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{{about|the African deity|the plant|Erythrina mulungu}}
{{about|the African deity|the plant|Erythrina mulungu}}
'''Mungu''' (also spelled '''Murungu''', '''Mungu''', '''Zuma''', and in other variants<ref name="Frankl">Frankl (1990)</ref>) is a common name of the [[creator deity]] in a number of [[Bantu languages]] and cultures over [[East Africa|East]], [[Central Africa|Central]] and [[Southern Africa]].<ref>Derek e Hinnebusch (1993), p. 620, and Ehret (1998), pp. 166.167</ref><ref name="Gonzales">Gonzales, cap. 3</ref><ref name="blackwell">[http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631181392_chunk_g978063118139214_ss1-123 Mulungu], ''A new dictionary of Religions'', [http://www.blackwellreference.com/Blackwell Reference Online]</ref> This includes [[Yao people (East Africa)|Yao]], [[Nyamwezi people|Nyamwezi]], [[Shambaa people|Shambaa]], [[Kamba people|Kamba]], [[Sukuma people|Sukuma]], [[Rufiji people|Rufiji]], [[Turu people|Turu]] and [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mythologydictionary.com/african-mythology.html|title=MythDict, African Mythology|website=mythologydictionary.com|language=en}}</ref>
'''Mulungu''' (also spelled '''Murungu''', '''Mlungu''', '''Zuma''', and in other variants<ref name="Frankl">Frankl (1990)</ref>) is a common name of the [[creator deity]] in a number of [[Bantu languages]] and cultures over [[East Africa|East]], [[Central Africa|Central]] and [[Southern Africa]].<ref>Derek e Hinnebusch (1993), p. 620, and Ehret (1998), pp. 166.167</ref><ref name="Gonzales">Gonzales, cap. 3</ref><ref name="blackwell">[http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631181392_chunk_g978063118139214_ss1-123 Mulungu], ''A new dictionary of Religions'', [http://www.blackwellreference.com/Blackwell Reference Online]</ref> This includes [[Yao people (East Africa)|Yao]], [[Nyamwezi people|Nyamwezi]], [[Shambaa people|Shambaa]], [[Kamba people|Kamba]], [[Sukuma people|Sukuma]], [[Rufiji people|Rufiji]], [[Turu people|Turu]] and [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mythologydictionary.com/african-mythology.html|title=MythDict, African Mythology|website=mythologydictionary.com|language=en}}</ref>


In [[South Africa]] the word uMlungu, used mostly by [[Zulu language|Zulu]] speakers, is not to be confused with this article, it is a homophone ([[homograph]]) to this article's Mulungu/Mlungu, and a [[synonym]] of [[Mzungu]].
In [[South Africa]] the word uMlungu, used mostly by [[Zulu language|Zulu]] speakers, is not to be confused with this article, it is a homophone ([[homograph]]) to this article's Mulungu/Mlungu, and a [[synonym]] of [[Mzungu]]. It being used to describe those of English European descent, and the word Bhunu, (from {{lang-af|Boere}}), to describe those of Dutch/German European descent. It is also used regardless of race or ethnicity, to describe a [[customer]]/business client, a wealthy person or a [[supervisor]]/boss, casually. The words related to “White person ” in [[Zulu language|Zulu]]


==In traditional Bantu cultures==
==In traditional Bantu cultures==

Revision as of 15:59, 18 May 2020

This article is about the African deity. For the plant, see Erythrina mulungu.

Mulungu (also spelled Murungu, Mlungu, Zuma, and in other variants[1]) is a common name of the creator deity in a number of Bantu languages and cultures over East, Central and Southern Africa.[2][3][4] This includes Yao, Nyamwezi, Shambaa, Kamba, Sukuma, Rufiji, Turu and Kikuyu.[5]

In South Africa the word uMlungu, used mostly by Zulu speakers, is not to be confused with this article, it is a homophone (homograph) to this article's Mulungu/Mlungu, and a synonym of Mzungu. It being used to describe those of English European descent, and the word Bhunu, (from Afrikaans: Boere), to describe those of Dutch/German European descent. It is also used regardless of race or ethnicity, to describe a customer/business client, a wealthy person or a supervisor/boss, casually. The words related to “White person ” in Zulu

In traditional Bantu cultures

Origin, diffusion, and etymology

The original early-Bantu name for the creator God was probably Nyàmbé, possibly from the verb root -àmb-, "to begin".[3] With the diversification of Bantu cultures, other names came about, with "Mulungu" emerging in the ancient Southern-Kaskazi group (about 6000 BC). The etymology of the name is disputed.[6] One hypothesis is that the name is derived from a verb root -ng-, meaning "to be rectified", "to become right"; in this case, the original concept of Mulungu is that of a creator god that established the original, right order on the world.[3]

Description

All traditional Bantu cultures have a notion of a "creator god", a concept which was already established in the Niger-Congo cultures.[3] This creator god is usually seen as a remote deity, far and detached from men and living beings; in some cases, it is more of an impersonal "creating force" or a primum movens than a "God" in the usual sense of the word.[3][6] Even when described as a personal god, the Creator is believed to be far and detached from men and living beings; this detachment is the subject of a number of Bantu myths describing how the creator left the Earth, moving to the sky, as a consequence of him being upset with men or annoyed by their activities. It is thus a common trait of Bantu religions that no prayers, and usually no worship, is actually directed to the creator;[3] men interact with lower-levels gods and spirits that are closer and more interested in human affairs. These general lines are common to traditional concepts of Mulungu as found in Kikuyu, Ruvu, and other cultures.[3] A Nyamwezi myth about the departure of Mulungu from the Earth involves Mulungu being upset of the fires set by men to the landscape, and asking the spider to weave a web for him to climb up to the sky.[7]

Modern uses

With the advent of either Islam or Christianity, the word "Mulungu" was usually adopted to mean the Christian or Islamic God. Over thirty translations of the Bible in African languages use the word Mulungu to refer to the Father.[6] As another example, Jesus Christ is referred to as mwana wa Mulungu ("child of Mulungu") in modern religious songs in Chichewa language (Malawi). The word was also used in Swahili Islamic literature before the derivative name "Mungu" became more common.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Frankl (1990)
  2. ^ Derek e Hinnebusch (1993), p. 620, and Ehret (1998), pp. 166.167
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Gonzales, cap. 3
  4. ^ Mulungu, A new dictionary of Religions, Reference Online
  5. ^ "MythDict, African Mythology". mythologydictionary.com.
  6. ^ a b c Bleeker and Windengreen (1971), p. 556
  7. ^ Mulungu on Myth Encyclopedia

References

  • Bleeker, C. J. and G. Widengreen (1971), Historia Religionum, Brill. (On GoogleBooks)
  • Ehret, Christopher (1998), An African Classical Age.
  • Frankl, P. J. L. (1990), The word for "God" in Swahili, «Journal of Religion in Africa» XX (3) (Estratto su JStor)
  • Gonzales, Rhonda, Societies, Religions, and History: Central East Tanzanians and the World They Created, c. 200 BCE to 1800 CE. Online text
  • Nurse, Derek and Thomas J. Hinnebusch. Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History. University of California Press, Los Angeles, 1993.
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