View source for Jessie Murray

{{Short description|British psychoanalyst and suffragette (1867–1920)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name        = 
| image       = 
| caption     = 
| birth_date  = {{Birth date|1867|2|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hazaribagh]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date  = {{Death date and age|1920|9|25|1867|2|9|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Twickenham]], London, England
| education   = {{Plainlist|
*[[London School of Medicine for Women]]
*[[University of Durham]] (MB, BS)
}}
| occupation  = [[Psychoanalyst]]
}}

'''Jessie Margaret Murray''' (9 February 1867 – 25 September 1920) was a British [[psychoanalyst]] and [[suffragette]]. Born in [[British Raj|India]], she moved to the UK when she was 13. She undertook studies in medicine with the [[College of Preceptors]] and [[Worshipful Society of Apothecaries]] and at the [[University of Durham]] and [[University College London]]. She also attended lectures by the French psychologist [[Pierre Janet]] at the {{lang|fr|[[Collège de France]]|italic=no}}, Paris.

Murray was a member of the [[Women's Freedom League]] and [[Women's Tax Resistance League]], two organisations that took [[direct action]] in their campaigns for [[women's suffrage]]. In 1910 she and the journalist [[H. N. Brailsford|Henry Brailsford]] took statements from the suffragettes who had been mistreated during the [[Black Friday (1910)|Black Friday]] demonstrations in November that year. Their published memorandum was presented to the [[Home Office]], along with a formal request for a public inquiry. The [[Home Secretary]], [[Winston Churchill]], refused to establish one.

After practising medicine from 1909, Murray and her close friend [[Julia Turner (psychoanalyst)|Julia Turner]] opened the Medico-Psychological Clinic in 1913, a pioneering entity that provided [[psychological evaluation]] and treatment, affordable for [[middle-class]] families. Several of the staff who worked and trained at the clinic became leading psychoanalysts. Murray was awarded an [[Doctor of Medicine#United Kingdom, Ireland and some Commonwealth countries|MD]] by the University of Durham in 1919. Shortly afterwards she was diagnosed with [[ovarian cancer]]; she died in September 1920, aged 53.

The clinic Murray founded closed down in 1922 as a result of political in-fighting and financial problems. During its nine years of existence, through its training programme, it laid the foundation of psychological evaluation in the UK. Its practice of having students undergo their own therapy was later adopted by the [[International Psychoanalytical Association]].
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==Early life, education and professional training: 1867–1915==
[[File:Lord Riddell; Dame Louisa Aldrich-Blake. Wellcome L0030958.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=Large brick building. The caption on the image reads "The London (Royal Free Hospital) School of Medicine for Women. Hunter Street, London. Founded 1874"|The [[London School of Medicine for Women]], where Murray studied]]
Jessie Margaret Murray was born in [[Hazaribagh]], [[British Raj|British India]], on 9 February 1867 to Hugh Hildyard Murray, a [[lieutenant]] of the [[Royal Artillery]], and Frances Jane Murray. The couple also had two younger daughters while in India, Mary Ethel and Edith May. In about 1880 Frances Murray and her children travelled to Edinburgh, where they settled; by 1891 they were living in London. Five years later the family was living in [[Bayswater]], West London, when Hugh, then a retired colonel, died.{{sfn|Valentine|2009|pp=145–146}}

In 1898 Murray met [[Julia Turner (psychoanalyst)|Julia Turner]], who was completing an [[undergraduate degree]] in [[classics]] at [[University College London]]. The two formed a close friendship; Elizabeth Valentine, Murray's biographer, considers the relationship was an "intimate friendship&nbsp;... that showed many of the signs of a [[life partnership]]".{{sfn|Valentine|2009|p=146}} The psychotherapist Marion Bower considers the two were probably a lesbian couple.{{sfn|Bower|2019|p=59}} Turner gave Murray private tuition, and she passed the first stage examinations of the [[College of Preceptors]] in 1899. In February 1900 she began studying at the [[London School of Medicine for Women]] and then enrolled as a student at the [[Newcastle University Medical School|College of Medicine, Newcastle]]. In June 1908 she passed her examinations to become a Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery of the [[Worshipful Society of Apothecaries]]. The following year she was granted the degree of [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] at the [[University of Durham]]; her study included the field of [[Clinical psychology|psychological medicine]]. Some time later Murray attended the lectures of the French psychologist [[Pierre Janet]] at the {{lang|fr|[[Collège de France]]|italic=no}}, Paris.{{sfn|Boll|1962|p=311}}{{sfn|Valentine|2009|pp=146–147}} She also studied at University College London between 1912 and 1915.{{sfn|Hinshelwood|1998|p=93}}

==Women's suffrage activism==
[[File:Black Friday, London, 18 November 1910, suffragette attacked.jpg|thumb|upright=1|alt=A suffragette lying on the ground, holding her face, while a policeman stands above her|A [[suffragette]] on the ground on [[Black Friday (1910)|Black Friday]]; Murray co-wrote a report on the violence the demonstrators received.]]
Murray was a member of the [[Women's Freedom League]], a militant organisation for [[women's suffrage]], founded in 1907, which eschewed violence in favour of [[Nonviolent resistance|non-violent tactics]]; Turner was also a member, and one of Turner's two sisters was a member of the [[Women's Social and Political Union]].{{sfn|Valentine|2009|pp=148–149}}

On [[Black Friday (1910)|Black Friday]]—18 November 1910—a [[suffragette]] demonstration of 300 women marchers was treated with violence, some of it sexual, by the [[Metropolitan Police]] and bystanders. Murray and the journalist [[H. N. Brailsford|Henry Brailsford]] collected 135 statements from demonstrators, nearly all of which described acts of violence against the women; 29 of the statements also included details of violence that included sexual indecency.{{sfn|Rosen|2013|p=140}}{{sfn|Atkinson|2018|p=109}} Their findings were published and, in February 1911, their memorandum was presented to the [[Home Office]], along with a formal request for a public inquiry.{{efn|The book was published under the aegis of the Conciliation Committee for Woman Suffrage as ''The Treatment of the Women's Deputations of November 18th, 22nd and 23rd, 1910 by the Police''.{{sfn|Atkinson|2018|p=111}}}} The [[Home Secretary]], [[Winston Churchill]], refused to establish one.{{sfn|Atkinson|2018|p=112}}

From at least April 1910 Murray was a member of the [[Women's Tax Resistance League]], a [[direct action]] organisation that used [[tax resistance]] to protest against the lack of votes for women. Murray hosted group meetings at her house and, in 1911, had property seized by [[bailiff]]s for non-payment of her taxes. She wrote on her demand "I, a member of the Tax Resistance League, hereby declare that I have conscientious objections to paying King's taxes so long as women are denied the suffrage. I maintain that taxation without representation is unconstitutional."<ref>''The Daily Chronicle''. 26 April 1911, quoted in {{harvnb|Valentine|2009|pp=149–150}}.</ref> Her debts were covered by the sale of a sideboard and chairs, although she refused to allow her property to be purchased back by her friends.{{sfn|"A Woman Tax Resister's Goods Sold". ''The Manchester Guardian''}} In 1913 Murray donated 10[[Shilling (British coin)|s]] 6[[Penny (British pre-decimal coin)|d]] to the Tax Resistance League; such funds were often used by the League to buy back seized property.{{sfn|Valentine|2009|p=150}}{{efn|10[[Shilling (British coin)|s]] 6[[Penny (British pre-decimal coin)|d]] in 1911 is approximately equivalent to £{{Inflation|UK|{{£sd|s=10|d=6|round=3}}|1911|cursign=£|r=-1}} in {{Inflation/year|UK}}, according to calculations based on the [[Consumer Price Index (United Kingdom)|Consumer Price Index]] measure of inflation.{{sfn|Clark|2023}}}}

==Medico-Psychological Clinic==
[[File:Balcony with canopy, Endsleigh Street, WC2 - geograph.org.uk - 1203805.jpg|thumb|upright=1|alt=Frontage of Georgian-style house|14 [[Endsleigh Street]], London, where Murray and Turner lived, and where they established the Medico-Psychological Clinic]]
From 1912 to 1914 Murray worked as a consulting physician at the Quinton Polyclinic, where they treated [[gastroenteritis]] in infants, [[eczema]] and other skin diseases by [[Isotonicity|isotonised]] seawater.{{sfn|Boll|1962|p=311}}{{sfn|Damer|1911|pp=136–137}} In 1913, while Murray was still consulting at the Polyclinic, she and Turner established the Medico-Psychological Clinic at 14 [[Endsleigh Street]], London, where they both lived.{{sfn|Raitt|2004|pp=68–69}} The clinic was one of the first psychotherapeutic consultancies in Britain.{{sfn|Martindale|2004|p=180}} Initially the clinic operated informally, opening only three afternoons a week, offering its services to those who could not afford an alternative; one of the clinic's aims was to provide treatment that could be afforded by [[middle-class]] patients.{{sfn|Raitt|2004|pp=68–69}}

The practice soon grew and in July 1914 the clinic moved to its own premises at 30 [[Brunswick Square]], London, after they received a £500 donation from the writer [[May Sinclair]].{{sfn|Raitt|2004|p=69}}{{sfn|Hayward|2014|p=53}}{{efn|£500 in 1914 is approximately {{Inflation|UK|500|1914|fmt=eq|cursign=£|r=-2}}, according to calculations based on the [[Consumer Price Index (United Kingdom)|Consumer Price Index]] measure of inflation.{{sfn|Clark|2023}}}} The clinic used a variety of psychiatric methods and disciplines at a time when psychological experimentation was booming; the clinic called its approach "orthopsychics".{{sfn|Hayward|2014|p=53}} As psychology was underdeveloped as a science at the time, there was a focus on recruiting from those with a general education, rather than with specialist psychiatric training.{{sfn|Valentine|2014|pp=223–224}} From July 1915 the clinic began a training programme for psychotherapists by forming a sister organisation, the Society for the Study of Orthopsychics. This was the first course in England for training psychoanalysts.{{sfn|Raitt|2004|p=69}} Part of the training included students having to undergo their own therapy, a requirement that was later adopted by the [[International Psychoanalytical Association]].{{sfn|Hinshelwood|1998|p=94}}

The clinic initially focused on treating women patients, but as the [[First World War]] progressed they began admitting men too.{{sfn|Bower|2019|p=59}} In April 1917 the clinic expanded into a neighbouring house to provide an in-patient facility for rehabilitating soldiers suffering from [[shell shock]]. By 1919 a third adjacent house was occupied by the clinic.{{sfn|Hinshelwood|1998|p=93}}{{sfn|Robinson|2023|p=52}} To raise funds to treat the increasing number of servicemen entering treatment, the clinic published a brochure, entitled "Special Appeal in Time of War", which described its approach:

<blockquote>...&nbsp;in providing certain newer forms of treatment, the utility of which in the kind of cases indicated has frequently been demonstrated, but which for lack of suitable conditions have so far only been accessible to a very limited number of sufferers. These forms of treatment are often referred to collectively as Psychotherapy and include the various forms of mental analysis, and re-synthesis which are known as Psychological Analysis (Janet, Morton Prince, &c.), Psycho-Analysis (Freud and Jung, &c.), and as Therapeutic Conversation and Persuasion (Dejerine, Dubois, &c.), Re-Education and Suggestion in the hypnoidal and hypnotic state.{{sfn|Boll|1962|p=317}}</blockquote>

Murray joined many of the professional networks associated with her field, and became a member of the [[British Medical Association]], the [[Medical Women's Federation|Association of Registered Medical Women]], the [[Psycho-Medical Society]], the [[Royal College of Psychiatrists|Medico-Psychological Association]], the [[Royal Society of Medicine]], the [[Society for Psychical Research]], the [[British Science Association|British Association for the Advancement of Science]] (BAAS) and the [[British Psychological Society|Psychological Society]].{{sfn|Valentine|2009|pp=152–154}} She was an early member of the [[British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology]] and spoke at the society's first quarterly meeting in January 1915 on "The Evolution of the Instincts".{{sfn|Hall|1995|p=668}}

==Final years==
In 1915 Murray met [[Marie Stopes]], the pioneer in the field of [[family planning]], at a BAAS meeting in Manchester, where both women presented papers. The two corresponded and attended the same medical meetings. In 1918 Stopes published her book ''Married Love, A New Contribution to the Solution of Sex Difficulties''; Murray wrote the preface,{{sfn|Alexander|1998|p=142}}{{sfn|Murray|1918|pp=vii–ix}} in which she states:

<blockquote>The age-long conflict between the "lower" and the "higher" impulses, between the primitive animal nature and the specifically human developments of an altruistic and ethical order, are fought afresh in each soul and in every marriage.{{pb}}
We need to realise more clearly that the lower is never—ought never to be—eliminated but rather subsumed by the higher. No true harmony can be hoped for so long as one factor or the other is ignored or repressed.{{sfn|Murray|1918|p=ix}}</blockquote>

[[File:Murray, Jessie 1920.jpg|thumb|upright|Murray's grave in [[Highgate Cemetery]]]]
In July 1919 Murray was awarded an [[Doctor of Medicine#United Kingdom, Ireland and some Commonwealth countries|MD]] by the University of Durham. Her thesis was on "Nervous Functional Diseases from the Point of View of Modern Clinical Psychology", which, according to Valentine, "discussed the value of psychological discoveries in the treatment and prevention of nervous and mental diseases".{{sfn|Valentine|2009|p=147}}

Soon after she was awarded her MD, Murray was diagnosed with [[ovarian cancer]] and retired from the clinic.{{sfn|Valentine|2009|p=157}} Her position of co-director was taken by James Glover,{{sfn|Boll|1962|p=319}} who had joined the practice in 1918.{{sfn|Jones|1927|p=2}} He was medically trained and interested in psychoanalysis and had been rejected from military service because of his [[diabetes]].{{sfn|Showalter|1987|p=197}} Murray wrote her will in July 1919, leaving her estate to Turner, who was also named as the [[executrix]]. Murray died on 25 September 1920, aged 53; she was cremated, and her ashes buried in her mother's grave in [[Highgate Cemetery]]. Her obituary in ''[[The British Medical Journal]]'' described her as "a brilliant and many-sided personality".{{sfn|"Jessie Margaret Murray, M.D., B.S.Durham". ''The British Medical Journal''}}{{sfn|Valentine|2009|p=157}} Her obituary in ''The Vote'' says "Such women can be ill-spared, but of them all it may be said, their works do follow them."{{sfn|"In Memoriam". ''The Vote''}}

==Impact==
[[File:Dedication page of "The Psychology of Self-Consciousness" (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Dedication that reads "To Jessie Margaret Murray M.D., B.S. (Durham) from whose inspired teaching and example is derived anything of value therein, this little book is dedicated"|Dedication in Julia Turner's ''The Psychology of Self-Consciousness'', addressed to Murray]]
The Medico-Psychological Clinic was a pioneering organisation, according to [[British Psychoanalytical Society|The Institute of Psychoanalysis]].{{sfn|"100 Years of History". The Institute of Psychoanalysis}} The gender studies academic [[Grace Lavery]] considers the clinic to have been "an important British landing strip for psychoanalytic thought".{{sfn|Lavery|2023|p=xxv}} Because of the training regime the clinic introduced with the Society for the Study of Orthopsychics, it influenced the next generation of psychoanalysts.{{sfn|Alexander|1998|p=138}}{{sfn|Raitt|2004|p=69}} Many students and staff became leading psychoanalysts and early members of the British Psychological Society and the [[Tavistock Clinic]].{{sfn|Bower|2019|p=59}} They included [[Marjorie Brierley]], [[Mary Chadwick]], [[Edward Glover (psychoanalyst)|Edward Glover]], [[Susan Sutherland Isaacs|Susan Isaacs]], [[Barbara Low (psychoanalyst)|Barbara Low]], [[Sylvia Payne]], [[Joan Riviere]], [[Nina Searl]] and [[Ella Freeman Sharpe]].{{sfn|Martindale|2004|p=180}}{{sfn|"100 Years of History". The Institute of Psychoanalysis}}{{sfn|Hinshelwood|1998|p=93}}

The presence of James Glover (older brother to Edward) as a senior member of staff was part of the reason the clinic eventually closed down.{{sfn|Hayward|2014|p=53}} In 1921 Glover travelled to Berlin for several months training and analysis with the German psychoanalyst [[Karl Abraham]]—a student and collaborator of [[Sigmund Freud]]. During his study he became a devotee of the [[Freud's psychoanalytic theories|Freudian school of analysis]] and returned to Britain determined to change the way the clinic was run. His brother Edward later described the "missionary zeal" with which his brother approached the task, banning any treatment except those on Freudian lines.{{sfn|Cassullo|2014|p=341}} The clinic had previously been run on non-partisan lines, using whichever discipline was deemed best for the patient, alongside medical treatment and changes in diet and exercise—although Murray, Turner and Sinclair had a personal preference for using [[Jungian analysis]].{{sfn|Alexander|1998|p=138}}{{sfn|Showalter|1987|p=197}} 

The feminist writer [[Elaine Showalter]] sees the closure of the clinic as "a striking illustration of the way that male professionalism could crush the early experimentation of women in psychoanalysis".{{sfn|Showalter|1987|p=197}} Glover also tried to get the clinic allied with the [[British Psychoanalytical Society]] (BPS) formed by [[Ernest Jones]].{{sfn|Showalter|1987|p=198}} Jones—also a follower of Freudian practices—was dismissive of the clinic and Murray, to the point that he was disingenuous in his description of the practice.{{sfn|Martindale|2004|p=178}} He was also keen on closing it down; in 1920 he wrote to friends that the clinic had a "bad repute in the medical profession", and continued "all the therapists&nbsp;... lay,&nbsp;... [but] mostly women, and often badly neurotic women".{{sfn|Martindale|2004|p=179}} Turner refused to join the BPS and the clinic split; Glover left with some of the staff and students.{{sfn|Showalter|1987|p=198}}{{sfn|Hinshelwood|1998|p=94}}

By 1922 Turner closed the clinic. Many of those who had not followed Glover joined the Tavistock Clinic.{{sfn|Showalter|1987|p=198}}{{sfn|Hinshelwood|1998|p=94}} The clinic's finances were also unsound at the time of the closure, and it had debts of over £1,000 when the controlling company was [[liquidated]].{{sfn|Alexander|1998|p=138}} The hostel for shell-shocked soldiers was a large drain on finances. There were no endowments or major sponsors to keep it running, and charitable funding after the war was scant.{{sfn|Hinshelwood|1998|p=94}}

After the closure of the clinic, Turner returned to her residence at Endsleigh Street and opened a practice.{{sfn|Hinshelwood|1998|p=95}} She published three books on psychology: ''The Psychology of Self-Consciousness'' (1923), ''The Dream and the Anxiety Hypothesis'' (1923) and ''Human Psychology as seen through the Dream'' (1924).{{sfn|Boll|1962|p=325}} The dedication in ''The Psychology of Self-Consciousness'' reads "To Jessie Margaret Murray M.D., B.S. (Durham) from whose inspired teaching and example is derived anything of value therein, this little book is dedicated."{{sfn|Turner|1923|p=v}} Turner died in 1946; her will closed with the words "It is my desire that my body be cremated and my ashes scattered upon the grave of my said dear friend Jessie Margaret Murray in Highgate Cemetery".{{sfn|Boll|1962|p=325}}{{sfn|Valentine|2018|p=24}}

==Notes and references==

===Notes===
{{notes}}

===References===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
====Books====
* {{cite book|last=Atkinson|first=Diane|author-link=Diane Atkinson|title=Rise Up Women!: The Remarkable Lives of the Suffragettes|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury|location=London|isbn=978-1-4088-4406-9}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bower|first1=Marion|title=The Life and Work of Joan Riviere: Freud, Klein and Female Sexuality|date=2019|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-4155-0768-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hayward|first1=Rhodri|title=The Transformation of the Psyche in British Primary Care, 1870–1970|date=2014|publisher=Bloomsbury|location=London|isbn=978-1-7809-3726-7}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lavery|first1=Grace E.|title=Pleasure and Efficacy: Of Pen Names, Cover Versions, and Other Trans Techniques|date=2023|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=978-0-6912-4393-1}}
* {{cite book|contributor-last=Murray|contributor-first=Jessie|contribution=Preface|last1=Stopes|first1=Marie|author-link1=Marie Stopes|title=Married Love, A New Contribution to the Solution of Sex Difficulties|date=1918|publisher=A. C. Fifield|location=London|pages=vii–ix|url=https://archive.org/stream/marriedlovenewco00stop?ref=ol#page/n9/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Ken|editor1-last=Wolf|editor1-first=Elizabeth|editor2-last=Antonis|editor2-first=Barbie|title=Independent Women in British Psychoanalysis: Creativity and Authenticity at Work|date=2023|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxfordshire|isbn=978-1-0322-8403-3|pages=120–133|chapter=Ella Sharpe: Being Independent, following Freud}}
* {{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Andrew|title=Rise Up, Women!: The Militant Campaign of the Women's Social and Political Union, 1903–1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5XurnRG_BAC&pg=PP1|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-1-136-24754-5|access-date=30 May 2018|archive-date=29 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029220245/https://books.google.com/books?id=e5XurnRG_BAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Showalter|first1=Elaine|author-link=Elaine Showalter|title=The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture 1830–1980|date=1987|publisher=Virago|location=London|isbn=978-0-86068-869-3|url=https://archive.org/details/femalemaladywome0000show}}
* {{cite book|last1=Turner|first1=Julia|title=The Psychology of Self-Consciousness|date=1923|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench Trubner|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/45020310R.nlm.nih.gov|oclc=909226450}}
* {{cite book|last1=Valentine|first1=Elizabeth R.|title=Philosophy and History of Psychology: Selected Works of Elizabeth Valentine|date=2014|publisher=Psychology Press|location=London|isbn=978-1-8487-2-274-3}}

====Journals====
* {{cite journal|last1=Alexander|first1=Sally|title=Psychoanalysis in Britain in the Early Twentieth Century: An Introductory Note|journal=History Workshop Journal|date=Spring 1998|issue=45|pages=135–143|doi=10.1093/hwj/1998.45.135|jstor=4289553|pmid=11620086}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Boll|first1=Theophilus E. M.|title=May Sinclair and the Medico-Psychological Clinic of London|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|date=22 August 1962|volume=106|issue=4|pages=310–326|jstor=985265}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Cassullo|first1=Gabriele|title=Charles Rycroft and the Making of an Independent Psychoanalyst: Translated by Alice Spencer|journal=Contemporary Psychoanalysis|date=3 July 2014|volume=50|issue=3|pages=332–370|doi=10.1080/00107530.2014.895279|s2cid=143330272 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Damer|first1=Annie|title=The Quinton Polyclinic in London|journal=The American Journal of Nursing|date=November 1911|volume=12|issue=2|pages=136–137|doi=10.2307/3404325|jstor=3404325 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3404324|issn=0002-936X|access-date=24 August 2023|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824102336/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3404324|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Hall|first1=Lesley A.|title='Disinterested Enthusiasm for Sexual Misconduct': The British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology, 1913-47|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|date=October 1995|volume=30|issue=4|pages=665–686|doi=10.1177/002200949503000405 |jstor=261087|s2cid=162262939 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Hinshelwood|first1=R. D.|title=The Organizing of Psychoanalysis in Britain|journal=Psychoanalysis and History|date=January 1998|volume=1|issue=1|pages=87–102|doi=10.3366/pah.1999.1.1.87|pmid=22081844 }}
* {{cite journal|title=Jessie Margaret Murray, M.D., B.S.Durham|journal=The British Medical Journal|date=6 November 1920|volume=2|issue=3123|page=723|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.3123.723-a|jstor=20425661|s2cid=220230826|ref={{sfnRef|"Jessie Margaret Murray, M.D., B.S.Durham". ''The British Medical Journal''}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Ernest|author-link=Ernest Jones|date=1927|title=James Glover, 1882–1926|journal=The International Journal of Psychoanalysis|volume=8|pages=1–9}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Martindale|first1=Philippa|title='Against All Hushing up and Stamping Down': The Medico-Psychological Clinic of London and the Novelist May Sinclair|journal=Psychoanalysis and History|date=July 2004|volume=6|issue=2|pages=177–200|doi=10.3366/pah.2004.6.2.177|pmid=21850804 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Raitt|first1=Suzanne|title=Early British Psychoanalysis and the Medico-Psychological Clinic|journal=History Workshop Journal|date=Autumn 2004|volume=58|issue=58|pages=63–85|doi=10.1093/hwj/58.1.63|jstor=25472754|pmid=15499690|s2cid=19911730}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Valentine|first1=Elizabeth R.|title='A brilliant and many-sided personality': Jessie Margaret Murray, founder of the Medico-Psychological Clinic|journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences|date=9 April 2009|volume=45|issue=2|pages=145–161|doi=10.1002/jhbs.20364|pmid=19360892}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Valentine|first1=Elizabeth R.|title=Early Women Members of the British Psychological Society: Challenges and Achievements|journal=History & Philosophy of Psychology|date=November 2018|volume=19|issue=1|pages=17–25|doi=10.53841/bpshpp.2018.19.1.17|s2cid=255927431 }}

====News====
* {{cite news|title=A Woman Tax Resister's Goods Sold|work=The Manchester Guardian|date=26 April 1911|page=14|ref={{sfnRef|"A Woman Tax Resister's Goods Sold". ''The Manchester Guardian''}}}}
* {{cite news|title=In Memoriam|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002186/19201022/013/0003|work=The Vote|url-access=subscription|date=22 October 1920|page=3|ref={{sfnRef|"In Memoriam". ''The Vote''}}}}

====Websites====
* {{cite web|title=100 Years of History|url=http://psychoanalysis.org.uk/who-we-are/100-years-of-history/the-medico-psychological-clinic-is-established|publisher=The Institute of Psychoanalysis|access-date=30 May 2018|ref={{sfnRef|"100 Years of History". The Institute of Psychoanalysis}}|archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812104906/https://psychoanalysis.org.uk/who-we-are/100-years-of-history/the-medico-psychological-clinic-is-established|url-status=live }}
* {{cite web|last1=Clark|first1=Gregory|title=The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)|url=https://www.measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/|access-date=22 February 2023|publisher=MeasuringWorth|date=2023|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323225433/https://www.measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/|url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murray, Jessie}}
[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century English medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century British women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Activists from London]]
[[Category:Alumni of Durham University College of Medicine]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Medicine for Women]]
[[Category:Alumni of Newcastle University]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:British people in colonial India]]
[[Category:British women's rights activists]]
[[Category:British women psychiatrists]]
[[Category:British psychoanalysts]]
[[Category:British suffragists]]
[[Category:Burials at Highgate Cemetery]]
[[Category:English feminists]]
[[Category:English women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from London]]
[[Category:People from Bayswater]]
[[Category:People from Hazaribagh]]
[[Category:British psychiatrists]]