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Climate Change denial is a pejorative and abusive term. The theory of Man caused Climate Change is a theory, it is not the Holocaust, an absolute fact, and linking Holocaust deniers with skeptics of a Climate Change theory is insidious. I removed it.
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{{Main|ExxonMobil climate change controversy}}
{{Main|ExxonMobil climate change controversy}}


ExxonMobil's activities related to climate change has varied over the decades. From the late 1970s through the 1980s, Exxon funded research broadly in line with the developing public scientific approach.<ref name="latimes20151009">{{cite news |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://graphics.latimes.com/exxon-arctic/ |title=What Exxon knew about the Earth's melting Arctic |first1=Sara |last1=Jerving |first2=Katie |last2=Jennings |first3=Masako Melissa |last3=Hirsch |first4=Susanne |last4=Rust |date=October 9, 2015 |accessdate=October 21, 2015}}</ref> After the 1980s, Exxon curtailed its own climate research, opposing regulations to curtail [[global warming]].<ref name="icn20150921">{{cite news |title=Exxon's Own Research Confirmed Fossil Fuels' Role in Global Warming Decades Ago; Top executives were warned of possible catastrophe from greenhouse effect, then led efforts to block solutions |first1=Neela |last1=Banerjee |first2=Lisa |last2=Song |first3=David |last3=Hasemyer |date=September 21, 2015 |url=http://insideclimatenews.org/news/15092015/Exxons-own-research-confirmed-fossil-fuels-role-in-global-warming |agency=[[InsideClimate News]] |accessdate=October 14, 2015 |quote=Exxon helped to found and lead the Global Climate Coalition, an alliance of some of the world's largest companies seeking to halt government efforts to curb fossil fuel emissions. }}</ref> In 2014, ExxonMobil publicly acknowledged climate change risk.<ref name=investing010414>{{cite news | url=http://www.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/exxon-mobil-acknowledges-climate-change-risk---you-read-that-correctly-275168 | title=Exxon Mobil Acknowledges Climate Change Risk - You Read That Correctly | work=[[Investing.com]] | date=1 April 2014| accessdate = 2016-01-15}}</ref> It nominally supports a [[carbon tax]], though that support is weak.<ref name=icn311215>{{cite news | url=http://insideclimatenews.org/news/18122015/exxon-mobil-carbon-tax-rhetoric-or-reality-climate-change-rex-tillerson | title= Exxon's Support of a Tax on Carbon: Rhetoric or Reality? | first1 = David | last1 = Hasemyer | first2 = Bob | last2 = Simison | work=[[InsideClimate News]] | date= 2015-12-31 | accessdate = 2016-01-15}}</ref>
ExxonMobil's activities related to climate change has varied over the decades. From the late 1970s through the 1980s, Exxon funded research broadly in line with the developing public scientific approach.<ref name="latimes20151009">{{cite news |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://graphics.latimes.com/exxon-arctic/ |title=What Exxon knew about the Earth's melting Arctic |first1=Sara |last1=Jerving |first2=Katie |last2=Jennings |first3=Masako Melissa |last3=Hirsch |first4=Susanne |last4=Rust |date=October 9, 2015 |accessdate=October 21, 2015}}</ref> After the 1980s, Exxon curtailed its own climate research, opposing regulations to curtail [[global warming]].<ref name="icn20150921">{{cite news |title=Exxon's Own Research Confirmed Fossil Fuels' Role in Global Warming Decades Ago; Top executives were warned of possible catastrophe from greenhouse effect, then led efforts to block solutions |first1=Neela |last1=Banerjee |first2=Lisa |last2=Song |first3=David |last3=Hasemyer |date=September 21, 2015 |url=http://insideclimatenews.org/news/15092015/Exxons-own-research-confirmed-fossil-fuels-role-in-global-warming |agency=[[InsideClimate News]] |accessdate=October 14, 2015 |quote=Exxon helped to found and lead the Global Climate Coalition, an alliance of some of the world's largest companies seeking to halt government efforts to curb fossil fuel emissions. }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Josh |last=Harkinson |url=http://www.motherjones.com/special-reports/2009/12/dirty-dozen-climate-change-denial |title=The Dirty Dozen of Climate Change Denial |magazine=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |date=December 4, 2009 |accessdate=December 21, 2015 |quote=Meet the 12 loudest members of the chorus claiming that global warming is a joke and that CO2 emissions are actually good for you...ExxonMobil, the Michael Jordan of climate change denial, was supposed to have quit the game...Yet corporate records released earlier this year show that the world's largest petroleum company hasn't cut off the cash altogether.}}</ref> In 2014, ExxonMobil publicly acknowledged climate change risk.<ref name=investing010414>{{cite news | url=http://www.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/exxon-mobil-acknowledges-climate-change-risk---you-read-that-correctly-275168 | title=Exxon Mobil Acknowledges Climate Change Risk - You Read That Correctly | work=[[Investing.com]] | date=1 April 2014| accessdate = 2016-01-15}}</ref> It nominally supports a [[carbon tax]], though that support is weak.<ref name=icn311215>{{cite news | url=http://insideclimatenews.org/news/18122015/exxon-mobil-carbon-tax-rhetoric-or-reality-climate-change-rex-tillerson | title= Exxon's Support of a Tax on Carbon: Rhetoric or Reality? | first1 = David | last1 = Hasemyer | first2 = Bob | last2 = Simison | work=[[InsideClimate News]] | date= 2015-12-31 | accessdate = 2016-01-15}}</ref>


ExxonMobil funded organizations opposed to the [[Kyoto Protocol]] and seeking to undermine public opinion about the scientific consensus that [[global warming]] is caused by the burning of [[fossil fuel]]s.<ref name=guardian20070209>{{cite news | url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/sep/19/ethicalliving.g2 | title=The denial industry | first=George | last=Monbiot | authorlink=George Monbiot | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | date=2006-09-19 | location=London | accessdate=January 20, 2016}}</ref> ExxonMobil helped to found and lead the [[Global Climate Coalition]], which opposed greenhouse gas emission regulation.<ref name="icn20150921" /> In 2007 the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]] said that ExxonMobil granted $16&nbsp;million, between 1998 and 2005, towards 43 advocacy organizations which dispute the impact of global warming, and that ExxonMobil used disinformation tactics similar to those used by the [[tobacco industry]] in its denials of the link between lung cancer and smoking, saying that the company used "many of the same organizations and personnel to cloud the scientific understanding of climate change and delay action on the issue."<ref name=ucs200702>{{cite news |title=Smoke Mirrors & Hot Air: How ExxonMobil Uses Big Tobacco’s Tactics to Manufacture Uncertainty on Climate Science |date=January 2007 |url=http://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/legacy/assets/documents/global_warming/exxon_report.pdf |agency=[[Union of Concerned Scientists]] |accessdate=January 19, 2016 |format=PDF}}</ref>
ExxonMobil funded organizations opposed to the [[Kyoto Protocol]] and seeking to undermine public opinion about the scientific consensus that [[global warming]] is caused by the burning of [[fossil fuel]]s.<ref name=guardian20070209>{{cite news | url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/sep/19/ethicalliving.g2 | title=The denial industry | first=George | last=Monbiot | authorlink=George Monbiot | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | date=2006-09-19 | location=London | accessdate=January 20, 2016}}</ref> ExxonMobil helped to found and lead the [[Global Climate Coalition]], which opposed greenhouse gas emission regulation.<ref name="icn20150921" /> In 2007 the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]] said that ExxonMobil granted $16&nbsp;million, between 1998 and 2005, towards 43 advocacy organizations which dispute the impact of global warming, and that ExxonMobil used disinformation tactics similar to those used by the [[tobacco industry]] in its denials of the link between lung cancer and smoking, saying that the company used "many of the same organizations and personnel to cloud the scientific understanding of climate change and delay action on the issue."<ref name=ucs200702>{{cite news |title=Smoke Mirrors & Hot Air: How ExxonMobil Uses Big Tobacco’s Tactics to Manufacture Uncertainty on Climate Science |date=January 2007 |url=http://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/legacy/assets/documents/global_warming/exxon_report.pdf |agency=[[Union of Concerned Scientists]] |accessdate=January 19, 2016 |format=PDF}}</ref>

Revision as of 21:36, 26 April 2016

This article is about Exxon Mobil Corp. For the company's subsidiaries, see Exxon and Mobil.

Exxon Mobil Corp.
Company typePublic
NYSE: XOM
Dow Jones Industrial Average Component
S&P 500 Component
ISINUS30231G1022 Edit this on Wikidata
IndustryOil and Gas
PredecessorExxon
Mobil
FoundedNovember 30, 1999; 24 years ago (1999-11-30)
HeadquartersIrving, Texas, United States
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Rex W. Tillerson
(Chairman and CEO)[1]
ProductsFuels, lubricants, petrochemicals, refining
RevenueDecrease US$268.88 billion (2015)[2]
Decrease US$21.96 billion (2015)[2]
Decrease US$16.15 billion (2015)[2]
Total assetsDecrease US$349.49 billion (2015)[2]
Total equityDecrease US$170.81 billion (2015)[2]
Number of employees
75,300 (Mar 2015)[2]
SubsidiariesAera Energy, Esso, Esso Australia, Exxon, Exxon Neftegas, Imperial Oil (69.6%), Syncrude (25%), Mobil, Mobil Producing Nigeria, SeaRiver Maritime, Superior Oil Co., Vacuum Oil Co., XTO Energy
WebsiteExxonMobil.com

Exxon Mobil Corp. (ExxonMobil) is an American multinational oil and gas corporation headquartered in Irving, Texas. It is the largest direct descendant of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company,[3] and was formed on November 30, 1999 by the merger of Exxon (formerly Standard Oil Company of New Jersey) and Mobil (formerly the Standard Oil Company of New York).

The world's 8th largest company by revenue, ExxonMobil is also the third largest publicly traded company by market capitalization.[4][5] The company was ranked No. 6 globally in Forbes Global 2000 list in 2014.[6] ExxonMobil was the second most profitable company in the Fortune 500 in 2014.[7]

ExxonMobil is the largest of the world's supermajors[8] with daily production of 3.921 million BOE. In 2008, this was approximately 3 percent of world production, which is less than several of the largest state-owned petroleum companies.[9] When ranked by oil and gas reserves, it is 14th in the world—with less than 1 percent of the total.[10][11] ExxonMobil's reserves were 25.2 billion BOE (barrels of oil equivalent) at the end of 2013 and the 2007 rates of production were expected to last more than 14 years.[12] With 37 oil refineries in 21 countries constituting a combined daily refining capacity of 6.3 million barrels (1,000,000 m3), ExxonMobil is the largest refiner in the world,[13][14][15] a title that was also associated with Standard Oil since its incorporation in 1870.[3]

ExxonMobil has been criticized for its slow response to cleanup efforts after the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska, widely considered to be one of the world's worst oil spills in terms of damage to the environment. ExxonMobil has a history of lobbying for climate change denial and against the idea that global warming is caused by the burning of fossil fuels. The company has also been the target of accusations of improperly dealing with human rights issues, influence on American foreign policy, and its impact on the future of nations.[16]

History

Chart of the major energy companies dubbed "Big Oil", sorted by latest published revenue

ExxonMobil was formed in 1999 by the merger of two major oil companies, Exxon and Mobil.

1870 to 1911

Main article: Standard Oil

Both Exxon and Mobil were descendants of Standard Oil, established by John D. Rockefeller and partners in 1870 as the Standard Oil Company of Ohio. In 1882, it together with its affiliated companies was incorporated as the Standard Oil Trust with Standard Oil Company of New Jersey and Standard Oil Company of New York as its largest companies.[17] The Anglo-American Oil Company was established in the United Kingdom in 1888.[18] In 1890, Standard Oil, together with local ship merchants in Bremen established Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum Gesellschaft (later: Esso A.G.).[19][20] In 1891, a sale branch for the Netherlands and Belgium, American Petroleum Company, was established in Rotterdam.[21] At the same year, a sale branch for Italy, Società Italo Americana El Petroleo, was established in Venice.[22]

The Standard Oil Trust was dissolved under the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1892; however, it reemerged as the Standard Oil Interests.[17] In 1893, the Chinese and the whole Asian kerosene market was assigned to Standard Oil Company of New York in order to improve trade with the Asian counterparts.[23] In 1898, Standard Oil of New Jersey acquired controlling stake in Imperial Oil of Canada.[19] In 1899, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey became the holding company for the Standard Oil Interests.[17] The anti-monopoly proceedings against the Standard Oil were launched in 1898.[17] The reputation of Standard Oil in the public eye suffered badly after publication of Ida M. Tarbell's classic exposé The History of the Standard Oil Co. in 1904, leading to a growing outcry for the government to take action against the company. By 1911, with public outcry at a climax, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that Standard Oil must be dissolved and split into 34 companies. Two of these companies were Jersey Standard ("Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey"), which eventually became Exxon, and Socony ("Standard Oil Co. of New York"), which eventually became Mobil.[24]

1911 to 1950

Over the next few decades, Jersey Standard and Socony grew significantly. John Duston Archbold was the first president of Jersey Standard. Archbold was followed by Walter C. Teagle in 1917, who made it the largest oil company in the world.[24] In 1919, Jersey Standard acquired a 50% share in Humble Oil & Refining Co., a Texas oil producer.[17] In 1920, it was listed on the New York Stock Exchange.[24] In the following years it acquired or established Tropical Oil Company of Colombia (1920), Standard Oil Company of Venezuela (1921), and Creole Petroleum Company of Venezuela (1928).[19]

Henry Clay Folger was head of Socony until 1923, when he was succeeded by Herbert L. Pratt. The growing automotive market inspired the product trademark Mobiloil, registered by Socony in 1920.[citation needed] After dissolution of Standard Oil, Socony had refining and marketing assets but no production activities. For this reason, Socony purchased a 45% interest in Magnolia Petroleum Co., a major refiner, marketer and pipeline transporter, in 1918. In 1925, Magnolia became wholly owned by Socony. In 1926, Socony purchased General Petroleum Corporation of California.[17][24] In 1928, Socony joined the Turkish Petroleum Company (Iraq Petroleum Company).[24] In 1931, Socony merged with Vacuum Oil Company, an industry pioneer dating back to 1866, to form Socony-Vacuum.[17][24][25]

In the Asia-Pacific region, Jersey Standard has established through its Dutch subsidiary an exploration and production company Nederlandsche Koloniale Petroleum Maatschappij in 1912. In 1922, it found oil in Indonesia and in 1927, it built a refinery in Sumatra.[26] It had oil production and refineries but no marketing network. Socony-Vacuum had Asian marketing outlets supplied remotely from California. In 1933, Jersey Standard and Socony-Vacuum merged their interests in the Asia-Pacific region into a 50–50 joint venture. Standard Vacuum Oil Company, or "Stanvac," operated in 50 countries, from East Africa to New Zealand, before it was dissolved in 1962.[17]

In 1924, Jersey Standard and General Motors pooled its tetraethyllead-related patents and established the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation.[27] In 1927, Jersey Standard signed a 25-years cooperation agreement with IG Farben for the coal hydrogenation research in the United States. Jersey Standard assumed this cooperation to be beneficial as it believed the United States oil reserves to be exhausted in the near future and that the coal hydrogenation would give an access for producing synthetic fuels. It erected synthetic fuel plants in Bayway, Baton Rouge, and Baytown (unfinished). The interest in hydrogenation evaporated after discovery of the East Texas Oil Field.[28] As a part of the cooperation between Jersey Standard and IG Farben, a joint company, Standard I.G. Company, was established with Jesey Standard having a stake of 80%. IG Farben transferred rights to the hydrogenation process outside of Germany to the joint venture in exchange of $35 million stake of Jersey Standard shares.[29] In 1930, the joint company established Hydro Patents Company to license the hydrogenation process in the United States.[30] The agreement with IG Farben gave to Jersey Standard access to patents related to polyisobutylene which assist Jersey Standard to advance in isobutolene polymerization and to produce the first butyl rubber in 1937.[24][31][32] As the agreement with IG Farben gave to the German company a veto right of licensing chemical industry patents in the United States, including patent for butyl rubber, Jersey Standard was accused of treason by senator Harry S. Truman.[33] In 1941, it opened the first commercial synthetic toluene plant.[24]

In 1932, Jersey Standard acquired foreign assets of the Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company. In 1937, its assets in Bolivia were nationalized, followed by nationalization of its assets in Mexico in 1938.[24]

In 1935, Socony Vacuum Oil opened the huge Mammoth Oil Port on Staten Island which had a capacity of handling a quarter of a billion gallons of petroleum products a year and could transship oil from ocean-going tankers and river barges.[34] In 1940, Socony-Vacuum purchased the Gilmore Oil Company of California, which 1946 was merged with its another subsidiary, General Petroleum Corporation.[35] In 1947, Jersey Standard and Royal Dutch Shell formed a joint venture Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij BV for oil and gas exploration and production in the Netherlands.[36] In 1948, Jersey Standard and Socony-Vacuum acquired interests in the Arab-American Oil Company (Aramco).[17][37]

1950 to 1972

In 1955, Socony-Vacuum became Socony Mobil Oil Company. In 1959, Magnolia Petroleum Company, General Petroleum Corporation, and Mobil Producing Company were merged to form the Mobil Oil Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of Socony Mobil. In 1966, Socony Mobil Oil Company became the Mobil Oil Corporation.[17]

Humble Oil became a wholly owned subsidiary of Jersey Standard and was reorganized into the United States marketing division of Jersey Standard in 1959. In 1967, Humble Oil purchased all remaining Signal stations from Standard Oil Company of California (Chevron) In 1969, Humble Oil opened a new refinery in Benicia, California.[citation needed]

In Libya, Jersey Standard made its first major oil discovery in 1959.[17]

Mobil Chemical Company was established in 1960 and Exxon Chemical Company (first named Enjay Chemicals) in 1965.[17]

In 1965, Jersey Standard started to acquire coal assets through its affiliate Carter Oil (later renamed: Exxon Coal, U.S.A.). For managing the Midwest and Eastern coal assets in the United States, the Monterey Coal Company was established in 1969.[38] Carter Oil focused on the developing synthetic fuels from coal.[38] In 1966, it started to developed the coal liquefaction process called the Exxon Donor Solvent Process. In April 1980, Exxon opened a 250-ton-per-day pilot plant in Baytown, Texas. The plant was closed and dismantled in 1982.[39]

In 1967, Mobil acquired a 28% strategic stake in the German fuel chain Aral.[40]

In late 1960s Jersey Standard task force was looking for projects 30 years in the future.[41][42] In April 1973, Exxon founded Solar Power Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary for manufacturing of terrestrial photovoltaic cells.[43] After 1980s oil glut Exxon's internal report projected that solar would not become viable until 2012 or 2013.[44] Consequently, Exxon sold Solar Power Corporation in 1984.[43] In 1974–1994, also Mobil developed solar energy through Mobil Tyco Solar Energy Corporation, its joint venture with Tyco Laboratories.[43][45]

In late 1960s, Jersey Standard entered into the nuclear industry. In 1969, it created a subsidiary, Jersey Nuclear Company (later: Exxon Nuclear Company), for manufacturing and marketing of uranium fuel, which was to be fabricated from uranium concentrates mined by the mineral department of Humble Oil (later: Exxon Minerals Company).[46] In 1970, Jersey Nuclear opened a nuclear fuel manufacturing facility, now owned by Areva, in Richland, Washington.[47] In 1986, Exxon Nuclear was sold to Kraftwerk Union, a nuclear arm of Siemens.[48][49] The company started surface mining of uranium ore in Converse County, Wyoming in 1970, solution mining in 1972, and underground mining in 1977. Uranium ore processing started in 1972. The facility was closed in 1984.[50] In 1973, Exxon acquired the Ray Point uranium ore processing facility which was shortly afterwards decommissioned.[51]

1972 to 1998

In 1972, Exxon was unveiled as the new, unified brand name for all former Enco and Esso outlets. At the same time, the company changed its corporate name from Standard Oil of New Jersey to Exxon Corporation, and Humble Oil became Exxon Company, U.S.A.[17] The rebranding came after successful test-marketing of the Exxon name, under two experimental logos, in the fall and winter of 1971-72. Along with the new name, Exxon settled on a rectangular logo using red lettering and blue trim on a white background, similar to the familiar color scheme on the old Enco and Esso logos. Exxon replaced the Esso, Enco, and Humble brands in the United States on January 1, 1973.[citation needed]

Due to the oil embargo of 1973, Exxon and Mobil to expand their exploration and production into the North Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, Africa and Asia. Mobil diversified its activities into retail sale by acquiring the parent company of Montgomery Ward and Container Corporation.[17]

In 1976, Exxon, through its subsidiary Intercor, entered into partnership with Colombian state owned company Carbocol to start coal mining in Cerrejón.[52] In 1980, Exxon merged its assets in the mineral industry into newly established Exxon Minerals (later ExxonMobil Coal and Minerals).[53] At the same year, Exxon entered into the oil shale industry by buying a 60% stake in the Colony Shale Oil Project in Colorado, United States,[54] and 50% stake in the Rundle oil shale deposit in Queensland, Australia.[55] On May 2, 1982, Exxon announced the termination of the Colony Shale Oil Project because of low oil-prices and increased expenses.[24][54]

Mobil moved its headquarters from New York to Fairfax County, Virginia, in 1987.[56] Exxon sold the Exxon Building (1251 Avenue of the Americas), its former headquarters in Rockefeller Center, to a unit of Mitsui Real Estate Development Co. Ltd. in 1986 for $610 million, and in 1989, movedg its headquarters from Manhattan, New York City to the Las Colinas area of Irving, Texas. John Walsh, president of Exxon subsidiary Friendswood Development Company, stated that Exxon left New York because the costs were too high.[57]

On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker struck Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska and spilled more than 11 million US gallons (42,000 m3) of crude oil. The Exxon Valdez oil spill was the second largest in U.S. history, and in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez incident, the U.S. Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. An initial award of $5 billion USD punitive was reduced to $507.5 million by the US Supreme Court in June 2008[58], and distributions of this award have commenced.[citation needed]

In 1994, Mobil established a subsidiary MEGAS (Mobil European Gas) which became responsible for its Mobil's natural gas operations in Europe.[59] In 1996, Mobil and British Petroleum merged their European refining and marketing of fuels and lubricants businesses. Mobil had 30% stake in fuels and 51% stake in lubricants businesses.[60]

1998 to 2000

In 1998, Exxon and Mobil signed a US$73.7 billion merger agreement forming a new company called Exxon Mobil Corp. (ExxonMobil), the largest oil company and the third largest company in the world. This was the largest corporate merger that time. At the time of the merge, Exxon was the world largest energy company while Mobil was the second largest oil and gas company in the United States. The merger announcement followed shortly after merger of British Petroleum and Amoco which was the largest industrial merger that time.[61] Formally, Mobil was bought by Exxon. Mobil's shareholders received 1.32 Exxon's share for each Mobil's share. As a result, the former Mobil's shareholders receives about 30% in the merged company while the stake of former Exxon's shareholders was about 70%. The head of Exxon Lee Raymond remained the chairman and chief executive of the new company and Mobil chief executive Lucio Noto became vice-chairman.[61] The merger of Exxon and Mobil was unique in American history because it reunited the two largest companies of Standard Oil trust.

The merger was approved by the European Commission on September 29, 1999, and by the United States Federal Trade Commission on November 30, 1999.[62][63] As a condition for the Exxon and Mobil merger, the European Commission ordered to dissolve the Mobil's partnership with BP, as also to sell its stake in Aral.[40] As a result, BP acquired all fuels assets, two base oil plants, and a substantial part of the joint venture's finished lubricants business, while ExxonMobil acquired other base oil plants and a part of the finished lubricants business.[64] The stake in Aral was sold to Vega Oel, later acquired by BP.[40] The European Commission also demanded divesting of Mobil's MEGAS and Exxon's 25% stake in the German gas transmission company Thyssengas.[65] MEGAS was acquired by Duke Energy and the stake in Thyssengas was acquired by RWE.[66][66] The company also divested Exxon's aviation fuel business to BP and Mobil's certain pipeline capacity servicing Gatwick Airport.[67] The Federal Trade Commission required to sell 2,431 gas stations in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic (1,740), California (360), Texas (319), and Guam (12). In addition, ExxonMobil should sell its Benicia Refinery in California, terminal operations in Boston, the Washington, D.C. area and Guam, interest in the Colonial pipeline, Mobil's interest in the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, Exxon's jet turbine oil business, and give-up the option to buy Tosco Corporation gas stations.[68][69] The Benicia Refinery and 340 Exxon-branded stations in California were bought by Valero Energy Corporation in 2000.

2000 to present

In 2002, the company sold its stake in the Cerrejón coal mine in Colombia, and copper-mining business in Chile.[52][70] At the same time, it renewed its interest in oil shale by developing the ExxonMobil Electrofrac in-situ extraction process. In 2014, the Bureau of Land Management approved their research and development project in Rio Blanco County, Colorado.[71][72] However, in November 2015 the company relinquished its federal research, development and demonstration lease.[73] In 2009, ExxonMobil phased-out coal mining by selling its last operational coal mine in the United States.[74]

In 2008, ExxonMobil started to phase-out from the United States direct-served retail market by selling its service stations. The usage of Exxon and Mobil brands was franchised to the new owners.[75]

In 2010, ExxonMobil bought XTO Energy, the company focused on development and production of unconventional resources.[76]

In 2011, ExxonMobil started a strategic cooperation with Russian oil company Rosneft to develop the East-Prinovozemelsky field in the Kara Sea and the Tuapse field in the Black Sea.[77] In 2012, ExxonMobil concluded an agreement with Rosneft to assess possibilities to produce tight oil from Bazhenov and Achimov formations in Western Siberia.[78] Due to international sanctions imposed against Rosneft, ExxonMobil had to wound down its cooperation with Rosneft bearing a potential loss of up to $1 billion.[79][80]

In 2012, ExxonMobil started a coalbed methane development in Australia, but withdraw from the project in 2014.[81]

In 2012, ExxonMobil confirmed a deal for production and exploration activities in the Kurdistan region of Iraq.[82]

In November 2013, ExxonMobil agreed to sell its majority stakes in a Hong Kong-based utility and power storage firm, Castle Peak Co Ltd, for a total of $3.4 billion, to CLP Holdings.[83]

In 2014, ExxonMobil had two "non-monetary" asset swap deals with LINN Energy LLC. In these transactions, ExxonMobil gave to LINN interests in the South Belridge and Hugoton gas fields in the exchange of assets in the Permian Basin in Texas and the Delaware Basin in New Mexico.[84]

On October 9, 2014, the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes awarded ExxonMobil $1.6 billion in the case the company had brought against the Venezuelan government. ExxonMobil alleged that the Venezuelan government illegally expropriated its Venezuelan assets in 2007 and paid unfair compensation.[85]

Operations

ExxonMobil is the largest non-government owned company in the energy industry and produces about 3% of the world's oil and about 2% of the world's energy.[citation needed]

ExxonMobil is organized functionally into a number of global operating divisions. These divisions are grouped into three categories for reference purposes, though the company also has several ancillary divisions, such as Coal & Minerals, which are stand alone. It also owns hundreds of smaller subsidiaries such as Imperial Oil Limited (69.6% ownership) in Canada, and SeaRiver Maritime, a petroleum shipping company.

Upstream

The upstream division dominates the company's cashflow, accounting for approximately 70% of revenue.[citation needed] In 2014, the company had 25.3 billion barrels (4.02×10^9 m3) of oil-equivalent proved reserves.[86] In 2013, its reserves replacement ratio was 103%.[86]

In the United States, ExxonMobil's petroleum exploration and production activities are concentrated in the Permian Basin, the Bakken Formation, the Woodford Shale, the Caney Shale, and the Gulf of Mexico. In addition, it has gas development activities in the Marcellus Shale, the Utica Shale, the Haynesville Shale, the Barnett Shale, and the Fayetteville Shale, conducted by its subsidiary XTO Energy. As of December 31, 2014, ExxonMobil held 14.6 million acres (59,000 km2) in the United States, of which 1.7 million acres (6,900 km2) were offshore, including 1.5 million acres (6,100 km2) in the Gulf of Mexico.[87] In California, it has together with Shell Oil a joint venture Aera Energy LLC. In Canada, the company held 5.4 million acres (22,000 km2), including 1 million acres (4,000 km2) offshore and 0.7 million acres (2,800 km2) of oil sands (Kearl Oil Sands Project).[87]

In Argentina, ExxonMobil held 0.9 million acres (3,600 km2), Germany 4.9 million acres (20,000 km2), the Netherlands 1.5 million acres (6,100 km2), Norway 0.4 million acres (1,600 km2) offshore, and the United Kingdom 0.6 million acres (2,400 km2) offshore. In Africa, its upstream operations are concentrated in Angola (0.4 million acres (1,600 km2) offshore), Chad (46,000 acres (19,000 ha)), Equatorial Guinea (0.1 million acres (400 km2) offshore), and Nigeria (0.8 million acres (3,200 km2) offshore).[87] In addition, it plans to start exploration activities off Liberia and Ivory Coast.[88][89] It had exploration activities also in Madagascar but these operations were ended because of unsatisfied results.[90]

In Asia, it held 9,000 acres (3,600 ha) in Azerbaijan, 1.7 million acres (6,900 km2) in Indonesia, of which 1.3 million acres (5,300 km2) offshore, 0.7 million acres (2,800 km2) in Iraq, 0.3 million acres (1,200 km2) in Kazakhstan, 0.2 million acres (810 km2) in Malaysia, 65,000 acres (26,000 ha) in Qatar, 10,000 acres (4,000 ha) in Yemen, 21,000 acres (8,500 ha) in Thailand, and 81,000 acres (33,000 ha) in Abu Dhabi.[87]

In Russia, ExxonMobil held 85,000 acres (34,000 ha) in the Sakhalin-I project. Together with Rosneft, it develops 63.6 million acres (257,000 km2) in Russia, including the East-Prinovozemelsky field. In Australia, ExxonMobil held 1.7 million acres (6,900 km2), including 1.6 million acres (6,500 km2) offshore. It operates the Longford Gas Conditioning Plant and participates in the development of Gorgon LNG project. In Papua New Guinea, it held 1.1 million acres (4,500 km2), including PNG Gas project.[87]

Downstream

ExxonMobil markets products around the world under the brands of Exxon, Mobil, and Esso. Mobil is ExxonMobil's primary retail gasoline brand in California, Florida, New York, New England, the Great Lakes and the Midwest. Exxon is the primary brand in the rest of the United States, with the highest concentration of retail outlets located in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Texas and in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern states. Esso is ExxonMobil's primary gasoline brand worldwide except in Australia and New Zealand, where the Mobil brand is used exclusively. In Colombia, both the Esso and Mobil brands are used.

In Japan, ExxonMobil has a 22% stake in TonenGeneral Sekiyu K.K., a refining company.[91][92]

Chemicals

ExxonMobil Chemical is a petrochemical company which was created by merging Exxon's and Mobil's chemical industries. Its principal products includes basic olefins and aromatics, ethylene glycol, polyethylene, and polypropylene along with speciality lines such as elastomers, plasticizers, solvents, process fluids, oxo alcohols and adhesive resins. The company also produces synthetic lubricant base stocks as well as lubricant additives, propylene packaging films and catalysts. The company was an industry leader in metallocene catalyst technology to make unique polymers with improved performance.[citation needed] ExxonMobil is the largest producer of butyl rubber.[93]

Infineum, a joint venture with Royal Dutch Shell, is manufacturing and marketing crankcase lubricant additives, fuel additives, and specialty lubricant additives, as well as automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, and industrial oils.[94]

Corporate affairs

Financial data

In 2005, ExxonMobil surpassed Wal-Mart as the world's largest publicly held corporation when measured by revenue, although Wal-Mart remained the largest by number of employees.[95] ExxonMobil's $340 billion revenues in 2005 were a 25.5 percent increase over their 2004 revenues.

In 2006, Wal-Mart recaptured the lead with revenues of $348.7 billion against ExxonMobil's $335.1. ExxonMobil continued to lead the world in both profits ($39.5 billion in 2006) and market value ($460.43 billion).[96]

In 2007, ExxonMobil had a record net income of $40.61 billion on $404.552 billion of revenue, an increase largely due to escalating oil prices as their actual BOE production decreased by 1 percent, in part due to expropriation of their Venezuelan assets by the Chávez government.[97]

As of December 2013, ExxonMobil occupied five out of ten slots for Largest Corporate Annual Earnings of All Time and two out of ten on Largest Corporate Quarterly Earnings.[98][99]

Financial data in US$ millions[100]
Year-end 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Total revenue 358,955 365,467 390,328 459,579 301,586 383,221
Net income 36,130 39,500 40,610 45,220 19,280 30,460
Total assets 208,335 219,015 242,082 228,052 233,323
Total debt 7,991 8,347 9,566 9,425 9,605

Headquarters

ExxonMobil Building, former ExxonMobil offices in Downtown Houston were vacated in early 2015.

ExxonMobil's headquarters are located in Irving, Texas.[101] As of May 2015, the company is nearing completion of its new campus located in a northern Houston suburb of Spring, at the intersection of Interstate 45, the Hardy Toll Road, and the Grand Parkway northern extension. It is an elaborate corporate campus, including twenty office buildings totaling 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2), a wellness center, laboratory, and three parking garages.[102] It is designed to house nearly 10,000 employees with an additional 1,500 employees located in a satellite campus in Hughes Landing in The Woodlands, Texas. In October 2010, the company stated that it would not move its headquarters to Greater Houston.[103]

Management

The current Chairman of the Board and CEO of Exxon Mobil Corp. is Rex W. Tillerson. Tillerson assumed the top position on January 1, 2006, on the retirement of long-time chairman and CEO, Lee Raymond.

As of June 24, 2014, the current ExxonMobil board members are:[104]

Environmental record

Its environmental record has been a target of critics from outside organizations such as the environmental lobby group Greenpeace as well as some institutional investors who disagree with its stance on global warming.[105] The Political Economy Research Institute ranks ExxonMobil sixth among corporations emitting airborne pollutants in the United States. The ranking is based on the quantity (15.5 million pounds in 2005) and toxicity of the emissions.[106] In 2005, ExxonMobil had committed less than 1 percent of their profits towards researching alternative energy,[107] less than other leading oil companies.[108]

Exxon Valdez oil spill

Main article: Exxon Valdez oil spill

The March 24, 1989, Exxon Valdez oil spill resulted in the discharge of approximately 11 million US gallons (42,000 m3) of oil into Prince William Sound,[109] oiling 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of the remote Alaskan coastline. The Valdez spill is 36th worst oil spill in history in terms of sheer volume.

The State of Alaska's Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council stated that the spill "is widely considered the number one spill worldwide in terms of damage to the environment".[109] Carcasses were found of over 35,000 birds and 1,000 sea otters. Because carcasses typically sink to the seafloor, it’s estimated the death toll may be 250,000 seabirds, 2,800 sea otters, 300 harbor seals, 250 bald eagles, and up to 22 killer whales. Billions of salmon and herring eggs were also killed.[110]

As of 2001, oil remained on or under more than half the sound’s beaches, according to a 2001 federal survey. The government-created Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council concluded that the oil disappears at less than 4 percent per year, adding that the oil will “take decades and possibly centuries to disappear entirely”. Of the 27 species monitored by the Council, 17 have not recovered. While the salmon population has rebounded, and the orca whales are recovering, the herring population and fishing industry have not.[111][112][113]

Exxon was widely criticized for its slow response to cleaning up the disaster. John Devens, the Mayor of Valdez, has said his community felt betrayed by Exxon's inadequate response to the crisis.[114] Exxon later removed the name "Exxon" from its tanker shipping subsidiary, which it renamed "SeaRiver Maritime." The renamed subsidiary, though wholly Exxon-controlled, has a separate corporate charter and board of directors, and the former Exxon Valdez is now the SeaRiver Mediterranean. The renamed tanker is legally owned by a small, stand-alone company, which would have minimal ability to pay out on claims in the event of a further accident.[115]

After a trial, a jury ordered Exxon to pay $5 billion in punitive damages, though an appeals court reduced that amount by half. Exxon appealed further, and on June 25, 2008, the United States Supreme Court lowered the amount to $500 million.[116]

In 2009, Exxon still uses more single-hull tankers than the rest of the largest ten oil companies combined, including the Valdez's sister ship, the SeaRiver Long Beach.[117]

Exxon's Brooklyn oil spill

Main article: Greenpoint oil spill

New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo announced on July 17, 2007 that he had filed suit against the Exxon Mobil Corp. and ExxonMobil Refining and Supply Co. to force cleanup of the oil spill at Greenpoint, Brooklyn, and to restore Newtown Creek.[118]

A study of the spill released by the US Environmental Protection Agency in September 2007 reported[119] that the spill consists of 17 to 30 million US gallons (64,000 to 114,000 m3) of petroleum products from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century.[120] The largest portion of these operations were by ExxonMobil or its predecessors. By comparison, the Exxon Valdez oil spill was approximately 11 million US gallons (42,000 m3).[109] The study reported that in the early 20th century Standard Oil of New York operated a major refinery in the area where the spill is located. The refinery produced fuel oils, gasoline, kerosene and solvents. Naptha and gas oil, secondary products, were also stored in the refinery area. Standard Oil of New York later became Mobil, a predecessor to Exxon/Mobil.[121]

Baton Rouge Refinery benzene leak

On June 14, 2012, a bleeder plug on a tank in the Baton Rouge Refinery failed and began leaking naphtha, a substance that is composed of many chemicals including benzene.[122] ExxonMobil originally reported to the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality(LDEQ) that 1,364 pounds of material had been leaked.

On June 18, Baton Rouge refinery representatives told the LDEQ that ExxonMobil's chemical team determined that the June 14 spill was actually a level 2 incident classification which means that a significant response to the leak was required.[123] On the day of the spill the refinery did not report that their estimate of spilled materials was significantly different from what was originally reported to the department. Because the spill estimate and the actual amount of chemicals spilled varied drastically, the LDEQ launched an in-depth investigation on June 16 to determine the actual amounts of chemicals spilled as well as to find out what information the refinery knew and when they knew it.[124] On June 20, ExxonMobil sent an official notification to the LDEQ saying that the leak had actually released 28,688 pounds of benzene, 10,882 pounds of toluene, 1,100 pounds of cyclohexane, 1,564 pounds of hexane and 12,605 pounds of additional volatile organic compound.[123][124] After the spill, people living in neighboring communities reported adverse health impacts such as severe headaches and respiratory difficulties.[125][125]

ExxonMobil refinery in Baton Rouge

Baton Rouge Refinery pipeline oil spill

In April 2012, a crude oil pipeline, from the Exxon Corp Baton Rouge Refinery, burst and spilled at least 1,900 barrels of oil (80,000 gallons) in the rivers of Point Coupee Parish, Louisiana, shutting down the Exxon Corp Baton Refinery for a few days. Regulators opened an investigation in response to the pipeline oil spill.[126]

Yellowstone River oil spill

Map of the Yellowstone River watershed

The July 2011 Yellowstone River oil spill was an oil spill from an ExxonMobil pipeline running from Silver Tip to Billings, Montana, which ruptured about 10 miles west of Billings on July 1, 2011, at about 11:30 pm[127] The resulting spill leaked an estimated 750 to 1,000 barrels of oil into the Yellowstone River for about 30 minutes before it was shut down.[128]

As a precaution against a possible explosion, officials in Laurel, Montana evacuated about 140 people on Saturday (July 2) just after midnight, then allowed them to return at 4 am[127]

A spokesman for ExxonMobil said that the oil is within 10 miles of the spill site. However, Montana Governor Brian Schweitzer disputed the accuracy of that figure.[129] The governor pledged that "The parties responsible will restore the Yellowstone River."[128]

Mayflower oil spill

Main article: 2013 Mayflower oil spill

On March 29, 2013, the Pegasus Pipeline, owned by ExxonMobil and carrying Canadian Wabasca heavy crude, ruptured in Mayflower, Arkansas, releasing about 3,190 barrels (507 m3) of oil and forcing the evacuation of 22 homes.[130][131] The Environmental Protection Agency has classified the leak as a major spill.[132] In 2015, ExxonMobil settled charges that it violated the federal Clean Water Act and state environmental laws, for $5.07 million, including $4.19 million in civil penalties. It did not admit liability.[130]

Sakhalin-I in the Russian Far East

Main article: Sakhalin-I

Scientists and environmental groups voice concern that the Sakhalin-I oil and gas project in the Russian Far East, operated by an ExxonMobil subsidiary, Exxon Neftegas Limited (ENL),[133] threatens the critically endangered western gray whale population.[134][135][136] In February, 2009, scientists convened by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature issued an urgent call for a "...moratorium on all industrial activities, both maritime and terrestrial, that have the potential to disturb gray whales in summer and autumn on and near their main feeding areas" following a sharp decline in observed whales in the main feeding area in 2008, adjacent to ENL's project area.[137] The scientists also criticized ENL’s unwillingness to cooperate with the scientific panel process, which “certainly impedes the cause of western gray whale conservation.”[138]

Climate change

Main article: ExxonMobil climate change controversy

ExxonMobil's activities related to climate change has varied over the decades. From the late 1970s through the 1980s, Exxon funded research broadly in line with the developing public scientific approach.[139] After the 1980s, Exxon curtailed its own climate research, opposing regulations to curtail global warming.[140][141] In 2014, ExxonMobil publicly acknowledged climate change risk.[142] It nominally supports a carbon tax, though that support is weak.[143]

ExxonMobil funded organizations opposed to the Kyoto Protocol and seeking to undermine public opinion about the scientific consensus that global warming is caused by the burning of fossil fuels.[144] ExxonMobil helped to found and lead the Global Climate Coalition, which opposed greenhouse gas emission regulation.[140] In 2007 the Union of Concerned Scientists said that ExxonMobil granted $16 million, between 1998 and 2005, towards 43 advocacy organizations which dispute the impact of global warming, and that ExxonMobil used disinformation tactics similar to those used by the tobacco industry in its denials of the link between lung cancer and smoking, saying that the company used "many of the same organizations and personnel to cloud the scientific understanding of climate change and delay action on the issue."[145]

As of March 2016, the attorneys general of New York, California, Massachusetts, and the United States Virgin Islands are investigating, with the cooperation of 17 US states, whether ExxonMobil mislead consumers or investors regarding the risks of climate change. Exxon said the investigations were "politically motivated."[146][147][148]

Human rights

Main article: Accusations of ExxonMobil human rights violations in Indonesia

ExxonMobil is the target of human rights activists for actions taken by the corporation in the Indonesian territory of Aceh. In June 2001, a lawsuit against ExxonMobil was filed in the Federal District Court of the District of Columbia under the Alien Tort Claims Act. The suit alleges that the ExxonMobil knowingly assisted human rights violations, including torture, murder and rape, by employing and providing material support to Indonesian military forces, who committed the alleged offenses during civil unrest in Aceh. Human rights complaints involving Exxon's (Exxon and Mobil had not yet merged) relationship with the Indonesian military first arose in 1992; the company denies these accusations and filed a motion to dismiss the suit, which was denied in 2008 by a federal judge.[149] But another federal judge dismissed the lawsuit in August 2009.[150] The plaintiffs are currently[when?] appealing the dismissal.[citation needed]

Geopolitical influence

A July 2012 review of Steve Coll's book, Private Empire: ExxonMobil and American Power, in The Daily Telegraph says that he thinks that ExxonMobil is "able to determine American foreign policy and the fate of entire nations".[16] ExxonMobil increasingly drills in terrains leased to them by dictatorships, such as those in Chad and Equatorial Guinea.[16] Steve Coll describes Lee Raymond, the corporation’s chief executive until 2005, as "notoriously skeptical about climate change and disliked government interference at any level".[16]

The book was also reviewed in The Economist, according to which "ExxonMobil is easy to caricature, and many critics have done so.... It is to Steve Coll’s credit that “Private Empire”, his new book about ExxonMobil, refuses to subscribe to such a simplistic view." The review describes the company's power in dealing with the countries in which it drills as "constrained". It notes that the company shut down its operations in Indonesia to distance itself from the abuses committed against the population by that country's army, and that it decided to drill in Chad only after the World Bank agreed to ensure that the oil royalties were used for the population's benefit. The review closes by noting that "A world addicted to ExxonMobil’s product needs to look in the mirror before being too critical of how relentlessly the company supplies it."[151]

See also

Notes

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References

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  • Wall, Bennett H. Growth in a Changing Environment: A History of Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey) 1950–1972 and Exxon Corp. (1972–1975). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1988.
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Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ExxonMobil.
  • Official website
  • Business data for Exxon Mobil Corporation:
  • Exxon Mobil Corporation company information and articles at The New York Times
  • Exxon Mobil quick facts, rankings, and articles at Forbes
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