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{{Short description|French computer scientist (born 1931)}}
{{Short description|French computer scientist and Internet pioneer (born 1931)}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person/Wikidata | fetchwikidata=ALL | onlysourced=yes|list=hlist}}
{{Infobox person/Wikidata | fetchwikidata=ALL | onlysourced=yes|list=hlist}}
'''Louis Pouzin''' (born 20 April 1931) is a French [[computer scientist]] and [[Internet pioneer]]. He directed the development of the [[CYCLADES]] computer network in France the early 1970s, which implemented a novel design for [[packet-switched|packet]] communication. He was the first to implement the [[end-to-end principle]] in a wide-area network, which became fundamental to the design of the [[Internet]].
⚫
'''Louis Pouzin''' (April 20, 1931 in [[Chantenay-Saint-Imbert]], [[Nièvre]], France) is a French computer scientist. He designed an early [[packet-switched|packet]] communications network, [[CYCLADES]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21590765-louis-pouzin-helped-create-internet-now-he-campaigning-ensure-its|title=The internet's fifth man|date=13 December 2013|work=Economist|accessdate=11 September 2017|quote=In the early 1970s Mr Pouzin created an innovative data network that linked locations in France, Italy and Britain. Its simplicity and efficiency pointed the way to a network that could connect not just dozens of machines, but millions of them. It captured the imagination of Dr Cerf and Dr Kahn, who included aspects of its design in the protocols that now power the internet.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Say Bonjour to the Internet's Long-Lost French Uncle|url=https://www.wired.com/2013/01/louis_pouzin_internet_hall/|accessdate=11 September 2017|magazine=Wired|date=3 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=SIGCOM-1997/>


This network was the first actual implementation of the pure [[datagram]] model, initially imagined and described by [[Donald Davies]], subsequently named by [[Halvor Bothner-By]], and seen by Louis Pouzin as his personal invention.<ref>
This network was the first implementation of the pure [[datagram]] model, initially conceived and described by [[Donald Davies]], subsequently named by [[Halvor Bothner-By]], and seen by Louis Pouzin as his personal invention. His work, and that of his colleagues [[Hubert Zimmerman]] and [[Gérard Le Lann]], were acknowledged by [[Vinton Cerf]] as substantial contributions to the design of [[TCP/IP]], the protocol suite used by the [[Internet]].
Comment j’ai inventé le Datagramme
[http://old.open-root.eu/la-doc/histoire-des-reseaux/le-datagramme/]
</ref>
His work, and that of his colleagues [[Hubert Zimmerman]] and [[Gérard Le Lann]], were acknowledged by [[Vinton Cerf]] as substantial contributions to the design of [[TCP/IP]], the protocol suite used by the [[Internet]].<ref name=SIGCOM-1997>[http://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards/postel-and-pouzin-award-details "Postel and Pouzin: 1997 SIGCOMM Award Winners"], ACM SIGCOMM web site</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Inventions of Louis Pouzin - One of the Fathers of the Internet|last=Soyez Fabien|first=Lebrument Chantal|publisher=Springer|year=2020|isbn=978-3-030-34836-6|location=Berlin}}</ref>


== Biography ==
== Biography ==
He studied at the [[École Polytechnique]] from 1950 to 1952.
Louis Pouzin was born in [[Chantenay-Saint-Imbert]], [[Nièvre]], France on 20 April 1931. He studied at the [[École Polytechnique]] from 1950 to 1952.


Having participated in the design of the [[Compatible Time-Sharing System]] (CTSS), Pouzin wrote a program for it called [[RUNCOM]] around 1963–64. RUNCOM permitted the execution of commands contained within a folder and can be considered the ancestor of the command-line interface and [[shell script]]s. Pouzin was the one who coined the term ''[[Shell (computing)|shell]]'' for a command language in 1964 or 1965.<ref name="Economist">{{citation|title=The Internet's fifth man|magazine=[[The Economist]]|department=Brain scan|publisher=[[Economist Group]]|location=London|date=December 13, 2013|url=https://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21590765-louis-pouzin-helped-create-internet-now-he-campaigning-ensure-its|quote=Mr Pouzin created a program called RUNCOM that helped users automate tedious and repetitive commands. That program, which he described as a “shell” around the computer’s whirring innards, gave inspiration—and a name—to an entire class of software tools, called command-line shells, that still lurk below the surface of modern operating systems.}}</ref> Pouzin's concepts were later implemented in [[Multics]] by [[Glenda Schroeder]] at [[MIT]].<ref>[http://www.multicians.org/shell.html "The Origin of the Shell"], Multicians, accessed 31 March 2012.</ref> Schroeder developed the first Multics shell with the assistance of an unnamed man from [[General Electric]]. Schroeder's Multics shell was the predecessor to the [[Unix shell]], which is still in use today.
Having participated in the design of the [[Compatible Time-Sharing System]] (CTSS) at [[MIT]], Pouzin wrote a program for it called [[RUNCOM]] around 1963–64. RUNCOM permitted the execution of commands contained within a folder and can be considered the ancestor of the command-line interface and [[shell script]]s. Pouzin was the one who coined the term ''[[Shell (computing)|shell]]'' for a command language interpreter separate from the [[kernel (operating system)|kernel]] in 1964 or 1965.<ref name="Economist">{{citation|title=The Internet's fifth man|magazine=[[The Economist]]|department=Brain scan|publisher=[[Economist Group]]|location=London|date=December 13, 2013|url=https://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21590765-louis-pouzin-helped-create-internet-now-he-campaigning-ensure-its|quote=Mr Pouzin created a program called RUNCOM that helped users automate tedious and repetitive commands. That program, which he described as a “shell” around the computer’s whirring innards, gave inspiration—and a name—to an entire class of software tools, called command-line shells, that still lurk below the surface of modern operating systems.}}</ref> Pouzin's concepts were later implemented in [[Multics]] by [[Glenda Schroeder]] at MIT.<ref>[http://www.multicians.org/shell.html "The Origin of the Shell"], Multicians, accessed 31 March 2012.</ref> Schroeder developed the first Multics shell with the assistance of an unnamed man from [[General Electric]]. Schroeder's Multics shell was the predecessor to the [[Unix shell]], which is still in use today.

Working with Glenda Schroeder and Pat Crisman, he also described an early [[e-mail]] system called "MAIL" to allow users on the CTSS to send notifications to others about backups of files.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Pat Crisman |author2=Glenda Schroeder |author3=Louis Pouzin |title=Programming Staff Note 39, 'Proposed Minimum System Documentation' |url=http://www.multicians.org/thvv/psn-39.pdf |authorlink3=Louis Pouzin}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Electronic Mail |url=http://www.multicians.org/thvv/mail-history.html |website=www.multicians.org |language=en |accessdate=21 August 2017}}</ref> Each user's messages would be added to a local file called "MAIL BOX", which would have a “private” mode so that only the owner could read or delete messages.<ref name="ieee">{{cite journal |last1=Van Vleck |first1=T. |date=January 2012 |title=Electronic Mail and Text Messaging in CTSS, 1965-1973 |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=4–6 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.2012.6 |s2cid=201795798}}</ref> The proposed uses of the proto-email system were for communication from CTSS to notify users that files had been backed up, discussion between authors of CTSS commands, and communication from command authors to the CTSS manual editor.<ref name="ieee" /> The service only made it possible to leave messages for the other users on the same computer. The idea to allow users to send messages between computers was developed later by [[Ray Tomlinson]] in 1971.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boryczka |first1=Urszula |last2=Probierz |first2=Barbara |last3=Kozak |first3=Jan |title=Intelligent Decision Technologies 2016 |chapter=Automatic Categorization of Email into Folders by Ant Colony Decision Tree and Social Networks |series=Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies |date=2016 |volume=57 |isbn=978-3-319-39626-2 |pages=71–81 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-39627-9_7}}</ref>


From 1967 to 1969 Pouzin developed one operating system for [[Météo-France]], the French national meteorological service, using [[CDC 6400]] as hardware. This system was created for weather forecast and statistics and was used for 15 years.<ref>Grangé, J. L. (2012). Oral history interview with Jean-Louis Grangé by Andrew L. Russell.</ref>
From 1967 to 1969 Pouzin developed one operating system for [[Météo-France]], the French national meteorological service, using [[CDC 6400]] as hardware. This system was created for weather forecast and statistics and was used for 15 years.<ref>Grangé, J. L. (2012). Oral history interview with Jean-Louis Grangé by Andrew L. Russell.</ref>


Pouzin directed the pioneering [[CYCLADES]] networking project from 1971 to 1976. Building on [[Donald Davies]]’s simulation of [[datagram]] networks, Pouzin built the CIGALE packet switching network. CYCLADES used a layered architecture, as did the Internet later, to research [[internetworking]] concepts.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Abbate|first=Janet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2BdY6WQo4AC&pg=PA125|title=Inventing the Internet|date=2000|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-51115-5|pages=125|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pelkey">{{cite book|last=Pelkey|first=James|url=http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.3-CYCLADESNetworkLouisPouzin1-72.html|title=Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988|chapter=6.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971–1972}}</ref><ref name="Hempstead20052">{{cite book|author1=C. Hempstead|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZCNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA574|title=Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology|author2=W. Worthington|date=2005|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781135455514}}</ref>
Pouzin directed the pioneering [[CYCLADES]] networking project from 1971 to 1976 at [[INRIA|IRIA]].<ref>{{cite news |date=3 January 2013 |title=Say Bonjour to the Internet's Long-Lost French Uncle |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2013/01/louis-pouzin-internet-hall/ |accessdate=11 September 2017}}</ref> Building on [[Donald Davies]]’s simulation of [[datagram]] networks and the American [[ARPANET]], Pouzin built the CIGALE packet switching network to research [[internetworking]] concepts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://old.open-root.eu/la-doc/histoire-des-reseaux/le-datagramme/ |title=Comment j'ai inventé le Datagramme |access-date=2020-09-18 |archive-date=2019-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228065633/http://old.open-root.eu/la-doc/histoire-des-reseaux/le-datagramme/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> CYCLADES used a layered protocol architecture, as did the Internet later.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Abbate|first=Janet|author-link=Janet Abbate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2BdY6WQo4AC&pg=PA125|title=Inventing the Internet|date=2000|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-51115-5|pages=125|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pelkey">{{cite book|last=Pelkey|first=James|url=http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.3-CYCLADESNetworkLouisPouzin1-72.html|title=Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988|chapter=6.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971–1972|access-date=2020-02-17|archive-date=2021-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617093154/https://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.3-CYCLADESNetworkLouisPouzin1-72.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Hempstead20052">{{cite book|author1=C. Hempstead|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZCNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA574|title=Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology|author2=W. Worthington|date=2005|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781135455514}}</ref>


He participated in the [[International Networking Working Group]] from 1972, initially chaired by [[Vint Cerf]].<ref name="ieee201703">{{cite magazine|author=Andrew L. Russell|date=30 July 2013|title=OSI: The Internet That Wasn't|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/networks/osi-the-internet-that-wasnt|magazine=[[IEEE Spectrum]]|volume=50|issue=8}}</ref><ref name="Cerf1974">{{Cite journal|last1=Cerf|first1=V.|last2=Kahn|first2=R.|date=1974|title=A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication|url=https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos561/papers/cerf74.pdf|journal=IEEE Transactions on Communications|volume=22|issue=5|pages=637–648|doi=10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259|issn=1558-0857|quote=The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.|citeseerx=10.1.1.113.7384}}</ref> He was acknowledged by [[Bob Kahn]] and Cerf in their 1974 paper on internetworking protocols, ''"A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication"''.<ref name="Cerf1974" />
He co-founded the [[International Network Working Group]] at a computer networking conference he organised in Paris in June 1972 and was instrumental in developing the groups' ideas.<ref name="Pelkey8.3">{{cite book |last=Pelkey |first=James |title=Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988 |chapter=8.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971–1972 |chapter-url=https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/8.3/CYCLADES-Network-and-Louis-Pouzin-1971-1972/}}</ref><ref name="Hafnerp222">{{Cite book|last2=Lyon|first2=Matthew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLKxSvCBQZcC|title=Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet|last1=Hafner|first1=Katie|date=1999-08-19 |orig-date=1996 |publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-87216-2 |language=en |page=[https://archive.org/details/wherewizardsstay00haf_vgj/page/222/mode/2up 222]}}</ref><ref name="ieee201703">{{cite magazine|author=Andrew L. Russell|date=30 July 2013|title=OSI: The Internet That Wasn't|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/osi-the-internet-that-wasnt|magazine=[[IEEE Spectrum]]|volume=50|issue=8}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=McKenzie |first=Alexander |date=2011 |title=INWG and the Conception of the Internet: An Eyewitness Account |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=66–71 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.2011.9 |issn=1934-1547 |s2cid=206443072}}</ref> He was acknowledged by [[Bob Kahn]] and [[Vint Cerf]] in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking protocols, ''A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication''.<ref name="Cerf1974">{{Cite journal|last1=Cerf|first1=V.|last2=Kahn|first2=R.|date=1974|title=A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication|url=https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos561/papers/cerf74.pdf|journal=IEEE Transactions on Communications|volume=22|issue=5|pages=637–648|doi=10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259|issn=1558-0857|quote=The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.|citeseerx=10.1.1.113.7384}}</ref>


In 2002 Pouzin, along with Jean-Louis Grangé, Jean-Pierre Henninot and Jean-François Morfin, participated in the creation of [[Eurolinc]], which is a non-profit association that promotes multilingualism in [[domain names]]. In June 2003, Eurolinc was accredited by [[United Nations Organization|UNO]] to participate at the [[World Summit on the Information Society]] (WSIS).<ref>http://www.eurolinc.eu/</ref>
In 2002 Pouzin, along with Jean-Louis Grangé, Jean-Pierre Henninot and Jean-François Morfin, participated in the creation of [[Eurolinc]], which is a non-profit association that promotes multilingualism in [[domain names]]. In June 2003, Eurolinc was accredited by [[United Nations Organization|UNO]] to participate at the [[World Summit on the Information Society]] (WSIS).<ref>http://www.eurolinc.eu/</ref>


In November 2011, he founded Savoir-Faire, an alternative root company, with Chantal Lebrument and Quentin Perrigueur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://owni.fr/2012/01/13/les-nouvelles-root-de-l%E2%80%99internet/ |title=Les Nouvelles Root de L'Internet |last1=Lebrument |first1=Chantal |last2=Louis |first2=Pouzin |date=January 13, 2012 |accessdate=February 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222022556/http://owni.fr/2012/01/13/les-nouvelles-root-de-l%E2%80%99internet/ |archive-date=February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>Savoir-faire biographies - http://old.open-root.eu/decouvrir-open-root/biographies/</ref>
In November 2011, he founded Savoir-Faire, an alternative root company, with Chantal Lebrument and Quentin Perrigueur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://owni.fr/2012/01/13/les-nouvelles-root-de-l%E2%80%99internet/ |title=Les Nouvelles Root de L'Internet |last1=Lebrument |first1=Chantal |last2=Louis |first2=Pouzin |date=January 13, 2012 |accessdate=February 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222022556/http://owni.fr/2012/01/13/les-nouvelles-root-de-l%E2%80%99internet/ |archive-date=February 22, 2014}}</ref><ref>Savoir-faire biographies - http://old.open-root.eu/decouvrir-open-root/biographies/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401103942/http://old.open-root.eu/decouvrir-open-root/biographies/ |date=2023-04-01 }}</ref>


In 2012 he developed a service called Open-Root, which is dedicated to sell [[top-level domain]]s (TLD) in all scripts outside of [[ICANN]]. This way people can develop [[second-level domain]]s for free.<ref>http://open-root.eu/</ref>
In 2012 he developed a service called Open-Root, which is dedicated to sell [[top-level domain]]s (TLD) in all scripts outside of [[ICANN]]. This way people can develop [[second-level domain]]s for free.<ref>http://open-root.eu/</ref>


==Awards==
==Awards==
*'''1997''' – Pouzin received the ACM SIGCOMM Award for "pioneering work on connectionless packet communication".<ref name=SIGCOM-1997/>
*'''1997''' – Pouzin received the ACM SIGCOMM Award for "pioneering work on connectionless packet communication".<ref name="SIGCOM-1997">[http://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards/postel-and-pouzin-award-details "Postel and Pouzin: 1997 SIGCOMM Award Winners"], ACM SIGCOMM web site</ref>
*'''2003''' – Louis Pouzin was named a [[Chevalier of the Legion of Honor]] by the French government on March 19, 2003.<ref name="Legifrance">https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000037909697&categorieLien=id</ref>
*'''2003''' – Louis Pouzin was named a [[Chevalier of the Legion of Honor]] by the French government on March 19, 2003.<ref name="Legifrance">{{cite web | url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000037909697&categorieLien=id | title=Décret du 31 décembre 2018 portant promotion et nomination }}</ref>
*'''2012''' – Pouzin was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref>[http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/year/2012 2012 Inductees], [[Internet Hall of Fame]] website. Last accessed April 24, 2012.</ref>
*'''2012''' – Pouzin was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref>[http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/year/2012 2012 Inductees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213033309/http://internethalloffame.org/inductees/year/2012 |date=2012-12-13 }}, [[Internet Hall of Fame]] website. Last accessed April 24, 2012.</ref>
*'''2013''' – Pouzin was one of five Internet and Web pioneers awarded the inaugural [[Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering]].<ref>[http://qeprize.org/internet-and-web-pioneers-win-qeprize/ "2013 Winners Announced"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102085500/http://qeprize.org/internet-and-web-pioneers-win-qeprize/ |date=2017-01-02 }} Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering.</ref>
*'''2013''' – Pouzin was one of five Internet and Web pioneers awarded the inaugural [[Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering]].<ref>[http://qeprize.org/internet-and-web-pioneers-win-qeprize/ "2013 Winners Announced"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102085500/http://qeprize.org/internet-and-web-pioneers-win-qeprize/ |date=2017-01-02 }} Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering.</ref>
*'''2016''' – Pouzin received the [[Global IT Award]].<ref>[http://www.globalitaward.am/laureate/louis-pouzin/ "Louis Pouzin"] Global IT Award.</ref>
*'''2016''' – Pouzin received the [[Global IT Award]].<ref>[https://globalitaward.am/en/laureates/louis-pouzin "Louis Pouzin"] Global IT Award.</ref>
*'''2018''' – Pouzin is promoted [[Officer of the Legion of Honor]]<ref name="Legifrance" />
*'''2018''' – Pouzin is promoted [[Officer of the Legion of Honor]]<ref name="Legifrance" />


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|France}}
{{Portal|Biography|France}}
<!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order & add a short description [[WP:SEEALSO]] -->
⚫
* [[Internet pioneers]]
⚫
* [[Protocol Wars]]


* [[History of the Internet]]
<!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order -->


* [[Internet in France]]
⚫
* [[Internet pioneers]]
⚫
* [[Protocol Wars]]
* [[Rémi Després]]
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== Further reading ==

⚫
* {{cite news |date=13 December 2013 |title=The internet's fifth man |work=Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21590765-louis-pouzin-helped-create-internet-now-he-campaigning-ensure-its |accessdate=11 September 2017 |quote=In the early 1970s Mr Pouzin created an innovative data network that linked locations in France, Italy and Britain. Its simplicity and efficiency pointed the way to a network that could connect not just dozens of machines, but millions of them. It captured the imagination of Dr Cerf and Dr Kahn, who included aspects of its design in the protocols that now power the internet.}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=Andrew L. |last2=Schafer |first2=Valérie |date=2014 |title=In the Shadow of ARPANET and Internet: Louis Pouzin and the Cyclades Network in the 1970s |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/562835 |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=880–907 |doi=10.1353/tech.2014.0096 |s2cid=143582561 |issn=1097-3729}}
* {{Cite book |last=Soyez Fabien |first=Lebrument Chantal |title=The Inventions of Louis Pouzin - One of the Fathers of the Internet |publisher=Springer |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-030-34836-6 |location=Berlin}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.inria.fr/en/louis-pouzin-et-internet Louis Pouzin: a major Internet figure], INRIA
{{Internet Hall of Fame}}
{{Internet Hall of Fame}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pouzin, Louis}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pouzin, Louis}}
[[Category:École Polytechnique alumni]]
[[Category:École Polytechnique alumni]]
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[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Internet pioneers]]
[[Category:Internet pioneers]]
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur]]
[[Category:Knights of the Legion of Honour]]

Latest revision as of 02:46, 21 August 2024

Louis Pouzin
Louis Pouzin en 2013.
Born20 April 1931 Edit this on Wikidata
Chantenay-Saint-Imbert Edit this on Wikidata
Alma mater
Awards

Louis Pouzin (born 20 April 1931) is a French computer scientist and Internet pioneer. He directed the development of the CYCLADES computer network in France the early 1970s, which implemented a novel design for packet communication. He was the first to implement the end-to-end principle in a wide-area network, which became fundamental to the design of the Internet.

This network was the first implementation of the pure datagram model, initially conceived and described by Donald Davies, subsequently named by Halvor Bothner-By, and seen by Louis Pouzin as his personal invention. His work, and that of his colleagues Hubert Zimmerman and Gérard Le Lann, were acknowledged by Vinton Cerf as substantial contributions to the design of TCP/IP, the protocol suite used by the Internet.

Biography

[edit]

Louis Pouzin was born in Chantenay-Saint-Imbert, Nièvre, France on 20 April 1931. He studied at the École Polytechnique from 1950 to 1952.

Having participated in the design of the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) at MIT, Pouzin wrote a program for it called RUNCOM around 1963–64. RUNCOM permitted the execution of commands contained within a folder and can be considered the ancestor of the command-line interface and shell scripts. Pouzin was the one who coined the term shell for a command language interpreter separate from the kernel in 1964 or 1965.[1] Pouzin's concepts were later implemented in Multics by Glenda Schroeder at MIT.[2] Schroeder developed the first Multics shell with the assistance of an unnamed man from General Electric. Schroeder's Multics shell was the predecessor to the Unix shell, which is still in use today.

Working with Glenda Schroeder and Pat Crisman, he also described an early e-mail system called "MAIL" to allow users on the CTSS to send notifications to others about backups of files.[3][4] Each user's messages would be added to a local file called "MAIL BOX", which would have a “private” mode so that only the owner could read or delete messages.[5] The proposed uses of the proto-email system were for communication from CTSS to notify users that files had been backed up, discussion between authors of CTSS commands, and communication from command authors to the CTSS manual editor.[5] The service only made it possible to leave messages for the other users on the same computer. The idea to allow users to send messages between computers was developed later by Ray Tomlinson in 1971.[6]

From 1967 to 1969 Pouzin developed one operating system for Météo-France, the French national meteorological service, using CDC 6400 as hardware. This system was created for weather forecast and statistics and was used for 15 years.[7]

Pouzin directed the pioneering CYCLADES networking project from 1971 to 1976 at IRIA.[8] Building on Donald Davies’s simulation of datagram networks and the American ARPANET, Pouzin built the CIGALE packet switching network to research internetworking concepts.[9] CYCLADES used a layered protocol architecture, as did the Internet later.[10][11][12]

He co-founded the International Network Working Group at a computer networking conference he organised in Paris in June 1972 and was instrumental in developing the groups' ideas.[13][14][15][16] He was acknowledged by Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking protocols, A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication.[17]

In 2002 Pouzin, along with Jean-Louis Grangé, Jean-Pierre Henninot and Jean-François Morfin, participated in the creation of Eurolinc, which is a non-profit association that promotes multilingualism in domain names. In June 2003, Eurolinc was accredited by UNO to participate at the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS).[18]

In November 2011, he founded Savoir-Faire, an alternative root company, with Chantal Lebrument and Quentin Perrigueur.[19][20]

In 2012 he developed a service called Open-Root, which is dedicated to sell top-level domains (TLD) in all scripts outside of ICANN. This way people can develop second-level domains for free.[21]

Awards

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "The Internet's fifth man", Brain scan, The Economist, London: Economist Group, December 13, 2013, Mr Pouzin created a program called RUNCOM that helped users automate tedious and repetitive commands. That program, which he described as a "shell" around the computer's whirring innards, gave inspiration—and a name—to an entire class of software tools, called command-line shells, that still lurk below the surface of modern operating systems.
  2. ^ "The Origin of the Shell", Multicians, accessed 31 March 2012.
  3. ^ Pat Crisman; Glenda Schroeder; Louis Pouzin. "Programming Staff Note 39, 'Proposed Minimum System Documentation'" (PDF).
  4. ^ "The History of Electronic Mail". www.multicians.org. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  5. ^ a b Van Vleck, T. (January 2012). "Electronic Mail and Text Messaging in CTSS, 1965-1973". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 34 (1): 4–6. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2012.6. S2CID 201795798.
  6. ^ Boryczka, Urszula; Probierz, Barbara; Kozak, Jan (2016). "Automatic Categorization of Email into Folders by Ant Colony Decision Tree and Social Networks". Intelligent Decision Technologies 2016. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies. Vol. 57. pp. 71–81. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39627-9_7. ISBN 978-3-319-39626-2.
  7. ^ Grangé, J. L. (2012). Oral history interview with Jean-Louis Grangé by Andrew L. Russell.
  8. ^ "Say Bonjour to the Internet's Long-Lost French Uncle". Wired. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  9. ^ "Comment j'ai inventé le Datagramme". Archived from the original on 2019-02-28. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
  10. ^ Abbate, Janet (2000). Inventing the Internet. MIT Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-262-51115-5.
  11. ^ Pelkey, James. "6.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971–1972". Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988. Archived from the original on 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2020-02-17.
  12. ^ C. Hempstead; W. Worthington (2005). Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology. Routledge. ISBN 9781135455514.
  13. ^ Pelkey, James. "8.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971–1972". Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988.
  14. ^ Hafner, Katie; Lyon, Matthew (1999-08-19) [1996]. Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet. Simon and Schuster. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-684-87216-2.
  15. ^ Andrew L. Russell (30 July 2013). "OSI: The Internet That Wasn't". IEEE Spectrum. Vol. 50, no. 8.
  16. ^ McKenzie, Alexander (2011). "INWG and the Conception of the Internet: An Eyewitness Account". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 33 (1): 66–71. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2011.9. ISSN 1934-1547. S2CID 206443072.
  17. ^ Cerf, V.; Kahn, R. (1974). "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Communications. 22 (5): 637–648. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.113.7384. doi:10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259. ISSN 1558-0857. The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.
  18. ^ http://www.eurolinc.eu/
  19. ^ Lebrument, Chantal; Louis, Pouzin (January 13, 2012). "Les Nouvelles Root de L'Internet". Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
  20. ^ Savoir-faire biographies - http://old.open-root.eu/decouvrir-open-root/biographies/ Archived 2023-04-01 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ http://open-root.eu/
  22. ^ "Postel and Pouzin: 1997 SIGCOMM Award Winners", ACM SIGCOMM web site
  23. ^ a b "Décret du 31 décembre 2018 portant promotion et nomination".
  24. ^ 2012 Inductees Archived 2012-12-13 at the Wayback Machine, Internet Hall of Fame website. Last accessed April 24, 2012.
  25. ^ "2013 Winners Announced" Archived 2017-01-02 at the Wayback Machine Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering.
  26. ^ "Louis Pouzin" Global IT Award.

Further reading

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