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* [http://www.millions4mumia.org/ Page of the Millions4Mumia activism and support group]{{start box}}
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* [http://www.fop.net/causes/faulkner/danny.shtml The Danny Faulkner Story] The Fraternal Order of Police's description of events taking place on the night of Daniel Faulkner's death
* [http://www.fop.net/causes/faulkner/danny.shtml The Danny Faulkner Story] The Fraternal Order of Police's description of events taking place on the night of Daniel Faulkner's death
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LaTPo8DZ_1k Trailer for "In Prison My Whole Life"] - 2007 documentary film about the imprisonment of Mumia Abu-Jamal
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Revision as of 06:20, 28 October 2007

Mumia Abu-Jamal
File:Mumiaabujamal.png
Born (1954-04-24) April 24, 1954 (age 70)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania[1]
Nationality U.S.
EducationGoddard College (BA);
California State University, Dominguez Hills (MA)[2]
OccupationJournalist/Activist
Spouses1.Biba (former)
2.Marilyn "Peaches" Jamal (former)
Children3
ParentEdith Cook (mother)

Mumia Abu-Jamal (IPA: /ˈmu.mi.ɑː ə.buʔ dʒə.ˈmɑːl/); (born Wesley Cook on April 24, 1954[3]) is a former Black Panther Party activist, cab driver, author, and journalist from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, convicted for the murder of police officer Daniel Faulkner in 1981. He is serving a presently undefined sentence of imprisonment at State Correctional Institution - Greene near Waynesburg, Pennsylvania in consequence. Originally sentenced to death, that sentence was quashed and resentencing ordered in December 2001 by a judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Both he and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania have appealed the ruling alternately as to the appropriateness of affirming the conviction and that of disaffirming the validity of the original sentence.

His acknowledged cause célèbre has received international attention. Supporters and human rights campaigners variously assert that he is innocent, that the incident in question was a setup, that he did not receive a fair trial, and/or express their opposition to the possibility of the administration of the death penalty. Skeptics and opponents assert that he is guilty, that he received the benefit of due process and was legitimately convicted of murder. Execution proponents among these assert that under Pennsylvania law, his eventual judicial execution is warranted and mandated by the nature of his crime.[4][5][6]

The attention received has spawned controversies surrounding naming of public places; his status as an honoree of municipal, educational and civil society organizations; and his engagement as a radio commentator, writer and commencement speaker. During the period of his imprisonment he has continued his activism as a spoken word commentator and as a published author of several works - most notably Live from Death Row.

Early life, activism, journalism career

Born Wesley Cook, he was given the name Mumia in 1968 by his high school teacher, a Kenyan instructing a class on African cultures in which students took African classroom names.[1] He formally adopted the name appending Abu-Jamal as his choice of surname after the birth of his son Jamal from his first wife on July 18, 1971.[1][7] "Mumia" is Luhya language in origin. Abu-Jamal means "father of Jamal" in Arabic. He has expressed his religious beliefs, which follow no denomination, in his poetry book "Death Blossoms", wherein he continually expresses a belief in a Mother God who coexists with all male religious understandings and which he chooses to refer to by the name of "Mama".[8] In his writings he has described his adolescent experience of "being kicked into the Black Panther Party" through suffering a beating at the hands of white racists and police at the same time as being charged with assault for his efforts to disrupt a George Wallace for President rally in 1968.[9] The following year he helped form Philadelphia’s branch of the Black Panther Party[10], taking appointment as its chapter Lieutenant Minister of Information exercising a responsibility for authoring propaganda and news communications.[11] It was also the year that he dropped out of Benjamin Franklin High School and took up residence in the branch's headquarters.[10] Spending the winter of 1969 in New York and the spring of 1970 in Oakland, he lived and worked with BPP comrades in those cities.[12] He was a Party member for the period from May 1969 until October 1970 and was subject to some degree of FBI COINTELPRO surveillance during that time as well as afterwards continuing through until about 1974.[13]

A first marriage, to Biba when he was aged 19, proved to be short-lived.[14] He fathered Lateefa by her in 1973 and Mazi by his second wife in 1978. Mazi’s mother is Marilyn Cook a.k.a. "Peachie".[7] He commenced living with his third and current wife, Wadiya, while separated from Peachie prior to the events that resulted in his incarceration.[15]

After leaving the Panthers he returned to high school, was elected the president of the student body, then expelled because of his actions in leading protests to change the school name to Malcolm X High.[9] Once attaining his GED for a number of semesters thereafter he studied at Goddard College in rural Vermont and acquired some broadcasting industry experience at its student radio station, WGDR.[9][16] By 1975 he was pursuing a vocation in radio newscasting, first at Temple University's WRTI and then at commercial enterprises.[9][7] In 1975 he was employed at radio station WHAT and he became host of a weekly feature program of WCAU-FM in 1978.[17] He was also employed for brief periods at radio station WPEN.[17] From 1979 he worked at WUHY public radio station until 1981 when he was asked to submit his resignation pursuant to a dispute about the requirements of objective focus in his presentation of news.[17] As a radio journalist he was renowned for identifying with and giving exposure to the MOVE anarcho-primitivist commune in Philadelphia's Powelton Village neighborhood including reportage of the 1979-80 trial of certain of its members (the "MOVE Nine") charged with the murder of police officer James Ramp.[18] He predicted that their commune would be attacked, and in 1985 the MOVE house was indeed firebombed by police during a stand-off between MOVE members and city officials - killing 11 people and destroying an entire row of houses.[19] At the time of the killing of Daniel Faulkner, Abu-Jamal worked as a taxicab driver for the United Cab Company in Philadelphia.[20][11] He was at that time also the outgoing President of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalists[21] and had been working part-time concurrently as a reporter for WDAS, then a African-American-oriented and minority-owned radio station.[17]

Murder, arrest, trial

Main article: 1982 trial of Mumia Abu-Jamal
See also: Mumia Abu-Jamal legal proceedings
File:Daniel faulkner.jpg
Daniel Faulkner

In the early hours of December 9, 1981, around 3:51 a.m., Philadelphia Police Department officer Daniel Faulkner was shot and killed during an altercation that ensued from a routine traffic stop of a vehicle driven by William Cook, Abu-Jamal's younger brother.[22] The following sequence of events was presented in evidence by the prosecution before the jury at his trial[22]:

  1. During the traffic stop, Cook assaulted Faulkner, who in turn attempted to subdue Cook.
  2. Abu Jamal emerged from a nearby parking lot and shot Faulkner in the back.
  3. Faulkner was able to return fire, seriously wounding Abu-Jamal.
  4. Abu Jamal then advanced on Faulkner, fired some additional shots at close range, one of which struck Faulkner in the face causing his death.
  5. Abu Jamal was unable to flee due to his own gunshot wound, and was taken into custody by other police officers, who had been summoned by Faulkner at the time of the traffic stop.

In Abu-Jamal's possession was a .38 caliber revolver that records showed he had purchased in 1979. The cylinder of the revolver had five spent cartridges. He was taken directly from the scene of the shooting to a hospital and was treated for his injury. Witnesses, including a security guard working at the hospital, stated that while Abu-Jamal was receiving medical treatment, he acknowledged that he shot Faulkner. He was charged with first-degree murder. He initially retained the services of criminal defense attorney Anthony Jackson. In May 1982 he announced that he would represent himself, with Jackson continuing to act as his legal advisor. The judge initially acquiesced to this but, in time, reversed his attitude of acceptance citing the effect of Abu-Jamal's deemed "disruptive" behavior in the court.[23]

Philadelphia City Hall, shown in 2006

Abu-Jamal repeatedly and vociferously dissented from accepting the judge's rulings on points of law to the extent that he was removed from representing himself and it was ordered that Jackson resume the role of acting as his sole advocate.[22] In all Abu-Jamal was removed from the courtroom at least 13 times during the course of the legal proceedings and trial by reason of what the judge deemed to be intentionally disruptive actions on his part.[24] The case went to trial in June 1982 at Philadelphia's City Hall.[11]

Prosecution witnesses at trial

Four eyewitnesses to the shooting were produced by the prosecution:

  1. Robert Chobert, a cab driver;
  2. Cynthia White, a prostitute who was later revealed to be a police informant;
  3. Michael Scanlon, a businessman who had been visiting from out of town on the night of the killing;
  4. Albert Magilton, a pedestrian

These witnesses testified that they were at or in sight of the scene at the time of the shooting. Chobert and White directly identified Abu-Jamal as the person who shot Faulkner.[22]

Scanlan, who admitted to being mildly under the influence of alcohol, testified that he saw someone come across the street and shoot Faulkner. He testified that he was not able to identify either the driver of Cook's vehicle or the shooter and he placed someone wearing a green army jacket, who could not have been either Cook or Abu-Jamal, at the scene.[22][25]

Magilton testified to witnessing Faulkner pull over Cook's car and that at the point of seeing Abu-Jamal start to cross the street toward them he turned away and lost sight of what happened next until he heard gun shots. He did not see anyone shoot anyone else. He also testified that Chobert's vehicle was not at any point parked behind Faulkner's.[22][25][26] He reported to defense investigators that he had seen a person wearing a green army jacket fleeing the scene in the aftermath.[25]

Controversion of prosecution witnesses

While Cynthia White testified to witnessing the shootings from a nearby corner, Dessie Hightower has stated that he observed her to be at least half a block further away.[27] Prostitute Veronica Jones testified at trial that she had been offered favorable treatment by police on condition that she corroborate Cynthia White.[27] White is acknowledged to have been a police informant and to have received police protection in her illegal prostitution activity both before and after she identified Abu-Jamal as a murderer. She is presently presumed deceased.[28] In her declaration of January 28, 2002, Yvette Williams affirms to having been incarcerated with Cynthia White in December 1981 and being told by her that she had not even seen who shot Faulkner and that she had entirely fabricated a witness account identifying Abu-Jamal out of fear of the Philidelphia police.[29] Police informant Pamela Jenkins testified at a post-conviction relief hearing on June 26, 1997, that she had been pressured by Philadelphia police offers to falsely state that she had witnessed the killing of Faulkner and could identify Abu-Jamal as the murderer. She also testified that she knew Cynthia White to be in fear of her life from police in the period after the shooting of Faulkner and before the trial of Abu-Jamal, and that she claimed to have found Ms White in the company of some Philadelphia police as recently as March 1997 - being some years subsequent to the date of her presumed death.[30]

Robert Chobert originally told police that the shooter had run away.[31] In his September 25, 2001, affidavit private investigator George Newman describes that under interrogation Chobert had recanted the aspect of his testimony that his taxi had been parked directly behind Faulkner's police car as well as the assertion that he had witnessed a person firing bullets into the body of Faulkner as the latter lay prone on the ground.[32]

Hospital bed confession claim

The prosecution presented three additional witnesses: security officer Priscilla Durham and two members of the Philadelphia Police Department, who testified that while Abu-Jamal was being treated for gunshot wounds he had at least once or even twice proclaimed, "I shot the motherfucker, and I hope the motherfucker dies."[33][34] Other witnesses are recorded as having reported that Abu-Jamal was completely unconscious during the time that he was reported to have uttered it.[35] The original report of Gary Wakshul, a police officer who confirms to having accompanied Abu-Jamal throughout the entire period of his arrest and medical treatment, relates that "the negro male made no comments". Wakshul elsewhere later chose to recall that he heard Abu-Jamal's utterance of the alleged hospital bed confession on the night of the killing, such recollection first being offered almost three months after the arrest and upon the occasion when the prosecutor met with police seeking to test the evidence about Abu-Jamal's alleged utterances. He is recorded as having reasoned that he "didn't think the confession was important" at the time he wrote his original report.[31] Judge Albert F. Sabo did not permit the trial jury to receive Gary Wakshul's original report as evidence.[22]

Defense witnesses at trial

A number of witnesses made statements - either to police on the scene or in court testimony or both - describing the fact of one or more men running along the street shortly after the shooting.[36] At trial, the defense presented statements made by four of these witnesses: Deborah Kordansky, Robert Chobert, Veronica Jones, and Dessie Hightower.[22] This became known as the "running man theory", based on the possibility that a "running man" may have been the actual shooter. Of those witnesses, only Chobert averred to actually witnessing the shooting. He testified that shortly after the shooting he had told police that he had seen Abu-Jamal shoot Faulkner in the face, and that Abu-Jamal had then run a short distance and collapsed on the sidewalk - himself having also been shot by Faulkner. In other words, Chobert's testimony was that Abu-Jamal himself was the running man.[22] The remaining three witnesses made various statements about a man or men running in or away from the area. None of them claimed that the running man, or men, were involved in the shooting.[22]

The defense also presented nine character witnesses[34] including poet Sonia Sanchez. Sanchez testified that Abu-Jamal was "viewed by the black community as a creative, articulate, peaceful, genial man." During cross examination the prosecution raised the issue of her association with convicted felon and Black Panther activist Joanne Chesimard; Sanchez was also asked over defense objections whether she supported other blacks who had killed police.[37]

Witnesses not called at trial

See also: Mumia Abu-Jamal legal proceedings § New witnesses

Abu-Jamal did not testify in his own defense. Regarding this he has explained:[38]

"At my trial I was denied the right to defend myself. I had no confidence in my court-appointed attorney, who never even asked me what happened the night I was shot and the police officer was killed; and I was excluded from at least half the trial. Since I was denied all my rights at my trial I did not testify. I would not be used to make it look like I had a fair trial."

He did not state his version of events for the initial police investigation, nor for almost another 20 years afterwards until subsequent to his third set of lawyers offering the 1999 affidavit of Arnold Beverly. Beverly purported to confess that, "wearing a green (camouflage) army jacket", he had run across the street and shot a fallen Daniel Faulkner in the face as part of a contract killing connected with a desire to keep Faulkner from interfering with graft and payoff to corrupt police.[39] Abu-Jamal's May 2001 sworn statement avers that he had been sitting in his cab across the street when he first heard shouting, then saw a police vehicle, then heard the sound of gunshots. It further asserts that, upon seeing his brother standing in the street staggering and appearing disoriented he ran across the street to him and was shot by a uniformed police officer. It also incorporates Abu-Jamal's claim to have been tortured by the police while he was still in need of medical assistance for his wounds. It concludes with his claim of innocence: "I never said I shot the policeman. I did not shoot the policeman. I never said I hoped he died. I would never say something like that."[38]

For a similar period, William Cook also did not testify or make any statement whatsoever about events other than his utterance at the crimescene, "I ain't got nothing to do with this."[40] On April 29, 2001, Cook belatedly authored a declaration to the effect that he would be willing to testify and that both he and his brother "had nothing do with shooting or killing the policeman". The statement inculpates Kenneth Freeman as being armed with a .38 caliber firearm, present in Cook's vehicle passenger seat immediately prior to the confronation with Daniel Faulkner, wearing a green army jacket of a fashion described by as many as four witnesses observing those present at the scene, and admitting to planning to kill Faulkner and participating in his shooting.[41] Freeman's handcuffed and naked corpse was discovered in a vacant lot in North Philadelphia the day after the police bombing of the MOVE communal residence in 1985 and neither his name nor the fact of his presence at the crimescene was raised at any stage during the course of the trial and sentencing in 1982.[42] At the time of his death, Daniel Faulkner was in possession of the replacement temporary driver license of Arnold Howard which the latter had recently "loaned" to Freeman for unspecified purposes.[43] [44]

Several others made statements that supported Abu-Jamal's case. William Singletary has stated that he directly witnessed the entire incident and that he would be willing to testify that Abu-Jamal was not the gunman.[45] Singletary's post-conviction review hearing testimony of August 11, 1995, described that police tore up two of his written statements and that he was prevailed upon to sign a different statement which they dictated.[46] William Harmon, a pimp in 1981, testified in an August 1996 post-conviction relief hearing that he had seen a man other than Abu-Jamal execute Faulkner and flee in a car which pulled up at the crimescene.[37] Court stenographer Terri Maurer-Carter stated in an affidavit of August 2001 that in the presence of herself and two others the presiding Judge had exclaimed, "Yeah, and I'm going to help them fry the nigger," [47] regarding Abu-Jamal's case shortly before the start of the trial.

On April 24, 2003, Kenneth Pate, the step-brother of Priscilla Durham, swore a declaration incorporating the following relevant content:

I read a newspaper article about the Mumia Abu-Jamal case. It said Priscilla Durham had testified at Abu-Jamal's trial that when she was working as a security guard at the hospital she heard Abu-Jamal say that he had killed the police officer. When I read this I realized it was a different story from what she had told me. ... [when I asked her] ... "Did you hear him say that?" [she] answered, "All I heard him say was: 'Get off me, get off me, they're trying to kill me'".[48]

Pate reported that the conversation occurred "sometime around the end of 1983 or the beginning of 1984", while he was in the same prison as Abu-Jamal. His affidavit was released during another period in which both he and Abu-Jamal were housed in the same prison - a time postdating the death of Ms Durham. Pate's affidavit has been tendered as evidence by Abu-Jamal’s lawyers to the U.S. Court of Appeals in 2006.[49]

In corroboration of the four prosecution eyewitnesses, Robert Harkins testified on August 2, 1995, that he had witnessed a man stand over Faulkner as the latter lay wounded on the ground, who shot him point-blank in the face and who then "walked and sat down on the curb."[50] [51]

Physical evidence

A .38 caliber handgun Abu-Jamal had purchased to defend himself as a cab driver in 1979 was found at the scene next to him, containing 5 spent shell casings.[52][53] Coroner Dr. Paul Hoyer, who autopsied Daniel Faulkner, recorded in the examining report that he extracted a .44 caliber bullet noting "shot w/ 44 cal". He later testified to the effect that his description of it had been a "rough guess" based on his own observations, that he was not a firearms expert and that he had not received any training in weapons ballistics.[54][55] Tests performed with the available physical evidence verify that Faulkner was killed by a .38 caliber bullet. The extracted slugs identified as Federal brand .38 Special +P bullets with hollow bases. It may be noted that the hollow base in a +P bullet is distinguishable from Federal ammunition otherwise used at that time.[56] The type, brand, and caliber of the extracted bullets all match those of the shell casings obtained from Abu-Jamal's Charter Arms revolver which was retrieved at the scene. That manufacturer is known for rifling the barrels of their revolvers with eight lands and grooves in a right-hand direction of twist - characteristics also evident on the bullet fragments extracted from Faulkner's body. Anthony L. Paul, Supervisor of the Firearms Identification Unit, testified at trial that he could name two other manufacturers "right off the bat" which produce weapons bearing the exact same rifling characteristics of pattern and twist direction.[57] Experts testified that the bullet taken from Abu-Jamal had been fired from Faulkner's service weapon. George Fassnacht, a ballistics expert proferred by the defense, did not dispute any of the findings of the prosecution's weapons and ballistics experts.[34]

Amnesty International has made reference to the physical evidence to the extent of expressing their view that there was:

".. a lack of adequate ballistic tests to determine whether [Abu-Jamal's] gun had recently been fired. It was not determined, for instance, whether there was residue on his hands from firing a gun."[4]

In a 1995 hearing, another defense ballistics expert testified that due to Abu-Jamal's struggle with the police during his arrest, such a test would have been difficult to accomplish and, due to the gunpowder residue possibly being shaken or rubbed off, would not have been scientifically reliable.[58]

Verdict, death sentence, and reactions

The jury delivered a guilty verdict after five hours of deliberations.[11] In the sentencing phase of the trial Abu-Jamal read to the jury from a prepared statement and was then sworn and cross-examined about issues relevant to the assessment of his character by Joseph McGill, the prosecuting attorney.[59][34] In addressing his statement Abu-Jamal criticised his attorney as a "legal trained lawyer" who was imposed on him against his will who "knew he was inadequate to the task and chose to follow the directions of this black-robed conspirator, [Judge] Albert Sabo, even if it meant ignoring my directions." He claimed that all his rights had been "deceitfully stolen" from him by the Judge, particularly focusing on the denial of his request to receive defence assistance from John Africa and his being prevented from proceeding pro se. He quoted remarks of John Africa and declared himself "innocent of these charges".[60]

"Free Mumia" parking garage stencil with "Cop killer" graffito.

Abu-Jamal was subsequently sentenced to death by the unanimous decision of his jury[61] on July 3, 1982.[34] The date of the sentence is recorded as May 25, 1983.[3] Judicial execution in Pennsylvania is by means of lethal injection and would occur at the State Correctional Institution - Rockview.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). District Attorney Lynne Abraham, who at times has supervised aspects of the Abu-Jamal case, is on record stating that the matter of the death of Daniel Faulkner was the "most open-and-shut murder case" she'd ever tried,[62] and that Abu-Jamal:

"Never produced his own brother, who was present at the time of the murder, (yet) he has offered up various individuals who would claim that one trial witness or another must have lied; or that some other individual has only recently been discovered who has special knowledge about the murder; or that someone has fallen out of the skies, who is supposedly willing to confess to the murder of Officer Faulkner."[63]

Main article: Mumia Abu-Jamal legal proceedings
Further information: Habeas corpus in the United States and judicial review of detention in the United States
Further information: Pardon § Pardons and clemency in the United States, and pardons and executive clemency in the United States

1983 - 1999 State appeals

Direct appeal of his conviction was considered and denied by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania on March 6, 1989,[64][61] subsequently denying rehearing. On October 1, 1990, the Supreme Court of the United States denied his petition for writ of certiorari,[65] and his petition for rehearing twice up to June 10,1991.[66][34]

Tom Ridge

On June 1, 1995 his death warrant was signed by Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge.[34] Its execution was suspended while Abu-Jamal pursued state post-conviction review,[67] the outcome of which was a unanimous decision by six judges of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania on October 31, 1998 that all issues raised by him, including the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, were without merit.[68] The Supreme Court of the United States denied the petition for certiorari against that decision on October 4, 1999,[34] enabling Governor Ridge to sign a second death warrant on October 13, 1999.[34] Its execution in turn was stayed as Abu-Jamal commenced his pursuit of federal habeas corpus review.

2001 Federal ruling directing resentencing

Judge William H. Yohn Jr. of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania voided the sentence of death on December 18, 2001, citing "irregularities" in the original process of sentencing.[34]

Particularly,

"When the jury instructions and verdict sheet employed in Jamal’s case are considered, it becomes apparent that there is a reasonable likelihood that the jury has applied the . . . instruction [and form] in a way that prevents the consideration of constitutionally relevant evidence, regarding the existence of any named mitigating circumstances."[34]

He ordered the State of Pennsylvania to commence sentencing proceedings anew within 180 days[69] and ruled that it was unconstitutional to require that a jury's finding of the existence of circumstances mitigating against determining a sentence of death be restricted to unanimous findings with respect to exclusive discrete categories of those factors defined in advance.[70] Eliot Grossman and Marlene Kamish, attorneys for Abu-Jamal, criticised the ruling on the grounds that it denied the possibility of a trial de novo at which they could lead evidence to establish their case that their client had been the subject of a frameup.[71] Both parties appealed.[72][73]

2005 Federal higher appeal

File:Gov Ed Rendell.jpg
Ed Rendell

On December 6, 2005, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit admitted four issues for appeal of the ruling of the United States District Court:[74][75]

  • in relation to sentencing, whether the jury verdict form had been flawed and the judge's instructions to the jury had been confusing
  • in relation to conviction and sentencing, whether racial bias in jury selection existed to an extent tending to produce an inherently biased and unprofessional jury and therefore an unfair trial (the Batson claim)
  • in relation to conviction, whether the prosecutor improperly attempted to reduce jurors' sense of responsibility by telling them that a guilty verdict would be subsequently vetted and subject to appeal
  • in relation to post-conviction review hearings in 1995-6, whether the presiding Judge - who had also presided at the trial - demonstrated unacceptable bias in his conduct.
May 12, 2007, concert performance as part of a Free Mumia demonstration in Germany

On March 17, 2006, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania filed its appeal seeking to reinstate the sentence of death. Governor Ed Rendell has pledged to sign a third execution warrant should the appeal be upheld in that regard.[72][73] On October 23, 2006, Abu-Jamal's counsel filed their reply brief. They asked the Third Circuit Court to reverse the prior ruling on the basis that it would be the "only remedy .. available to correct .. injustice and excessive bias that .. denied [him] a fair trial".[76] The Third Circuit Court heard oral arguments in the appeals on May 17, 2007, at the United States Courthouse in Philadelphia.[77] The appeal panel consisted of Chief Judge Anthony Joseph Scirica, Judge Thomas Ambro, and Judge Robert Cowen. Maureen Faulkner traveled from Southern California to be in attendance.[78] Abu-Jamal's attorneys sought to obtain a new trial, while the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania challenged Judge Yohn's ruling insofar as it had presumed to invalidate the outcome of the original sentencing procedure.[79]

Life as a prisoner

Writings, broadcasts, and intellectual pursuits

Since imprisonment, Abu-Jamal has continued his political activism, publishing Live from Death Row, a book on life inside prisons, and other works during the more recent years of his incarceration. As Live from Death Row proved to be a bestselling publication which raised substantial funds for the benefit of himself and his defence, he was punished with 30 days solitary confinement for "engaging in the business or profession of journalism" without authority and contrary to prison regulations applicable to him.[80]

He has attained a Bachelor of Arts from Goddard College and a Master of Arts from California State University, Dominguez Hills, both by distance education during the course of his imprisonment. The New College of California School of Law has presented him with an honorary J.D. degree.[81]

In May 1994 he was commercially engaged by National Public Radio's All Things Considered program to deliver a series of monthly 3-minute commentaries addressing issues of crime and punishment.[82] The broadcast plans and commercial arrangement were cancelled following condemnatory public outcry in anticipation encouraged by the Fraternal Order of Police.[83] The commentaries appeared in print in May 1995.[84]

In 1999, he was invited to deliver the keynote address for the graduating class at The Evergreen State College.[85] He accepted, and a recording of his speech was played at the commencement ceremony, being that he was not legally permitted to attend in person. The event was protested heavily by police officers from around the US. Among other schools whose graduates he has addressed are Antioch College, UC Santa Cruz, Kent State University, and Occidental College.[86]

While his spoken word commentaries are recorded and published regularly and may be listened to online at Prison Radio[87] hardships have at times been imposed upon his ability to most effectively communicate with those who support him, interested media, and the general public. Subsequent to the airing of the 1996 HBO documentary Mumia Abu-Jamal: A Case for Reasonable Doubt? which included compelling footage from visitation interviews conducted with him, the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections acted to ban outsiders from using any recording equipment in state prisons.[16] In August 1999, local prison authorities severed the connecting wires of his telephone from their mounting when, for a brief time, he began delivering his radio commentaries live on the Pacifica Network's Democracy Now! weekday radio newsmagazine. Notoriously they did so even at a time when he was on-air and in mid-performance.[16]

Claim of 1992 confession

In 1999, Vanity Fair revealed that a volunteer named Phillip Bloch visited Abu-Jamal in prison in 1992 and asked him whether he regretted killing Faulkner, to which it was reported that Abu-Jamal replied, "Yes."[88] Bloch, otherwise a supporter of Abu-Jamal's case, stated he came forward after he grew concerned about the vilification of Daniel Faulkner. In response, Abu-Jamal is reported to have said "A lie is a lie, whether made today or 10 years later", and thanked Vanity Fair "...not for their work but for stoking this controversy, because controversy leads to questioning, and one can only question this belated confession."[89]

Foreign honours controversy

See also: Anti-French sentiment in the United States § Mumia Abu-Jamal

House Resolution 407

On May 19, 2006, Michael Fitzpatrick (R-PA) introduced a concurrent resolution designated House of Representatives Resolution 407[90], and on June 15, 2006, Richard Santorum (R-PA) introduced the identical Senate Resolution 102[91], being :

That Congress,

  • condemn the murder of Philadelphia Police Officer Danny Faulkner
  • urge the city of Saint-Denis to change the name of Rue Mumia Abu-Jamal, and, if they do not, urge the French government to take action against the city to change the name
  • commend police officers all over the world for their commitment to public service and public safety.
    — Operative text of proposed HR407, 109th US Congress, May 19, 2006

On December 6, 2006, the House of Representatives voted 368-31 in favor of HR407, "Condemning the decision of St. Denis, France, to name a street in honor of Mumia Abu-Jamal, the convicted murderer of Philadelphia Police Officer Danny Faulkner."[92]

Lawsuits involving French municipalities

File:Bertrand Delanoe ABr112901.jpeg
Bertrand Delanoë, Mayor of Paris (2001 - ) and a proponent responsible for conferring honorary Parisian citizenship upon Mumia Abu-Jamal in October 2003

On December 11, 2006, the executive committee of the Republican Party for the 59th Ward of the City of Philadelphia (covering approximately Germantown, Philadelphia), filed suit with two plaintes (criminal complaints on behalf of victims) in forums of the French legal system against the government of the city of Paris and the city of Saint-Denis citing the wrong of those cities' actions "glorifying" Abu-Jamal.[93]

"Free Mumia" campaign

File:MumiaSpanish.jpg
Barcelona street banners calling for the release of Mumia Abu-Jamal
Further information: Free Mumia campaign and the movement to free Mumia Abu-Jamal and its opponents

A broad international movement has allied in support of Abu-Jamal's cause with noteworthy opposition coalesced about the family of Daniel Faulkner, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the Fraternal Order of Police. Whether to protest at perceived injustice affecting him or to deplore the possibility of future application of the death penalty in his and other cases, support encompasses that to date supplied by prominent American labor unions and congresses[94][95][96][97]; acts by some US[98] and foreign city governments[99]; outspoken encouragement from a number of US and foreign artists and celebrities and notable persons[100] [101][102]; references in popular and underground music; the formation of groups of parliamentarians[103][104], lawyers[105][106], educators[107] , and journalists[108]; a 2004 resolution of the NAACP[109] and legal intervention on behalf of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund [110]; support claimed from the Episcopal Church of the United States of America[111]; interest adopted by human rights advocacy organisations such as Human Rights Watch[112] and Amnesty International[4]; and the persistence of activist cells variously known as chapters of the Free Mumia Coalition and the International Concerned Family and Friends of Mumia Abu-Jamal.

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party, by Todd Steven Burroughs Ph.D (Index)
  2. ^ Mumia Abu Jamal Commentaries, retrieved 2007-10-18
  3. ^ a b "Persons Sentenced to Execution in Pennsylvania as of October 1, 2007" (PDF). Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b c "Amnesty International: new trial". Amnesty International. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ "Guilty and Framed". Court TV. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "European Parliament resolution (p. 39 of original, 49 of pdf". European Parliament. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ a b c Burroughs, Todd Steven. "Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party (Part 4)". The College of New Jersey. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ "Death Blossoms". South End Press. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ a b c d Kissinger, C. Clark (February 25, 2001). "On a Move, The Story of Mumia Abu-Jamal (Book review) Book review". Revolutionary Worker #1092. Revolutionary Communist Party, USA. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 54 (help)
  10. ^ a b Burroughs, Todd Steven. "Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party, (Part 1)". Revolutionary Communist Party, USA. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b c d "Danielfaulkner.com summary of case facts" (PDF). See p.2. Justice for Daniel Faulkner. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  12. ^ Burroughs, Todd Steven. "Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party (Part 2)". The College of New Jersey. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  13. ^ Burroughs, Todd Steven. "Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party (Part 3)". The College of New Jersey. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  14. ^ "The Religious Affiliation of Mumia Abu-Jamal". Adherents.com. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 30 (help)
  15. ^ Hill, Craig (November 6, 1993). "The fight to save Mumia Abd-Jamal: Wadiya Jamal at NYC Rally". The Michigan Citizen. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  16. ^ a b c Burroughs, Todd Steven (September-October, 2004). "Mumia's voice: confined to Pennsylvania's death row, Mumia Abu-Jamal remains at the center of debate as he continues to write and options to appeal his police murder conviction dwindle". Black Issues Book Review. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  17. ^ a b c d "The Suspect - One Who Raised His Voice". Philadelphia Inquirer. December 10, 1981. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  18. ^ "Mediafilter.org biographical information on Mumia Abu-Jamal". Mediafilter.org. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  19. ^ "20th Anniversary of Move Bombing". Metafilter.com community weblog. May 12, 2005. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  20. ^ As stated in "All Things Censored" by Mumia Abu-Jamal (also mentioning his early journalism career)
  21. ^ "30 Moments in Journalism". National Association of Black Journalists. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "1982 trial and post-conviction relief hearing transcripts" (PDF). Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) Cite error: The named reference "82t" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  23. ^ "Day 1 Transcript of 1982 trial, from 1.82 for the rest of the day". Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  24. ^ "Danielfaulkner.com summary of case facts (see pp.3,104)" (PDF). Justice for Daniel Faulkner. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  25. ^ a b c Argue, Steven (July 20, 2007), "Top Ten "Fry Mumia" Myths Debunked (Myth #1)", Portland Independent Media Centre {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  26. ^ Kissinger, C. Clark; Weinglass, Leonard (July 1998), "The KGO-TV Report: A Case Study in Irresponsible Journalism", Socialist Action{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  27. ^ a b Mumia Abu-Jamal (1997). Mumia Abu-Jamal: A Case for Reasonable Doubt? (DVD of HBO TV Special). London, UK: Otmoor Productions.
  28. ^ Kissinger, C. Clark, The `Judicial Death' Of Cynthia White
  29. ^ Williams, Yvette (January 28, 2002), Declaration of Yvette Williams {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ^ Post-conviction Relief Act hearing testimony of Pamela Jenkins. Commonwealth v Mumia Abu-Jamal, Court of Common Pleas, First Judicial District of Pennsylvania, Criminal Trial Division., June 26, 1997 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ a b Weinglass, Leonard (September 28, 1997), "Update to Race for Justice", Revolutionary Worker {{citation}}: Check date values in: |year=, |date=, and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  32. ^ Newman, George Michael (September 25, 2001), Affidavit of George Michael Newman {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ^ Bissinger, Buzz (August 1999). "The Famous And The Dead" (PDF). Vanity Fair. pp. p.10. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "MUMIA ABU-JAMAL, Petitioner, v. MARTIN HORN, Commissioner, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, ET AL., Respondents. Memorandum and Order (December 2001 US District Court ruling of Judge Yohn detailing the history, progression, and outcomes of all prior post-conviction appeals)" (PDF). US District Court for the Eastern District of Philadelphia. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  35. ^ http://www.freemumia.org/intro.html Who is mumia? from mumia.org incorporating the statement "Abu-Jamal's doctor said that Abu-Jamal, who was unconscious, said nothing. He reported that a nurse found police with loaded guns pointed at Mumia as he lay unconscious in his hospital bed."
  36. ^ Komisar, Lucy (December 17, 1998). "Mumia Abu-Jamal 101". Albion Monitor. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  37. ^ a b "Notes on the criminal case of Mumia Abu-Jamal -defence witnesses". Footnote TV. December 29, 2001. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  38. ^ a b "Declaration of Mumia Abu-Jamal". Chicago Committee to Free Mumia Abu-Jamal. May 2001. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  39. ^ "Affidavit of Arnold Beverly". Free Mumia Coalition. June 8, 1999. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  40. ^ Lopez, Steve (July 23, 2000). "Wrong Guy, Good Cause". Time Magazine. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  41. ^ "Declaration of William Cook". Free Mumia Coalition. April 29, 2001. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  42. ^ "Jurors Never Saw Earliest Photos at Abu-Jamal's 1982 Trial - Recent Discovery of 26 Photos Of Officer Faulkner's Scene of Death" (Press release). Educators for Mumia Abu-Jamal. September 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 95 (help)
  43. ^ Asher, Robert (2005). Murder on Trial: 1620-2002. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. p. 101. ISBN 0-7914-6378-8. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  44. ^ "Historical information on the death penalty and executions in Pennsylvania". Pennsylvania Department of Corrections. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |1= and |coauthors= (help)
  45. ^ "Minister of Information JR" (June 19, 2007). "William Singletary, eyewitness on the night Mumia was shot and framed - Part 2". San Francisco Bay View. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) Interview with William Singletary published 19 June2007
  46. ^ Kissinger, C. Clark (November 15, 1998). "Analysis of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court Decision On Mumia Abu-Jamal". Revolutionary Worker #982. Revolutionary Communist Party, USA. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  47. ^ "Statement of Terri Maurer-Carter". Labournet UK. August 21, 2001. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  48. ^ "Declaration of Kenneth Pate". Free Mumia Coalition. April 18, 2003. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  49. ^ "Brief on behalf of Mumia Abu-Jamal to the US Court of Appeal" (PDF). Robert S Bryan. July 19, 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  50. ^ "Post-conviction relief hearing transcripts for August 2, 1995 - Robert Harkin". Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. August 2, 1995. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  51. ^ Faulkner, Maureen (December 8 - 14, 1999). "Running From The Truth". Village Voice. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  52. ^ "Developments in the Mumia Abu-Jamal case". CNN.com/Law Center. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  53. ^ "Mumia Reconsidered". DC Indymedia. November 6, 1998. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  54. ^ Trial transcript for June 25, 1982
  55. ^ Kissinger, C. Clark (February 27, 2000). "Building a Railroad: The Suppression, Manipulation and Fabrication of Evidence". Revolutionary Worker #1044. Revolutionary Worker. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  56. ^ ".38 Special LSWCHP +P: Still a Top Load?". Hipowersandhandguns.com. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  57. ^ "Testimony of Anthony L. Paul, Supervisor Firearms Identification Unit, Philadelphia Police Department. 1982 trial transcripts at p.168 for [[June 23]], [[1982]]" (PDF). Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  58. ^ "COMMONWEALTH VS. MUMIA ABU-JAMAL aka WESLEY COOK - Post Conviction Review Act hearing transcripts of [[February 8]], [[1995]]". Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  59. ^ Weinglass, Leonard (January 1995). "The Trial of Mumia Abu-Jamal". Etext Archive Online. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  60. ^ Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook, pp.10-16 of transcript (Court of Common Please, Philadelphia Criminal Trial Division July 3, 1982).
  61. ^ a b "Danielfaulkner.com summary of case facts (see p.3)" (PDF). Justice for Daniel Faulkner. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  62. ^ Gibson, Dave (January 13, 2007). "25 Years Later...Still No Justice for Officer Daniel Faulkner". The American Daily. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  63. ^ Saunders, Debra J. (December 21, 2001). "Mumia finds safety in numbers". Jewish World Review. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  64. ^ Pennsylvania v. Abu-Jamal, 555 A.2d 846 (1989).
  65. ^ Abu-Jamal v. Pennsylvania, 498 U.S. 881 (1990).
  66. ^ Abu-Jamal v. Pennsylvania, 501 U.S. 1214 (1991).
  67. ^ Danielfaulkner.com summary of case facts p.4
  68. ^ Danielfaulkner.com summary of case facts p.5
  69. ^ "Abu-Jamal's death sentence overturned". BBC News. December 18, 2001. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  70. ^ See p.70 of the July 2006 appeal brief for Mumia Abu-Jamal before the US Court of Appeal citing the ruling of Judge Yohn in the US District Court, the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and the United States Supreme Court precedent of Mills v Maryland, 486 U.S. 367 (1988)
  71. ^ "Mumia still waiting for due process" (Press release). International Concerned Family and Friends of Mumia Abu Jamal - Betsey Piette. March 6, 2003. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); line feed character in |publisher= at position 32 (help)
  72. ^ a b Muhammad, Jerry (July 17, 2006). "From France to Philadelphia: An evening of solidarity with Mumia Abu-Jamal". FinalCall.com News. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  73. ^ a b Lindorff, Dave (December 22, 2001). "Reversal of Fortune? Mumia's death sentence is overturned, for now". inthesetimes.com. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  74. ^ Lindorff, Dave (December 8, 2005). "A victory for Mumia". Salon.com. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  75. ^ Bennett, Hans (April 4, 2007). "Mumia's Oral Arguments set for May 17". Pittsburgh Independent Media Center. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  76. ^ "October 2006 reply brief to the US Court of Appeal on behalf of Mumia Abu-Jamal" (PDF). Prisonradio.org. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  77. ^ "Partisan Defense Committee Says: For Class-Struggle Defense to Free Mumia Now!". Partisan Defense Committee. May 19, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  78. ^ "Mumia Abu-Jamal's case before Federal court". Philadelphia Inquirer. May 17, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  79. ^ "Appeals court won't step down from Abu-Jamal case". Philadelphia Inquirer. April 21, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  80. ^ Abu-Jamal, Mumia (June 10, 2000), An Ending; A Beginning - Commencement Address to Merrill College at the University of California at Santa Cruz, retrieved 2007-10-18 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  81. ^ "New College of California School of Law - list of honorary degree recipients". New College of California. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  82. ^ Carter, Kevin L (May 16, 1994). "A voice of Death Row to be heard on NPR". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  83. ^ Carter, Kevin L (May 17, 1994). "Inmate's broadcasts cancelled". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  84. ^ "Inmate's commentaries, dropped by NPR, will appear in print". Philadelphia Inquirer. March 6, 1995. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  85. ^ "Mumia Abu-Jamal to Speak at College Graduation Ceremonies" (Press release). Peter Bohmer of Evergreen State College, Washington State. May 26, 1999. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  86. ^ Reynolds, Mark (June 2, 2004). "Whatever Happened to Mumia Abu-Jamal?". Popmatters.com. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  87. ^ Abu-Jamal, Mumia. "Mumia Abu-Jamal's Radio Broadcasts - essay transcripts and archived mp3 recordings". PrisonRadio.org. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  88. ^ Bissinger, Buzz (August 1999). "The Famous And The Dead" (PDF). Vanity Fair. p. 6. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) See p.6
  89. ^ Mackler, Jeff (August 1999). "Vanity Fair and ABC-TV Stories of Mumia's 'Confession' Collapse". Socialist Action. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  90. ^ "HR 407, [[109th US Congress]]". GovTrack.us. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  91. ^ "SR 102, 109th US Congress". GovTrack.us. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  92. ^ "Vote results for Roll Call 527". US House of Representatives. December 6, 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  93. ^ "59th Republican Ward Executive Committee Files Criminal Charges Against Cities of Paris and Suburb for 'Glorifying' Infamous Philadelphia Cop-Killer" (Press release). 59th Republican Ward Executive Committee - City of Philadelphia. December 11, 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  94. ^ "San Francisco [[ILWU]] Local 10 Executive Board Resolution - Support for April 24, 1999 demonstrations in favour of the cause of Mumia Abu-Jamal (also describing support of other named labour union groups)" (Press release). ILWU. February 9, 1999. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  95. ^ "Service Employees International Union (SEIU) voted without dissent to demand justice for Mumia Abu-Jamal" (Press release). International Convention of the SEIU. 1999. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
  96. ^ "Formal resolution "support(ing) a new, fair trial for activist Mumia Abu-Jamal"" (Press release). APWU. July 26, 2000. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  97. ^ "California Labor Federation defends Mumia - support for the "Labor for Mumia" Campaign" (Press release). California Labour Federation, AFL-CIO. July 18, 2000. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  98. ^ "January 2005 Resolution of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors "affirm[ing] its support for justice and a new trial for Mumia Abu-Jamal"" (PDF) (Press release). San Francisco Board of Supervisors. January 11, 2005. Retrieved 2007-10-20. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  99. ^ International Concerned Family and Friends of Mumia Abu-Jamal (April 2006). "St Denis France names street in honor of Mumia Abu-Jamal!" (PDF). Booklet. International Concerned Family and Friends of Mumia Abu-Jamal. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  100. ^ "CCADP "Millions for Mumia" Page, incorporating text of the Nelson Mandela Letter to Former Governor Tom Ridge requesting commutation of the death sentence upon Mumia Abu-Jamal". Canadian Committee Against the Death Penalty. Retrieved 2007-10-19. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  101. ^ "FACT SHEET ON MUMIA ABU-JAMAL: 1998 (claiming support of [[Nelson Mandela]] and others for the retrial of Mumia Abu-Jamal)" (Press release). Leonard Weinglass. 1998. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite press release}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  102. ^ Gutierrez, Teresa (September 21, 2000). "Fidel Castro visits New York City". Workers World. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  103. ^ "European Parliament Opposes Execution of Mumia Abu-Jamal". Revolutionary Worker #988. Revolutionary Worker Online (rwor.org). December 27, 1998. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  104. ^ "FACT SHEET ON MUMIA ABU-JAMAL: 1998" (Press release). Leonard Weinglass. 1998. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
  105. ^ "LEADING UK LAWYERS PETITION US APPEAL COURT RE RACISM IN CASE OF DEATH ROW JOURNALIST" (Press release). Garden Court Chambers, London UK. c.1999. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  106. ^ "Brief of [[Amicus Curiae|Amici Curiae]] National Lawyers Guild, National Conference of Black Lawyers, International Association of Democratic Lawyers et al in support of Mumia Abu Jamal in the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit" (PDF). National Lawyers Guild. July 26, 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  107. ^ "Educators for Mumia Abu-Jamal website". Educators for Mumia Abu-Jamal. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  108. ^ "Journalists for Mumia Abu-Jamal website". Journalists for Mumia Abu-Jamal. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  109. ^ Washington, Linn (Jr.) (July 19, 2004). "NAACP Approves Resolution Supporting Abu-Jamal". The Black World Today. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  110. ^ Bennett, Hans (January 8, 2007). "NAACP Files Brief Supporting Mumia Abu-Jamal - Condemns racism in black death-row prisoner's original trial". Znet - Zmag.org. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  111. ^ "U.S. CONGRESS, PHILLY COUNCIL & F.O.P. TARGET MUMIA (incorporating statement "the Episcopal Church of the United States of America .. maintain(s) that Mumia's original trial was not conducted in a fair and impartial manner")" (Press release). Educators for Mumia Abu-Jamal. June 9, 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  112. ^ Human Rights Watch (1996). "United States 1996 country report - citing advocacy on behalf of Mumia Abu-Jamal to the Governor of Pennsylvania and the Superintendent of Waynesburg State Correctional Institution in 1995". From World Report 1996. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Sources

  • Abu-Jamal, Mumia. Live from Death Row. HarperTrade, 1996. ISBN 0-380-72766-8
  • Abu-Jamal, Mumia. All Things Censored. Seven Stories Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58322-022-4
  • Abu-Jamal, Mumia. Death Blossoms: Reflections from a Prisoner of Conscience. South End Press, 2003. ISBN 0-89608-699-2
  • Abu-Jamal, Mumia. Faith of Our Fathers: An Examination of the Spiritual Life of African and African-American People. Africa World Press, 2003. ISBN 1-59221-019-8
  • Abu-Jamal, Mumia. We Want Freedom: A Life in the Black Panther Party. South End Press, 2004. ISBN 0-89608-718-2
  • Amnesty International. The Case of Mumia Abu-Jamal: A Life in the Balance (Open Media Pamphlet Series). Open Media, 2001. ISBN 1-58322-081-X
  • Bisson, Terry On a Move: The Story of Mumia Abu-Jamal. Litmus Books, 2000. ISBN 0-87486-901-3
  • Lindorff, David. Killing Time. Common Courage Press, 2002. ISBN 1-56751-228-3
  • Weinglass, Leonard. Race for Justice: Mumia Abu-Jamal's Fight Against the Death Penalty. Common Courage Press, 1995. ISBN 1-56751-070-1
  • Williams, Daniel R. Executing Justice: An Inside Account of the Case of Mumia Abu-Jamal. St. Martin's Press, 2002. ISBN 0-375-76124-1

See also

Wikiquote has quotations related to Mumia Abu-Jamal.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mumia Abu-Jamal.
Preceded by
 President of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalists
January 1981 - January 1982 		Succeeded by
Joe Davidson

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