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The origin of AMH 200 ka ago is not really/immediately relevant to the "Ethiopid race" which emerged as a type many tens of thousands of years later (from the mixture of African and non-African elements/populations).
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Undid revision 955994824 by Skllagyook (talk)Undid racially motivated removal of sourced content related to Horn of Africa.
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[[File:ROM-Eth1.jpg|thumb|[[Somalis|Somali]] man of Eastern [[Hamitic]] type (sculpture of ''[[The Races of Mankind]]'' series, 1929).]]
[[File:ROM-Eth1.jpg|thumb|[[Somalis|Somali]] man of Eastern [[Hamitic]] type (sculpture of ''[[The Races of Mankind]]'' series, 1929).]]
'''Ethiopid''' (also spelled '''Aethiopid''', also called '''Erythriote''') is a historical [[Race (human classification)|racial classification]] of humans. By some, it was called [[Hamites|Eastern Hamitic]].<ref name="Baker">{{cite book|last1=Baker|first1=John Randal|title=Race|date=1974|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0192129543|pages=[https://archive.org/details/race00bake/page/225 225–226]|url=https://archive.org/details/race00bake/page/225|accessdate=28 May 2018|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>''Meyers Konversationslexikon'' 4th ed. (Leipzig, 1885–1890), [[:File:Meyers b11 s0476a.jpg|ethnographic map]].</ref>
'''Ethiopid''' (also spelled '''Aethiopid''', also called '''Erythriote''') is a historical [[Race (human classification)|racial classification]] of humans. By some, it was called [[Hamites|Eastern Hamitic]].<ref name="Baker">{{cite book|last1=Baker|first1=John Randal|title=Race|date=1974|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0192129543|pages=[https://archive.org/details/race00bake/page/225 225–226]|url=https://archive.org/details/race00bake/page/225|accessdate=28 May 2018|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>''Meyers Konversationslexikon'' 4th ed. (Leipzig, 1885–1890), [[:File:Meyers b11 s0476a.jpg|ethnographic map]].</ref>

According to both genetic and fossil evidence Archaic Homo sapiens evolved into [[Anatomically modern human|Anatomically modern Homo Sapiens]] solely in the Horn of Africa around 200,000 years ago and dispersed from the Horn of Africa.<ref name="NAT-20191028">{{cite journal|last1=Chan|first1=Eva KF|last2=Timmermann|first2=Axel|author-link2=Axel Timmermann|last3=Baldi|first3=Benedetta F.|last4=Moore|first4=Andy E.|last5=Lyons|first5=Ruth J.|last6=Lee|first6=Sun-Seon|last7=Kalsbeek|first7=Anton MF|last8=Petersen|first8=Desiree C.|last9=Rautenbach|first9=Hannes|last10=Förtsch|first10=Hagen EA|last11=Bornman|first11=MS Riana|date=28 October 2019|title=Human origins in a southern African palaeo-wetland and first migrations|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1714-1|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|publisher=[[Nature Research]]|volume=575|issue=7781|pages=185–189|bibcode=2019Natur.575..185C|doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1714-1|pmid=31659339|access-date=23 March 2020|first12=Vanessa M.|last12=Hayes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=López|first=Saioa|last2=van Dorp|first2=Lucy|last3=Hellenthal|first3=Garrett|date=2016-04-21|title=Human Dispersal Out of Africa: A Lasting Debate|journal=Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online|volume=11|issue=Suppl 2|pages=57–68|doi=10.4137/EBO.S33489|issn=1176-9343|pmc=4844272|pmid=27127403}}</ref><ref name="AsiaThesis1">{{cite journal|vauthors=Cabrera VM, Marrero P, Abu-Amero KK, Larruga JM|date=June 2018|title=Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=18|issue=1|pages=98|doi=10.1186/s12862-018-1211-4|pmc=6009813|pmid=29921229}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Holt|first=Brigitte M.|title=Chapter 13 - Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens|date=2015-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012802652600013X|journal=Basics in Human Evolution|pages=177–192|editor-last=Muehlenbein|editor-first=Michael P.|publisher=Academic Press|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-802652-6.00013-X|isbn=978-0-12-802652-6|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ghirotto S|author2=Penso-Dolfin L|author3=Barbujani G.|date=Aug 2011|title=Genomic evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route.|url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol83/iss4/8|journal=Human Biology|volume=83|issue=4|pages=477–89|doi=10.3378/027.083.0403|pmc=|pmid=21846205|quote=Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs ago.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mellars|first=P|last2=KC|first2=Gori|last3=M|first3=Carr|last4=PA|first4=Soares|last5=Richards|first5=MB|date=Jun 2013|title=Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=110|issue=26|pages=10699–704|bibcode=2013PNAS..11010699M|doi=10.1073/pnas.1306043110|pmc=3696785|pmid=23754394|quote=These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ∼60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies, together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Durvasula|first=Arun|last2=Sankararaman|first2=Sriram|date=2020-02-01|title=Recovering signals of ghost archaic introgression in African populations|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=6|issue=7|pages=eaax5097|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5097|issn=2375-2548|pmc=7015685|pmid=32095519|doi-access=free}}</ref> Omo-Kibish I (Omo I) from southern Ethiopia is the oldest anatomically modern Homo sapiens skeleton currently known (196 ± 5 ka).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hammond|first=Ashley S.|last2=Royer|first2=Danielle F.|last3=Fleagle|first3=John G.|date=Jul 2017|title=The Omo-Kibish I pelvis|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=108|pages=199–219|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004|issn=1095-8606|pmid=28552208}}</ref>


Genetic analysis done on the Afroasiatic speaking population found their African ancestry Ethiopic is tightly restricted to HoA populations, it further found that a pre-agricultural back-to-Africa migration into the Horn of Africa occurred through Egypt 23,000 years ago and it brought a non-African ancestry dubbed Ethio-Somali in the region, it is significantly differentiated from all neighboring non-African ancestries in North Africa, the Levant, and Arabia.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Jason A. Hodgson|author2=Connie J. Mulligan|author3=Ali Al-Meeri|author4=Ryan L. Raaum|date=12 June 2014|title=Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=10|issue=6|pages=e1004393|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393|pmc=4055572|pmid=24921250}}; {{cite journal|title=Supplementary Text S1: Affinities of the Ethio-Somali ancestry component|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393.s017|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Genetic analysis done on the Afroasiatic speaking population found their African ancestry Ethiopic is tightly restricted to HoA populations, it further found that a pre-agricultural back-to-Africa migration into the Horn of Africa occurred through Egypt 23,000 years ago and it brought a non-African ancestry dubbed Ethio-Somali in the region, it is significantly differentiated from all neighboring non-African ancestries in North Africa, the Levant, and Arabia.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Jason A. Hodgson|author2=Connie J. Mulligan|author3=Ali Al-Meeri|author4=Ryan L. Raaum|date=12 June 2014|title=Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=10|issue=6|pages=e1004393|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393|pmc=4055572|pmid=24921250}}; {{cite journal|title=Supplementary Text S1: Affinities of the Ethio-Somali ancestry component|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393.s017|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Revision as of 02:55, 11 May 2020

Somali man of Eastern Hamitic type (sculpture of The Races of Mankind series, 1929).

Ethiopid (also spelled Aethiopid, also called Erythriote) is a historical racial classification of humans. By some, it was called Eastern Hamitic.[1][2]

According to both genetic and fossil evidence Archaic Homo sapiens evolved into Anatomically modern Homo Sapiens solely in the Horn of Africa around 200,000 years ago and dispersed from the Horn of Africa.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Omo-Kibish I (Omo I) from southern Ethiopia is the oldest anatomically modern Homo sapiens skeleton currently known (196 ± 5 ka).[10]

Genetic analysis done on the Afroasiatic speaking population found their African ancestry Ethiopic is tightly restricted to HoA populations, it further found that a pre-agricultural back-to-Africa migration into the Horn of Africa occurred through Egypt 23,000 years ago and it brought a non-African ancestry dubbed Ethio-Somali in the region, it is significantly differentiated from all neighboring non-African ancestries in North Africa, the Levant, and Arabia.[11]

Ethiopids were typically classified as a Caucasoid (Europid) subrace.[12] According to John Baker (1974), in their stable form, their center of distribution was considered to be Horn of Africa, among that region's Hamito-Semitic-speaking populations.[1]

Baker described them as being of medium height, with a dolicocephalic or mesocephalic skull (see cephalic index), an essentially Caucasoid facial form, an orthognathic profile (no prognathism) and a rather prominent, narrow nose, often ringlety hair, and an invariably brown skin, with either a reddish or blackish tinge.[1]


See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Baker, John Randal (1974). Race. Oxford University Press. pp. 225–226. ISBN 978-0192129543. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  2. ^ Meyers Konversationslexikon 4th ed. (Leipzig, 1885–1890), ethnographic map.
  3. ^ Chan, Eva KF; Timmermann, Axel; Baldi, Benedetta F.; Moore, Andy E.; Lyons, Ruth J.; Lee, Sun-Seon; Kalsbeek, Anton MF; Petersen, Desiree C.; Rautenbach, Hannes; Förtsch, Hagen EA; Bornman, MS Riana; Hayes, Vanessa M. (28 October 2019). "Human origins in a southern African palaeo-wetland and first migrations". Nature. 575 (7781). Nature Research: 185–189. Bibcode:2019Natur.575..185C. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1714-1. PMID 31659339. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  4. ^ López, Saioa; van Dorp, Lucy; Hellenthal, Garrett (2016-04-21). "Human Dispersal Out of Africa: A Lasting Debate". Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online. 11 (Suppl 2): 57–68. doi:10.4137/EBO.S33489. ISSN 1176-9343. PMC 4844272. PMID 27127403.
  5. ^ Cabrera VM, Marrero P, Abu-Amero KK, Larruga JM (June 2018). "Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 18 (1): 98. doi:10.1186/s12862-018-1211-4. PMC 6009813. PMID 29921229.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ Holt, Brigitte M. (2015-01-01), Muehlenbein, Michael P. (ed.), "Chapter 13 - Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens", Basics in Human Evolution, Academic Press: 177–192, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-802652-6.00013-X, ISBN 978-0-12-802652-6, retrieved 2019-11-29
  7. ^ Ghirotto S; Penso-Dolfin L; Barbujani G. (Aug 2011). "Genomic evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route". Human Biology. 83 (4): 477–89. doi:10.3378/027.083.0403. PMID 21846205. Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs ago.
  8. ^ Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (Jun 2013). "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10699–704. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010699M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306043110. PMC 3696785. PMID 23754394. These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ∼60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies, together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.
  9. ^ Durvasula, Arun; Sankararaman, Sriram (2020-02-01). "Recovering signals of ghost archaic introgression in African populations". Science Advances. 6 (7): eaax5097. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax5097. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7015685. PMID 32095519.
  10. ^ Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (Jul 2017). "The Omo-Kibish I pelvis". Journal of Human Evolution. 108: 199–219. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004. ISSN 1095-8606. PMID 28552208.
  11. ^ Jason A. Hodgson; Connie J. Mulligan; Ali Al-Meeri; Ryan L. Raaum (12 June 2014). "Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa". PLOS Genetics. 10 (6): e1004393. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393. PMC 4055572. PMID 24921250.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link); "Supplementary Text S1: Affinities of the Ethio-Somali ancestry component". doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393.s017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ Simpson, George Eaton; Yinger, J. Milton (1985). The Meaning of Race. pp. 27–39. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0551-2_2. ISBN 978-0-306-41777-1. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
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