). "An outbreak of post-acupuncture cutaneous infection due to Mycobacterium abscessus". BMC Infectious Diseases. 6: 6. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-6. ISSN 1471-2334. PMC 1361796. PMID 16412228.
  4. ^ Lee; et al. (2015). "Mycobacterium abscesses complex infections in humans". Emerg Infect Dis. 21 (9): 1638–1646. doi:10.3201/2109.141634. PMC 4550155. PMID 26295364.
  5. ^ Choi, G.-E.; Cho, Y.-J.; Koh, W.-J.; Chun, J.; Cho, S.-N.; Shin, S. J. (24 April 2012). "Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii BDT". Journal of Bacteriology. 194 (10): 2756–2757. doi:10.1128/JB.00354-12. PMC 3347169. PMID 22535937.
  6. ^ Leao, SC; Tortoli, E; Euzéby, JP; Garcia, MJ (September 2011). "Proposal that Mycobacterium massiliense and Mycobacterium bolletii be united and reclassified as Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii comb. nov., designation of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus subsp. nov. and emended description of Mycobacterium abscessus". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 61 (Pt 9): 2311–3. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.023770-0. PMID 21037035.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Lee, Meng-Rui; Sheng, Wang-Huei; Hung, Chien-Ching; Yu, Chong-Jen; Lee, Li-Na; Hsueh, Po-Ren (September 2015). "Mycobacterium abscessus Complex Infections in Humans". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 21 (9): 1638–46. doi:10.3201/2109.141634. PMC 4550155. PMID 26295364.
  8. ^ Tortoli E, Kohl TA, Brown-Elliott BA, Trovato A, Leao SC, Garcia MJ, Vasireddy S, Turenne CY, Griffith DE, Philley JV, Baldan R, Campana S, Cariani L, Colombo C, Taccetti G, Teri A, Niemann S, Wallace Jr RJ, Cirillo DM. (2016). "Emended description of Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus and Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletiiand designation of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. massiliense comb. nov". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 66 (11): 4471–4479. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001376. PMID 27499141.
  9. ^ Sassi M, Drancourt M. (2014). "Genome analysis reveals three genomospecies in Mycobacterium abscessus". BMC Genomics. 15 (1): 359. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-359. PMC 4035080. PMID 24886480.
  10. ^ Johnson; Odell (2014). "Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infections". J Thorac Dis. 6 (3): 210–220. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.24. PMC 3949190. PMID 24624285.
  11. ^ Linmans JJ, Stokroos RJ, Linssen CF (September 2008). "Mycobacterium abscessus, an uncommon cause of chronic otitis media: A case report and literature review". Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 134 (9): 1004–6. doi:10.1001/archotol.134.9.1004. PMID 18794448.[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ Marras, Theodore K.; Mendelson, David; Marchand-Austin, Alex; May, Kevin; Jamieson, Frances B. (November 2013). "Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease, Ontario, Canada, 1998–2010". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 19 (11): 1889–1891. doi:10.3201/eid1911.130737. PMC 3837646. PMID 24210012.
  13. ^ Bryant, Josephine M.; Grogono, Dorothy M.; Rodriguez-Rincon, Daniela; Everall, Isobel; Brown, Karen P.; Moreno, Pablo; Verma, Deepshikha; Hill, Emily; Drijkoningen, Judith; Gilligan, Peter; Esther, Charles R.; Noone, Peadar G.; Giddings, Olivia; Bell, Scott C.; Thomson, Rachel; Wainwright, Claire E.; Coulter, Chris; Pandey, Sushil; Wood, Michelle E.; Stockwell, Rebecca E.; Ramsay, Kay A.; Sherrard, Laura J.; Kidd, Timothy J.; Jabbour, Nassib; Johnson, Graham R.; Knibbs, Luke D.; Morawska, Lidia; Sly, Peter D.; Jones, Andrew; Bilton, Diana; Laurenson, Ian; Ruddy, Michael; Bourke, Stephen; Bowler, Ian C. J. W.; Chapman, Stephen J.; Clayton, Andrew; Cullen, Mairi; Dempsey, Owen; Denton, Miles; Desai, Maya; Drew, Richard J.; Edenborough, Frank; Evans, Jason; Folb, Jonathan; Daniels, Thomas; Humphrey, Helen; Isalska, Barbara; Jensen-Fangel, Søren; Jönsson, Bodil; Jones, Andrew M.; Katzenstein, Terese L.; Lillebaek, Troels; MacGregor, Gordon; Mayell, Sarah; Millar, Michael; Modha, Deborah; Nash, Edward F.; O’Brien, Christopher; O’Brien, Deirdre; Ohri, Chandra; Pao, Caroline S.; Peckham, Daniel; Perrin, Felicity; Perry, Audrey; Pressler, Tania; Prtak, Laura; Qvist, Tavs; Robb, Ali; Rodgers, Helen; Schaffer, Kirsten; Shafi, Nadia; van Ingen, Jakko; Walshaw, Martin; Watson, Danie; West, Noreen; Whitehouse, Joanna; Haworth, Charles S.; Harris, Simon R.; Ordway, Diane; Parkhill, Julian; Floto, R. Andres (10 November 2016). "Emergence and spread of a human-transmissible multidrug-resistant nontuberculous mycobacterium". Science. 354 (6313): 751–757. Bibcode:2016Sci...354..751B. doi:10.1126/science.aaf8156. PMC 5142603. PMID 27846606.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Engineered phages treat drug-resistant infection". National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2019-05-20. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
  15. ^ Moore, Morris; Frerichs, John B. (February 1953). "An Unusual Acid-Fast Infection of the Knee with Subcutaneous, Abscess-Like Lesions of the Gluteal Region". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 20 (2): 133–169. doi:10.1038/jid.1953.18. PMID 13035193.
  16. ^ Kusunoki, S.; Ezaki, T.; et al. (1992). "Proposal of Mycobacterium peregrinum sp. nov., nom. rev., and elevation of Mycobacterium chelonae subsp. abscessus (Kubica et al.) to species status: Mycobacterium abscessus comb. nov". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 42 (2): 240–245. doi:10.1099/00207713-42-2-240. PMID 1581184.
  17. ^ Ripoll, Fabienne; Pasek, Sophie; Schenowitz, Chantal; Dossat, Carole; Barbe, Valérie; Rottman, Martin; Macheras, Edouard; Heym, Beate; Herrmann, Jean-Louis; Daffé, Mamadou; Brosch, Roland; Risler, Jean-Loup; Gaillard, Jean-Louis; Ahmed, Niyaz (19 June 2009). "Non Mycobacterial Virulence Genes in the Genome of the Emerging Pathogen Mycobacterium abscessus". PLOS ONE. 4 (6): e5660. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5660R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005660. PMC 2694998. PMID 19543527.
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