View source for Hong Yi

{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = Great Master
| name             = Hong Yi (Hong-it)
| honorific-suffix = 
| native_name      = 弘一（法師）<br/>演音
| native_name_lang = zh弘一法師
| image            = Shutong li.jpg
| caption          = Hong Yi.
| religion         = [[Buddhism]]
| school           = [[Risshū (Buddhism)|Lǜzong]]
|lineage           = 11th generation
| temple           = [[Kaiyuan Temple (Quanzhou)|Kaiyuan Temple]]
| alma_mater       = Furen Academy<br>Nanyang Public School<br>[[Tokyo University of the Arts]]
| nationality      = Chinese
| birth_name       = Li Shutong<br/>({{zh|s=李叔同|p=|labels=no}})<br/>({{zh|s=李漱筒|p=|labels=no}})
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1880|10|23}} 
| birth_place      = [[Tianjin]], [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]]
| death_date       = {{death date and age|1942|10|13|1880|10|23}} 
| death_place      = [[Quanzhou]], [[Fujian]], Republic of China
| resting_place    = 
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|latitude|longitude|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} -->
| spouse           = Yu Shi<br>Yezi
| children         = 3 
| parents          = Li Shizhen<br/>({{zh|s=李世珍|p=|labels=no}}) 
| title            = 
| period           = 
| predecessor      = 
| successor        = 
| rank             = 
| teacher          = Liaowu<br>Master Yinguang
| students         = [[Feng Zikai]]<br>[[Liu Zhiping]]
| works            = ''Maiden''<br>''Camellia''<br>''Self-Portrait''<br>''[[Songbie (song)]]''<br>
}}
'''Hong Yi''' (23 October 1880 &ndash; 13 October 1942; {{zh|c=弘一|p=Hóngyī|poj=Hông-it}}, also romanized '''''Hong-it'''''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhist Schools: The Chinese Buddhist Schools |url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/history/b3schchn.htm |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=www.buddhanet.net}}</ref>), or '''Yan Yin''' ({{zh|c=演音|p=Yǎnyīn|poj=Ián-im}}), born '''Li Shutong''' (李叔同 and 李漱筒) was a [[Han Chinese|Chinese]]  artist, musician, art teacher, and Buddhist monk. He also went by the names Wen Tao, Guang Hou, and Shu Tong, but was most commonly known by his Buddhist name, ''Hong Yi'' ([[Hokkien]] ''Hong-it'').

==Life==
[[File:LiShutong.jpg|left|thumb|Li Shutong (Hong Yi)]]
He was born in [[Tianjin]] to a banking family originating in [[Hongtong County]], [[Shanxi]], that migrated to Tianjin in the [[Ming Dynasty]], though his mother was from [[Pinghu]], [[Zhejiang]] province.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phlst.cn/shutong/ |title=平湖市李叔同紀念館——李叔同簡介 |publisher=Phlst.cn |date=2008-08-18 |accessdate=2011-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125185531/http://www.phlst.cn/shutong/ |archive-date=2011-11-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1898 Li moved to [[Shanghai]] and joined the "Shanghai Painting and Calligraphy Association", and the "Shanghai Scholarly Society" while he was attending the [[Nanyang Public School]] (later became [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University|Jiaotong University]]). In 1905 Li went to Japan to study at [[Tokyo University of the Arts|Tokyo School of Fine Art]] in [[Ueno Park]] where he specialized in Western painting and music, and met a lover by the name of Yukiko who was to become his concubine.<ref>[[C.C. Liu]] (2010) ''A Critical History of New Music in China''. The Chinese University Press, 2010 {{ISBN|962-996-360-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Peter Micic |url=http://animperfectpen.blogspot.com/2009/02/li-shutong-and-writing-lifes-stories.html |title=Li Shutong and Writing Life's Stories |publisher=Animperfectpen.blogspot.com |date=2009-02-15 |accessdate=2011-12-18}}</ref> In 1910 Li returned to China and was appointed to Tianjin's Beiyang Advanced Industry School. The next year he was appointed as a music teacher in a girls' school in Shanghai. He went to [[Hangzhou]] in 1912 and became a lecturer in the Zhejiang Secondary Normal College (now [[Hangzhou Normal University]]). He taught not only Western painting and music but also art history. By 1915 [[Jiang Qian]] hired him as a teacher at Nanjing Higher Normal School (renamed in 1949 to [[Nanjing University]]), where he taught painting and music. He also taught at [[Zhejiang Secondary Normal School]] (浙江兩級師範學堂), the predecessor of the famous [[Hangzhou High School]].

During these later years, Li's reputation grew, as he became the first Chinese educator to use nude models in his painting classes, not to mention as the first teacher of Western music in China. Some of the students, like Singapore artist [[Chen Wen Hsi]] (陳文希）whom he personally groomed, went on to become accomplished masters of the arts in their later days. Li Shutong himself was also an accomplished composer and lyricist. Many of his compositions are still remembered and performed today.

In 1916 Li became a Buddhist. After spending another year in spiritual retreat, Li chose to be ordained as a monk, and thus began a holistic life dedicated to propagating Buddhism and its code of conduct. After becoming a monk he practised only calligraphy, developing a simple and unadorned, yet unique style, which was treasured by everyone who received a sample. He became known to all as Master Hong Yi. In 1942, Master Hong Yi died peacefully at the age of 61 in [[Quanzhou]], [[Fujian]] Province. Li is one of the three great poetic monks in the late Qing Dynasty.(others for [[Su Manshu]], Shi Jingan).

==Commemorations and exhibitions==
Beijing-based progressive-metal rock band the [[Tang Dynasty (band)|Tang Dynasty]] recorded a rock-version of Master Hong Yi's famous romantic ballad, the ''Farewell song'' in their second album ''Epic''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-99gQRcVOI  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/3-99gQRcVOI |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|title=唐朝乐队 送别 现场版 |publisher=YouTube |date=2007-11-01 |accessdate=2011-12-18}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anus.com/metal/about/interviews/kaiser_kuo/ |title=Kaiser Kuo Interview at the Dark Legions Archive black metal and death metal interviews |publisher=Anus.com |accessdate=2011-12-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623154102/http://www.anus.com/metal/about/interviews/kaiser_kuo/ |archivedate=2012-06-23 }}</ref>

A special 130th anniversary celebration of Master Hong Yi showcasing his calligraphy and painting works took place in 2010 in Shanghai, partly sponsored by the Pinghu Municipal Government, and attended by a granddaughter of Hong Yi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.pinghu.gov.cn/docs/Updating/2010-06-23/1277340444089.html |title=Exhibition of Painting & Calligraphy Works of Li Shutong, Lu Weizhao and Wu Yifeng in Shanghai |publisher=English.pinghu.gov.cn |date=2010-06-23 |accessdate=2011-12-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426040419/http://english.pinghu.gov.cn/docs/Updating/2010-06-23/1277340444089.html |archivedate=2012-04-26 }}</ref>

==Important works==
;Publications
*''A Graphical Explanation of the Bhikhhu's Precepts in Dharmagupta Vinaya'' ([[Chinese characters|Chinese]]: ''四分律比丘戒相表記''{{ill|四分律比丘戒相表記|lt=''A Graphical Explanation of the Bhikhhu's Precepts in Dharmagupta Vinaya''|zh|四分律比丘戒相表記}})
*''The Guide to the Nanshan Vinaya for Lay Buddhists'' ([[Chinese characters|Chinese]]: ''南山律在家備覽'')

;Collections
*''Happy Stones''
*''Li Shutong's Seals''

;Articles
*''How to Paint'' ([[Chinese characters|Chinese]]: ''圖畫修得法'')
*''An Introduction to Watercolors '' ([[Chinese characters|Chinese]]: ''水彩畫法說略'')

;Lyrics
*Song: ''[[Dreaming of Home and Mother#Songbie in Chinese|Song Bie Ge]]'' (Farewell Song) ([[Chinese characters|Chinese]]: ''送别歌'')

;Music
*Song: ''Childhood memories'' ([[Chinese characters|Chinese]]: ''憶兒時'')
*Song: ''Song of Spring Sightseeing'' ([[Chinese characters|Chinese]]: ''春游曲'')
*Song: ''Song of Three Jewels'' (Buddhist Refuge), [[Taixu]] lyrics ([[Chinese characters|Chinese]]: ''[[:zh:三寶歌]]'')

==See also==
{{commons|李叔同}}
* [[Feng Zikai]]
* [[Huineng]]
* [http://www.aylakkarga.com/yemek-sanati-keske-yemegi-ile-oynayan-herkes-ortaya-boyle-seyler-cikarsa/ Yemek Sanatı (Turkish)]

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Qing Dynasty Buddhists}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081205021829/http://www.buddhistdoor.com/OldWeb/bdoor/0202/sources/hongyi.htm Master Hong Yi and his calligraphy and painting]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hong, Yi}}
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty painters]]
[[Category:Hangzhou High School alumni]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Chinese musicians]]
[[Category:Chinese Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Painters from Tianjin]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty calligraphers]]
[[Category:20th-century Chinese calligraphers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Tianjin]]
[[Category:20th-century Chinese painters]]
[[Category:19th-century Chinese artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Chinese people]]
[[Category:Buddhist artists]]
[[Category:Chinese music educators]]
[[Category:Chinese art educators]]
[[Category:Tokyo University of the Arts alumni]]
[[Category:National Chiao Tung University (Shanghai) alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Buddhist monks]]