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Coordinates: 36°08′04″N 5°20′56″W / 36.134553°N 5.348977°W / 36.134553; -5.348977
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The '''Moorish Wall''', also known as the '''Philip II Wall'''{{efn|Although misleading, the name "Moorish Wall" was used in the past when the wall was thought to be an ancient wall from the [[Moors|Moorish]] period.{{sfn|Gates & Fortifications}}}} and formerly the '''Muralla de San Reymondo''' ({{lang-en|St. Raymond's Wall}}) is a [[defensive wall|defensive curtain wall]] built in the 16th century that formed part of the southern [[fortifications of Gibraltar|fortifications]] of the [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]] of [[Gibraltar]]. It was completed by 1575.
The '''Moorish Wall''', also known as the '''Philip II Wall'''{{efn|Although misleading, the name "Moorish Wall" was used in the past when the wall was thought to be an ancient wall from the [[Moors|Moorish]] period.{{sfn|Gates & Fortifications}}}} and formerly the '''Muralla de San Reymondo''' ({{langx|en|St. Raymond's Wall}}) is a [[defensive wall|defensive curtain wall]] built in the 16th century that formed part of the southern [[fortifications of Gibraltar|fortifications]] of the [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]] of [[Gibraltar]]. It was completed by 1575.
The wall ran from the top of a steep cliff above the lower section of the [[Charles V Wall]] up the slope of the [[Rock of Gibraltar]] to its crest, north of the upper section of the Charles V Wall and is now within the [[Upper Rock Nature Reserve]].{{sfn|Gilbard|1888|p=66}}
The wall ran from the top of a steep cliff above the lower section of the [[Charles V Wall]] up the slope of the [[Rock of Gibraltar]] to its crest, north of the upper section of the Charles V Wall and is now within the [[Upper Rock Nature Reserve]].{{sfn|Gilbard|1888|p=66}}


==Charles V Wall==
==Charles V Wall==
[[File:Moorish wall and tower Gibraltar.jpg|thumb|Section of the Moorish city wall with a tower in the [[Moorish Castle]] Estate, Gibraltar]]
[[File:Moorish wall and tower Gibraltar.jpg|thumb|Section of the Moorish city wall with a tower in the [[Moorish Castle]] Estate, Gibraltar]]
In September 1540 an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] force commanded by [[Hayreddin Barbarossa|Barbarossa]] attacked Gibraltar and took more than seventy prisoners as slaves.{{sfn|Gates & Fortifications}} The Charles V Wall, originally called the ''Muralla de San Benito'' ({{lang-en|St. Benedict's Wall}}), was built in 1540 to help defend The Rock against further attacks from the south.{{sfn|Finlayson|Fa|2006|p=19}} Starting around 1552 the [[Italians|Italian]] military [[engineer]] [[Giovanni Battista Calvi]] made improvements to the wall.{{sfn|Finlayson|Fa|2006|p=19}} Calvi designed a wall that ran west–east in a straight line from the coast for about {{convert|280|m}} until it reached a precipice. A traverse ran north–south along the top of the cliff, and then a [[zigzag]] wall ran up to the crest of The Rock. {{sfn|Chipulina|2012}}
In September 1540 an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] force commanded by [[Hayreddin Barbarossa|Barbarossa]] attacked Gibraltar and took more than seventy prisoners as slaves.{{sfn|Gates & Fortifications}} The Charles V Wall, originally called the ''Muralla de San Benito'' ({{langx|en|St. Benedict's Wall}}), was built in 1540 to help defend The Rock against further attacks from the south.{{sfn|Fa|Finlayson|2006|p=19}} Starting around 1552 the [[Italians|Italian]] military [[engineer]] [[Giovanni Battista Calvi]] made improvements to the wall.{{sfn|Fa|Finlayson|2006|p=19}} Calvi designed a wall that ran west–east in a straight line from the coast for about {{convert|280|m}} until it reached a precipice. A traverse ran north–south along the top of the cliff, and then a [[zigzag]] wall ran up to the crest of The Rock. {{sfn|Chipulina|2012}}


==Construction of the Moorish Wall==
==Construction of the Moorish Wall==
[[Philip II of Spain]] succeeded [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] in 1558, and commissioned the [[Genoa|Genoese]] engineer [[Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino]] to continue the improvements to Gibraltar's fortifications. El Fratino decided that the traverse should be abandoned, and that the work already completed on Calvi's zigzag wall should be demolished. Instead, he believed an upper wall should continue the line of the lower wall from the top of the cliff to the crest of The Rock. El Fratino's upper wall was completed by 1575, running parallel but to the north of Calvi's zigzag upper wall.{{sfn|Chipulina|2012}} It runs up the slope of The Rock to the [[Signal Station]].{{sfn|Chipulina|2012}}
[[Philip II of Spain]] succeeded [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] in 1558, and commissioned the [[Genoa|Genoese]] engineer [[Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino]] to continue the improvements to Gibraltar's fortifications. El Fratino decided that the traverse should be abandoned, and that the work already completed on Calvi's zigzag wall should be demolished. Instead, he believed an upper wall should continue the line of the lower wall from the top of the cliff to the crest of The Rock. El Fratino's upper wall was completed by 1575, running parallel but to the north of Calvi's zigzag upper wall.{{sfn|Chipulina|2012}} It runs up the slope of The Rock to the [[Signal Station]].{{sfn|Chipulina|2012}}


Work was stopped on the traverse, but Philip II's chief engineer [[Tibúrcio Spannocchi]] refused to stop work on the zigzag wall, which was eventually finished in 1599, and forms the upper portion of the Charles V Wall. The traverse wall along the top of the cliff was never built.{{sfn|Chipulina|2012}} Thus the Moorish Wall became a fallback defensive line.{{sfn|Finlayson|Fa|2006|p=21}}{{sfn|Gibraltar - Fortified Places}} A 1786 book described the defenses as follows: {{blockquote|Above the precipice, an old Moorish wall is continued to the ridge of The Rock; in front of which a curtain with loop-holes and redans (built in the reign of the Emperor Charles V, and called after his name) extends to the top, effectually cutting off all communication in that quarter. Between the Moorish and Charles the Vth's walls, is the signal-house; whence the guard, on a serene and clear day, have almost an unbounded view of the Mediterranean...{{sfn|Drinkwater|1786|p=28}}}}
Work was stopped on the traverse, but Philip II's chief engineer [[Tibúrcio Spannocchi]] refused to stop work on the zigzag wall, which was eventually finished in 1599, and forms the upper portion of the Charles V Wall. The traverse wall along the top of the cliff was never built.{{sfn|Chipulina|2012}} Thus the Moorish Wall became a fallback defensive line.{{sfn|Fa|Finlayson|2006|p=21}}{{sfn|Gibraltar – Fortified Places}} A 1786 book described the defenses as follows: {{blockquote|Above the precipice, an old Moorish wall is continued to the ridge of The Rock; in front of which a curtain with loop-holes and redans (built in the reign of the Emperor Charles V, and called after his name) extends to the top, effectually cutting off all communication in that quarter. Between the Moorish and Charles the Vth's walls, is the signal-house; whence the guard, on a serene and clear day, have almost an unbounded view of the Mediterranean...{{sfn|Drinkwater|1786|p=28}}}}


==References==
==References==
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*{{cite web |url=http://gibraltar-intro.blogspot.ca/2012/04/chapter-xx.html
*{{cite web |url=http://gibraltar-intro.blogspot.ca/2012/04/chapter-xx.html
|last=Chipulina |first=Neville |year=2012
|last=Chipulina |first=Neville |year=2012
|title=1740 - Skinner's Moorish Wall
|title=1740 – Skinner's Moorish Wall
|access-date=2012-10-13}}
|access-date=2012-10-13}}
*{{cite book |last=Drinkwater|first=John|title=A history of the late siege of Gibraltar: With a description and account of that garrison, from the earliest periods
*{{cite book |last=Drinkwater|first=John|title=A history of the late siege of Gibraltar: With a description and account of that garrison, from the earliest periods
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BeM-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA28|access-date=15 October 2012
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BeM-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA28|access-date=15 October 2012
|year=1786|publisher=Printed by T. Spilsbury|page=28}}
|year=1786|publisher=Printed by T. Spilsbury|page=28}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fa |first1=Darren|last2=Finlayson|first2=Clive|author-link2=Clive Finlayson|title=The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068-1945
*{{cite book |last1=Fa |first1=Darren|last2=Finlayson|first2=Clive|author-link2=Clive Finlayson|title=The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068–1945
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LwsfZXgjyQC&pg=PA19|access-date=2012-10-11
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LwsfZXgjyQC&pg=PA19|access-date=2012-10-11
|date=2006-10-31|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84603-016-1}}
|date=2006-10-31|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84603-016-1}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Gates & Fortifications}} |url=http://www.aboutourrock.com/sites/fortifications.htm |title=Gates & Fortifications |work=About Our Rock |publisher=Rock Interactive Co. Ltd. |access-date=2012-10-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101022932/http://www.aboutourrock.com/sites/fortifications.htm |archive-date=2012-11-01 }}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Gates & Fortifications}} |url=http://www.aboutourrock.com/sites/fortifications.htm |title=Gates & Fortifications |work=About Our Rock |publisher=Rock Interactive Co. Ltd. |access-date=2012-10-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101022932/http://www.aboutourrock.com/sites/fortifications.htm |archive-date=2012-11-01 }}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Gibraltar - Fortified Places}} |url=http://www.fortified-places.com/gibraltar/
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Gibraltar – Fortified Places}} |url=http://www.fortified-places.com/gibraltar/
|title=Gibraltar |work=Fortified Places
|title=Gibraltar |work=Fortified Places
|access-date=2012-10-11}}
|access-date=2012-10-11}}

Latest revision as of 22:41, 25 October 2024

For the wall in Paris, see Wall of Philip II Augustus, Paris.

Moorish Wall
Muralla de San Reymondo
Part of Fortifications of Gibraltar
Upper Rock Nature Reserve, Gibraltar
Detail of an 1831 map of Gibraltar by W.H. Smythe showing the two southern defensive walls: Moorish Wall to the north and Charles V Wall to the south.
Moorish Wall is located in Gibraltar
Moorish Wall
Moorish Wall
Coordinates36°08′04″N 5°20′56″W / 36.134553°N 5.348977°W / 36.134553; -5.348977
Site information
OwnerGovernment of Gibraltar
Open to
the public		Yes
Site history
Built1558 (1558)
Built byPhilip II of Spain

The Moorish Wall, also known as the Philip II Wall[a] and formerly the Muralla de San Reymondo (English: St. Raymond's Wall) is a defensive curtain wall built in the 16th century that formed part of the southern fortifications of the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It was completed by 1575. The wall ran from the top of a steep cliff above the lower section of the Charles V Wall up the slope of the Rock of Gibraltar to its crest, north of the upper section of the Charles V Wall and is now within the Upper Rock Nature Reserve.[2]

Charles V Wall

[edit]
Section of the Moorish city wall with a tower in the Moorish Castle Estate, Gibraltar

In September 1540 an Ottoman force commanded by Barbarossa attacked Gibraltar and took more than seventy prisoners as slaves.[1] The Charles V Wall, originally called the Muralla de San Benito (English: St. Benedict's Wall), was built in 1540 to help defend The Rock against further attacks from the south.[3] Starting around 1552 the Italian military engineer Giovanni Battista Calvi made improvements to the wall.[3] Calvi designed a wall that ran west–east in a straight line from the coast for about 280 metres (920 ft) until it reached a precipice. A traverse ran north–south along the top of the cliff, and then a zigzag wall ran up to the crest of The Rock. [4]

Construction of the Moorish Wall

[edit]

Philip II of Spain succeeded Charles V in 1558, and commissioned the Genoese engineer Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino to continue the improvements to Gibraltar's fortifications. El Fratino decided that the traverse should be abandoned, and that the work already completed on Calvi's zigzag wall should be demolished. Instead, he believed an upper wall should continue the line of the lower wall from the top of the cliff to the crest of The Rock. El Fratino's upper wall was completed by 1575, running parallel but to the north of Calvi's zigzag upper wall.[4] It runs up the slope of The Rock to the Signal Station.[4]

Work was stopped on the traverse, but Philip II's chief engineer Tibúrcio Spannocchi refused to stop work on the zigzag wall, which was eventually finished in 1599, and forms the upper portion of the Charles V Wall. The traverse wall along the top of the cliff was never built.[4] Thus the Moorish Wall became a fallback defensive line.[5][6] A 1786 book described the defenses as follows:

Above the precipice, an old Moorish wall is continued to the ridge of The Rock; in front of which a curtain with loop-holes and redans (built in the reign of the Emperor Charles V, and called after his name) extends to the top, effectually cutting off all communication in that quarter. Between the Moorish and Charles the Vth's walls, is the signal-house; whence the guard, on a serene and clear day, have almost an unbounded view of the Mediterranean...[7]

References

[edit]

Notes

  1. ^ Although misleading, the name "Moorish Wall" was used in the past when the wall was thought to be an ancient wall from the Moorish period.[1]

Citations

  1. ^ a b Gates & Fortifications.
  2. ^ Gilbard 1888, p. 66.
  3. ^ a b Fa & Finlayson 2006, p. 19.
  4. ^ a b c d Chipulina 2012.
  5. ^ Fa & Finlayson 2006, p. 21.
  6. ^ Gibraltar – Fortified Places.
  7. ^ Drinkwater 1786, p. 28.

Sources

  • Chipulina, Neville (2012). "1740 – Skinner's Moorish Wall". Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  • Drinkwater, John (1786). A history of the late siege of Gibraltar: With a description and account of that garrison, from the earliest periods. Printed by T. Spilsbury. p. 28. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  • Fa, Darren; Finlayson, Clive (31 October 2006). The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068–1945. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-016-1. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  • "Gates & Fortifications". About Our Rock. Rock Interactive Co. Ltd. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  • "Gibraltar". Fortified Places. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  • Gilbard, George James (1888). A popular history of Gibraltar, its institutions, and its neighbourhood on both sides of the straits, and a guide book to their principal places and objects of interest ... Garrison Library. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  • "Historical Gibraltar Attractions". Gibraltar Information. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
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