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{{Infobox scientist |
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| name = Edward Tryon |
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| birth_name = Edward Polk Tryon |
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| image = |
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|birth_name=Edward Polk Tryon |
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|image = |
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|9|4}} |
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| birth_place = [[Terre Haute, Indiana]] |
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|caption = |
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| death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|12|11|1940|9|4}} |
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|birth_date = September 4, 1940 (age 75) |
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| death_place = [[New York City]] |
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|birth_place = [[Terre Haute]], [[Indiana]]<br> [[United States]] |
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| residence = |
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|death_date = |
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| citizenship = United States |
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|death_place = |
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| field = [[Physicist]] |
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|residence = |
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| work_institutions = [[Columbia University]]<br>[[Hunter College of the City University of New York]] |
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|citizenship = United States |
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| alma_mater = [[Cornell University]]<br> [[University of California, Berkeley]] |
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|field = [[Physicist]] |
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| doctoral_advisor = [[Steven Weinberg]] |
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|work_institutions = [[Columbia University]]<br>[[Hunter College of the City University of New York]] |
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| doctoral_students = |
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| alma_mater = [[Cornell University]]<br> [[University of California, Berkeley]] |
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| known_for = Proposing the idea that our universe originated from a [[quantum fluctuation]] of the vacuum |
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|doctoral_advisor = [[Steven Weinberg]] |
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| influences = |
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|doctoral_students = |
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| influenced = |
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|known_for = Proposing the idea that our universe originated from a [[quantum fluctuation]] of the vacuum |
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| prizes = |
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|influences = |
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| footnotes = |
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|influenced = |
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| signature = |
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|prizes = |
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'''Edward P. Tryon''' ( |
'''Edward P. Tryon''' (September 4, 1940 – December 11, 2019) was an American scientist and a [[professor emeritus]] of [[physics]] at [[Hunter College]] of the [[City University of New York]] (CUNY).<ref name=Reynosa>{{cite web|last1=Reynosa|first1=Peter|title=Why Isn't Edward P. Tryon A World-famous Physicist?|date=16 March 2016 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-reynosa/why-isnt-edward-p-tryon-world-famous_b_9471504.html|publisher=Huffington Post|accessdate=March 23, 2016}}</ref> He was the first physicist to propose that our universe originated as a [[quantum fluctuation]] of the vacuum.<ref>Impey, p.411</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tryon|first1=Edward P.|title=Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?|date=1973 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v246/n5433/abs/246396a0.html|journal=Nature|volume=246 |issue=5433 |pages=396–397 |doi=10.1038/246396a0 |bibcode=1973Natur.246..396T |accessdate=March 26, 2016}}</ref> |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
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Tryon was born and raised in [[Terre Haute, Indiana]].<ref name="gribbin, p.303">gribbin, p.303</ref> He took his first physics course in his junior year at [[Wiley High School]].<ref>Parker, p.186</ref> |
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==Academia and intellectual influences== |
==Academia and intellectual influences== |
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Tryon entered [[Cornell University]] in 1958. He was influenced by Nobel Laureate [[Hans Bethe]], who was one of his professors. He was especially affected by advice that Bethe gave him: "Our intuition is based on our experiences in the [[macroscopic]] world. There is no reason to expect our intuition to be valid for [[microscopic]] phenomena."<ref>Parker, pp.186-187</ref> He graduated from Cornell University in 1962, earning a bachelor's degree in physics.<ref name="gribbin, p.303"/> He would then go on to do his graduate work at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. There he was very much influenced by [[Steven Weinberg]]. He took courses taught by Weinberg, who would later become a mentor to him.<ref>Parker, pp. 187-188</ref> His doctoral thesis focused on the relationship between [[general relativity]] and [[quantum field theory]]<ref>Parker, p.188</ref> and was titled: "Classical and Quantum Field-Theoretic Derivations of Gravitational Theory."<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Classical and Quantum Field-Theoretic Derivations of Gravitational Theory|bibcode=1967PhDT........32T|website=Harvard Education|last1=Tryon|first1=Edward Polk|year=1967}}</ref> He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with a PhD in physics in 1967. |
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==Career at Columbia University== |
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In 1967 he would begin working at Columbia University as a research assistant.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Reynosa|first1=Peter|title=Why Isn't Edward P. Tryon A World-famous Physicist?|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-reynosa/why-isnt-edward-p-tryon-world-famous_b_9471504.html|publisher=Huffington Post|accessdate=March 28, 2016}}</ref> In 1968 he began working as an assistant professor for Columbia University and he would work at this university until 1971.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Reynosa|first1=Peter|title=Why Isn't Edward P. Tryon A World-famous Physicist?|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-reynosa/why-isnt-edward-p-tryon-world-famous_b_9471504.html|publisher=Huffington Post|accessdate=March 28, 2016}}</ref> |
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==Dennis Sciama and the idea that the universe is a vacuum fluctuation== |
==Dennis Sciama and the idea that the universe is a vacuum fluctuation== |
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In 1969 (some versions of this story say 1970), Tryon was at a lecture taking place at Columbia University being given by British cosmologist Dennis Sciama.<ref> |
In 1969, (some versions of this story say 1970), Tryon was at a lecture taking place at [[Columbia University]] being given by British cosmologist [[Dennis Sciama]].<ref>Guth, p.12</ref> And when Sciama paused for a moment in his speaking, Tryon suddenly said out loud: "Maybe the universe is a vacuum fluctuation?"<ref>Gribbin, p.304</ref> Everyone laughed, assuming it was a joke.<ref>Vilenkin, p.183</ref> Embarrassed, he did not explain to anyone that this was not the case. Tryon says he only remembered this incident after he was reminded of it when he published a paper about this subject matter.<ref>Parker, p. 189</ref> |
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==Career== |
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==Hunter College of the City University of New York== |
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Tryon's specialization is in theoretical [[quark]] models, theoretical general relativity, and [[physical cosmology|cosmology]]. In 1973, he proposed that the universe is a large-scale [[quantum fluctuation]] in [[vacuum energy]]. This is called [[vacuum genesis]] or the [[zero-energy universe]] hypothesis. He has been quoted as saying, "the universe is simply one of those things that happens from time to time."<ref>Guth, p.14</ref> |
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In 1971 Tryon left Columbia University and began working at Hunter College of the City University of New York.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Parker|first1=Barry|title=Creation: The Story of the Origin and Evolution of the Universe|date=1988|publisher=Plenum Press|location=New York|isbn=0-306-42952-7|page=189|accessdate=March 28, 2016}}</ref> He would spend the rest of his academic career teaching as a professor at Hunter College. |
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In 1967, he began working at Columbia University as a research assistant. In 1968 he began working as an assistant professor and worked there until 1971.<ref name=Reynosa/> |
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==Is the universe a vacuum fluctuation?== |
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Tryon left Columbia University in 1971 and began working at Hunter College of the City University of New York, where he spent the rest of his academic career teaching as a professor. |
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In the early 1970s, there was still a strong belief among physicist that no one could speak about what came before the Big Bang and stay within the boundaries of science.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chaisson|first1=Eric|title=Cosmic Dawn: The Origins of Matter and Life|date=1981|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|location=New York|isbn=0-393-30587-2|page=42}}</ref> It was almost universally accepted that no scientist could explain why there is something and not nothing. This was the scientific climate Tryon existed in as he was getting settled at working at Hunter College. But soon after arriving at Hunter College he found himself in a writing project that he thought required him to do an exhaustive study of how modern science perceives our universe.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Parker|first1=Barry|title=Creation: The Story of the Origin and Evolution of the Universe|date=1988|publisher=Plenum Press|location=New York|isbn=0-306-42952-7|pages=189-190|accessdate=March 28, 2016}}</ref> And in studying the many ways cosmologist see our universe, he thought he discovered a way it might have come into existence that no one had ever thought of. And he then wrote his idea up as a scientific paper and tried to get it published. He submitted his paper to ''Physical Review Letters'', but they rejected it. He then sent it to the British scientific journal ''Nature'', hoping it might be accepted as a "letter to the editor." An editor from the journal didn't just accept it, but decided to make it a feature article.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guth|first1=Alan H.|title=The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins|date=1997|publisher=Perseus Publishing|location=New York|isbn=0-201-14942-7|page=271}}</ref> |
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==Is the universe a vacuum fluctuation?== |
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The paper came out in ''Nature'' in December, 1973, with the title: "Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tryon|first1=Edward P.|title="Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v246/n5433/abs/246396a0.html|publisher=Nature|accessdate=March 29, 2016}}</ref> It proposed the idea that our universe had originated from a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vuletic|first1=Mark I.|title=Creation ex nihilo-Without God|url=http://infidels.org/library/modern/mark_vuletic/vacuum.html|publisher=The Secular Web|accessdate=March 29, 2016}}</ref> The cosmologist Alexander Vilenkin said of the paper: "Now, what Tryon was suggesting was that our entire universe, with its vast amount of matter, was a huge quantum fluctuation, which somehow failed to disappear for more than ten billion years."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vilenkin|first1=Alex|title=Many Worlds in One: The Search for Other Universe|date=2006|publisher=Hill and Wang|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8090-9523-0|page=184}}</ref> And physicist Alan Guth made this comment about the paper: "In his controversial two-page paper, Tryon advanced the startling proposal that on rare occasions, whole universes might materialize from the vacuum, and our universe may have begun this way."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guth|first1=Alan H.|title=The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins|date=1997|publisher=Perseus Publishing|location=New York|isbn=0-201-14942-7|page=272|accessdate=March 29, 2016}}</ref> And this was the first time any scientist had used science to try to explain how our universe may have originated from nothing.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guth|first1=Alan H.|title=The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins|date=1997|publisher=Perseus Publishing|location=New York|isbn=0-201-14942-7|page=271|accessdate=March 29, 2016}}</ref> |
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In the early 1970s, most physicists believed that, within the boundaries of science, one could not speak about what came before the [[Big Bang]].<ref>Chaisson, p.42</ref> It was almost universally accepted that no scientist could explain why there is something and not nothing. This was the scientific climate as Tryon was settling into working at Hunter College. But soon after arriving he found himself in a writing project that he thought required him to do an exhaustive study of how modern science perceives our universe.<ref>Parker, pp. 189-190</ref> In studying the many ways cosmologists see our universe, he thought he had discovered a totally new way that it might have come into existence. He then wrote his idea up as a scientific paper and tried to get it published. He submitted it to ''Physical Review Letters'', but they rejected it. He then sent it to the British scientific journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', hoping it might be accepted as a "letter to the editor". An editor from the journal did not just accept it, but decided to make it a feature article.<ref name="Guth, p.271">Guth, p.271</ref> |
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In his paper, Tryon first deals with the idea of how our universe could have come from nothing and stay within the laws of physics. The first law of thermodynamics says energy can be neither created nor destroyed. But Tryon knows that our universe can come from nothing without breaking the law of the conservation of energy. He mentions how our universe could have zero energy in it. He describes how all the mass energy which is positive and all the gravitational energy which is negative cancel each other out, leaving us with a universe with zero energy. And this is how our universe could have begun from zero energy, nothing. And he gives credit for the learning of this idea from the general relativist Peter Bergmann.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tryon|first1=Edward P.|title=Is The Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v246/n5433/abs/246396a0.html|publisher=Nature|accessdate=March 29, 2016}}</ref> And the person who first discovered the idea that we might live in a universe equaling zero because mass positive energy is equal to gravitation negative energy was the physicist Richard C. Tolman. And because Tryon believed our universe was equal to zero energy, this was why in his paper Tryon said: "If this be the case, then our Universe could have appeared from nowhere without violating any conservation laws." |
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The paper appeared in ''Nature'' in December, 1973, with the title: "Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?"<ref name=Tryon>{{cite journal|last1=Tryon|first1=Edward P.|title=Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?|date=1973 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v246/n5433/abs/246396a0.html|journal=Nature|volume=246 |issue=5433 |pages=396–397 |doi=10.1038/246396a0 |bibcode=1973Natur.246..396T |accessdate=March 29, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318202953/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v246/n5433/abs/246396a0.html|archivedate=March 18, 2017}}</ref> It proposed the idea that our universe had originated from a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vuletic|first1=Mark I.|title=Creation ex nihilo-Without God|url=http://infidels.org/library/modern/mark_vuletic/vacuum.html|publisher=The Secular Web|accessdate=March 29, 2016}}</ref> The cosmologist [[Alexander Vilenkin]] said of the paper: "Now, what Tryon was suggesting was that our entire universe, with its vast amount of matter, was a huge quantum fluctuation, which somehow failed to disappear for more than ten billion years."<ref>Vilenkin, p.184</ref> Physicist [[Alan Guth]] made this comment about the paper: "In his controversial two-page paper, Tryon advanced the startling proposal that on rare occasions, whole universes might materialize from the vacuum, and our universe may have begun this way."<ref>Guth, p.272</ref> This was the first time any scientist had used science to try to explain how our universe may have originated from nothing.<ref name="Guth, p.271"/> |
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Tryon then goes on to describe how our universe could have come from a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum. And he does this by simply applying our current scientific laws to that era before our universe was here. And since quantum mechanics and quantum field theory exist in our universe, so he applies it to the place that is before our universe was. And like many physicists he believes that a vacuum, or empty space, existed before our universe existed. To a regular person empty space means nothing, but to a physicist empty space, or nothing, is never either empty space or nothing. To a physicist, empty space can never truly be empty. In physics, because of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, every vacuum has something in it. At the quantum level in our universe because of the uncertainty principle, the law of the conservation of energy can be broken for just a brief moment, causing virtual particles to pop in and out of existence. And so Tryon says in the vacuum that was here before our universe was here virtual particles also existed. And these quantum fluctuations from nothing (the vacuum) eventually led to one of these particles popping into existence and becoming our universe.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gleiser|first1=Marcelo|title=The Dancing Universe: From Creation Myths to the Big Bang|date=1997|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York|isbn=0-525-94112-6|page=307|accessdate=March 29, 2016}}</ref> |
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In his paper, Tryon first deals with the idea of how our universe could have come from nothing and yet respect the laws of physics. Following the [[first law of thermodynamics]], energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Tryon needed to assert that our universe could come from nothing without breaking this law of the conservation of energy. He theorized that all the positive energy from mass and all the negative energy from gravity cancel, giving a universe with zero energy. Tryon gives credit for learning this idea from the general relativist [[Peter Bergmann]].<ref name=Tryon/> The person who first proposed the idea that we might live in a universe with zero net energy because positive energy from mass cancels the negative energy from gravity was the physicist [[Richard C. Tolman]]. Because Tryon believed our universe has zero net energy, in his paper Tryon wrote: "If this be the case, then our Universe could have appeared from nowhere without violating any conservation laws." |
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Tryon is not able to explain how one of these virtual particles grows to become a universe like ours, but he does say in his paper "that the laws of physics place no limit on the scale of vacuum fluctuations." And he also mentions in his paper how "vacuum fluctuations of our Universe are probably quite rare." |
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Tryon then went on to describe how our universe could have come from a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum. He did this by simply applying the currently known scientific laws, including [[quantum mechanics]] and [[quantum field theory]], to the era before our currently-known universe was present. Like many physicists he believed that a vacuum, or empty space, existed before our universe existed. According to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, an apparent vacuum with no matter can support ''vacuum'' fluctuations. At the [[Quantum levels|quantum level]], because of the [[uncertainty principle]], the law of the conservation of energy can be broken for just a brief moment, causing virtual particles to pop in and out of existence. Tryon says virtual particles also existed in the vacuum that was here before our universe existed, and these quantum fluctuations from nothing (the vacuum) eventually led to one of these particles popping into existence and becoming our universe.<ref>Gleiser, p.307</ref> |
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And while Tryon was the first person to say how our universe was a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum, the German physicist Pascual Jordan was the first person to talk about how a star might be created from the vacuum by a quantum transition. In the 1930s a lot of physicists were looking how to explain if we lived in a continuous universe (an eternal one, always here), where was matter coming from. Jordan knew how a sun's mass positive energy could cancel out its gravitational negative energy, leaving a sun with zero energy. And this led him to speculate what would prevent a quantum transition from the vacuum from creating a new sun.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gribbib|first1=John|title=In Search of the Big Bang: The Life and Death of the Universe|date=1986|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York|isbn=0-14-026989-4|page=344|edition=Second Edition|accessdate=March 30, 2016}}</ref> And Jordan was not suggesting that our universe could have come about by a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum, but how matter might be generated if we existed in an eternal (always here) universe. |
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Tryon was not able to explain how one of these virtual particles grows to become a universe like ours, but he does say in his paper "that the laws of physics place no limit on the scale of vacuum fluctuations". He also mentions in his paper how "vacuum fluctuations of our Universe are probably quite rare". |
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And in the early 1970s, a Ukrainian from Soviet Russia named P. I. Fomin (Peter Ivanovych Fomin) seems to have independently came up with the idea that our universe could have come about by a quantum process.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gribbin|first1=John|title=In Search of the Big Bang: The Life and Death of the Universe|date=1986|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York|isbn=0-14-026989-4|page=344|edition=Second|accessdate=March 30, 2016}}</ref> But he did not publish anything until 1975, almost two years after Tryon came out with his paper, causing scientists to give Tryon credit for coming up with this idea first. |
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Although Tryon was the first person to suggest that our universe developed from a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum, the German physicist [[Pascual Jordan]] was the first person to talk about how a star might be created from the vacuum by a quantum transition. In the 1930s a number of physicists were looking at how to explain how matter arose if we lived in a continual, eternal, universe. Jordan knew how a sun's mass positive energy could cancel out its gravitational negative energy, leaving a sun with zero energy. This led him to speculate what would prevent a quantum transition from the vacuum from creating a new sun.<ref name="Gribbin, p.344">Gribbin, p.344</ref> Jordan did not suggest that our universe could have come about by a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum, but rather how matter might be generated within an eternal universe. |
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Tryon also believed this quantum event was without a purpose or cause. In essence, he was saying "that our universe could have originated in this way and emphasized such a creation event would not require a cause."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vilenkin|first1=Alex|title=Many Worlds in One: The Search for Other Universes|date=2006|publisher=Hill and Wang|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8090-9523-0|pages=184-185|accessdate=March 30, 2016}}</ref> And this is why in his paper he would say the sentence: "In answer to the question of why it happened, I offer the modest proposal that our Universe is simply one of those things which happen from time to time." |
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In the early 1970s, P. I. Fomin (Peter Ivanovych Fomin, a Ukrainian from Soviet Russia) seems to have independently come up with the idea that our universe could have arisen by a quantum process.<ref name="Gribbin, p.344"/> However, he did not publish until 1975, almost two years after Tryon, so the scientific community gave Tryon credit for coming up with this idea first. |
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And even though from this paper one is given the impression and sensation that the mystery of where our universe came from is solved, it is not. For in his paper he mentions how there is this "larger space in which our Universe is imbedded," but this place that existed before our universe existed is given only a very vague and short description. And while Tryon says our universe came into being by an accident from the laws of physics, he does not say what created the laws of physics, leaving the mystery not to be yet solved. |
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Tryon also believed that this quantum event had no purpose or cause. In essence, he was saying "that our universe could have originated in this way and emphasized such a creation event would not require a cause".<ref>Vilenkin, pp. 184-185</ref> This is why Tryon wrote: "In answer to the question of why it happened, I offer the modest proposal that our Universe is simply one of those things which happen from time to time". |
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==Reception of his paper== |
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Although Tryon's paper gives the impression that the mystery of where our universe originated is solved, it is not. His paper mentions how there is this "larger space in which our Universe is embedded," but this idea is given only a very vague and short description. Further, although Tryon proposed that our universe came into being from an accident allowed by the laws of physics, he does not indicate what created the laws of physics, leaving the mystery of the creation of the universe incompletely resolved. |
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When his paper came out in 1ate 1973, it was not attacked by other physicists or publicly rejected by the scientific community. It was just ignored. "Science just unnoticeably ignored him in a silent quietness of Indifference."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Reynosa|first1=Peter|title=Why Isn't Edward P. Tryon A World-famous Physicist?|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-reynosa/why-isnt-edward-p-tryon-world-famous_b_9471504.html|publisher=Huffington Post|accessdate=March 30, 2016}}</ref> And there were several legitimate reasons why there were scientists who were very skeptical of his paper. Many thought it too speculative, lacking a good mathematical foundation, and also wrong in stating that if this kind of universe existed it would be made of equal parts matter and antimatter.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Reynosa|first1=Peter|title=Why Isn't Edward P. Tryon A World-famous Physicist?|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-reynosa/why-isnt-edward-p-tryon-world-famous_b_9471504.html|publisher=Huffington Post|accessdate=March 30, 2016}}</ref> His idea of our universe being created out of nothing was not controversial at that time because nobody was taking his idea seriously and so nobody took time to notice if this part of his idea was important or unimportant. Yet the real reason his idea was not even considered a serious proposal was because he was arguing that our universe could come from a tiny particle. It was this part of his idea (the essence of it) that completely made it a thing too preposterous to be worth commenting on. And Tryon could not explain how this tiny particle grew into our very old and very large universe.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vilenkin|first1=Alex|title=Many Worlds in One: The Search for Other Universes|date=2006|publisher=Hill and Want|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8090-9523-0|page=185|accessdate=March 30, 2016}}</ref> Quantum fluctuations usually live a very short life, and it seemed impossible to imagine one lasting billions of years.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guth|first1=Alan H.|title=The Infaltionary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins|date=1997|publisher=Perseus Publishing|location=New York|isbn=0-201-14942-7|page=272|accessdate=March 30, 2016}}</ref> |
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==Inflationary theory== |
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In January of 1980, a physicist from America named Alan Guth presented a scientific theory that most physicists at first found very bizarre. What if at the very early stage of our universe, gravity for a very short time was a repulsive force that inflated our universe? And this theory would be called inflationary theory and soon it would be very much promoted by Guth and several other very prominent physicists. And the theory seemed to solve the horizon problem, the flatness problem, and the monopole problem that had plagued the Big Bang.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Reynosa|first1=Peter|title=Why Isn't Edward P. Tryon A World-famous Physicist?|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-reynosa/why-isnt-edward-p-tryon-world-famous_b_9471504.html|publisher=Huffington Post|accessdate=March 30, 2016}}</ref> And even though Guth was not trying to argue for Tryon's idea that a universe could grow from a very tiny particle, he was. Very soon the idea that our universe could have originated from a tiny particle by way of a quantum process and then get inflated to be a universe of our age and size became easy for the scientific community to accept. And in 1982 Alexander Vilenkin of Tuft University came out with a theory how our universe could have originated as a process of quantum tunneling and he would claim our universe would come from nothing. And many physicists took his idea very seriously, and a lot of it had to do with the fact that the idea of our universe coming from a tiny particle was now widely seen as a genuine possibility because of inflationary theory. |
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==Career== |
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Tryon's specialization is in theoretical [[quark]] models, theoretical [[general relativity]], and [[physical cosmology|cosmology]]. In 1973, he proposed that the universe is a large-scale [[quantum fluctuation]] in [[vacuum energy]]. This is called [[vacuum genesis]] or the [[zero-energy universe]] hypothesis. He has been quoted as saying, "the universe is simply one of those things that happens from time to time."<ref>Holt, Jim (1994). [http://dbanach.com/holt.htm "Nothing Ventured"] DBanach.com (accessed August 21, 2006)</ref> |
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==Works== |
==Works== |
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* Tryon, Edward P. "Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?", in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', 246(1973), pp. 396–397. |
* Tryon, Edward P. "Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?", in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', 246(1973), pp. 396–397. |
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==See also == |
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* [[Zero-energy universe]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==Primary sources== |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Chaisson|first1=Eric|title=Cosmic Dawn: The Origins of Matter and Life|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|location=New York|year=1981|isbn=978-0-393-30587-6|url=https://archive.org/details/cosmicdawnorigin00chai_0}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Gleiser|first1=Marcelo|title=The Dancing Universe: From Creation Myths to the Big Bang|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York|year=1997|isbn=978-0-525-94112-5|url=https://archive.org/details/dancinguniversef00glei}} |
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*{{Cite book|last1=Gribbin|first1=John|title=In Search of the Big Bang: The Life and Death of the Universe|year=2008|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-026989-5|bibcode=1998isbb.book.....G}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Guth|first1=Alan H.|title=The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|year=1997|isbn=978-0-201-14942-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/inflationaryuniv0000guth}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Impey|first1=Chris|title=How it Began: A Time-Traveler's Guide to the Universe|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|location=New York|year=2012|isbn=978-0-393-08002-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/howitbegantimetr0000impe}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Parker|first1=Barry|title=Creation: The Story of the Origin and Evolution of the Universe|url=https://archive.org/details/creationstoryofo0000park|url-access=registration|publisher=Plenum Press|location=New York|year=1998|isbn=978-0-306-42952-1}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Vilenkin|first1=Alex|title=Many Worlds in One: The Search for Other Universes|publisher=Hill and Wang|location=New York|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8090-9523-0|url=https://archive.org/details/manyworldsinoneo00vile}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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Latest revision as of 03:26, 30 October 2024
Edward Tryon | |
|---|---|
| Born | Edward Polk Tryon September 4, 1940 |
| Died | December 11, 2019 (aged 79) |
| Citizenship | United States |
| Alma mater | Cornell University University of California, Berkeley |
| Known for | Proposing the idea that our universe originated from a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Physicist |
| Institutions | Columbia University Hunter College of the City University of New York |
| Doctoral advisor | Steven Weinberg |
Edward P. Tryon (September 4, 1940 – December 11, 2019) was an American scientist and a professor emeritus of physics at Hunter College of the City University of New York (CUNY).[1] He was the first physicist to propose that our universe originated as a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum.[2][3]
Early life
[edit]Tryon was born and raised in Terre Haute, Indiana.[4] He took his first physics course in his junior year at Wiley High School.[5]
Academia and intellectual influences
[edit]Tryon entered Cornell University in 1958. He was influenced by Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe, who was one of his professors. He was especially affected by advice that Bethe gave him: "Our intuition is based on our experiences in the macroscopic world. There is no reason to expect our intuition to be valid for microscopic phenomena."[6] He graduated from Cornell University in 1962, earning a bachelor's degree in physics.[4] He would then go on to do his graduate work at the University of California, Berkeley. There he was very much influenced by Steven Weinberg. He took courses taught by Weinberg, who would later become a mentor to him.[7] His doctoral thesis focused on the relationship between general relativity and quantum field theory[8] and was titled: "Classical and Quantum Field-Theoretic Derivations of Gravitational Theory."[9] He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with a PhD in physics in 1967.
Dennis Sciama and the idea that the universe is a vacuum fluctuation
[edit]In 1969, (some versions of this story say 1970), Tryon was at a lecture taking place at Columbia University being given by British cosmologist Dennis Sciama.[10] And when Sciama paused for a moment in his speaking, Tryon suddenly said out loud: "Maybe the universe is a vacuum fluctuation?"[11] Everyone laughed, assuming it was a joke.[12] Embarrassed, he did not explain to anyone that this was not the case. Tryon says he only remembered this incident after he was reminded of it when he published a paper about this subject matter.[13]
Career
[edit]Tryon's specialization is in theoretical quark models, theoretical general relativity, and cosmology. In 1973, he proposed that the universe is a large-scale quantum fluctuation in vacuum energy. This is called vacuum genesis or the zero-energy universe hypothesis. He has been quoted as saying, "the universe is simply one of those things that happens from time to time."[14]
In 1967, he began working at Columbia University as a research assistant. In 1968 he began working as an assistant professor and worked there until 1971.[1]
Tryon left Columbia University in 1971 and began working at Hunter College of the City University of New York, where he spent the rest of his academic career teaching as a professor.
Is the universe a vacuum fluctuation?
[edit]In the early 1970s, most physicists believed that, within the boundaries of science, one could not speak about what came before the Big Bang.[15] It was almost universally accepted that no scientist could explain why there is something and not nothing. This was the scientific climate as Tryon was settling into working at Hunter College. But soon after arriving he found himself in a writing project that he thought required him to do an exhaustive study of how modern science perceives our universe.[16] In studying the many ways cosmologists see our universe, he thought he had discovered a totally new way that it might have come into existence. He then wrote his idea up as a scientific paper and tried to get it published. He submitted it to Physical Review Letters, but they rejected it. He then sent it to the British scientific journal Nature, hoping it might be accepted as a "letter to the editor". An editor from the journal did not just accept it, but decided to make it a feature article.[17]
The paper appeared in Nature in December, 1973, with the title: "Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?"[18] It proposed the idea that our universe had originated from a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum.[19] The cosmologist Alexander Vilenkin said of the paper: "Now, what Tryon was suggesting was that our entire universe, with its vast amount of matter, was a huge quantum fluctuation, which somehow failed to disappear for more than ten billion years."[20] Physicist Alan Guth made this comment about the paper: "In his controversial two-page paper, Tryon advanced the startling proposal that on rare occasions, whole universes might materialize from the vacuum, and our universe may have begun this way."[21] This was the first time any scientist had used science to try to explain how our universe may have originated from nothing.[17]
In his paper, Tryon first deals with the idea of how our universe could have come from nothing and yet respect the laws of physics. Following the first law of thermodynamics, energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Tryon needed to assert that our universe could come from nothing without breaking this law of the conservation of energy. He theorized that all the positive energy from mass and all the negative energy from gravity cancel, giving a universe with zero energy. Tryon gives credit for learning this idea from the general relativist Peter Bergmann.[18] The person who first proposed the idea that we might live in a universe with zero net energy because positive energy from mass cancels the negative energy from gravity was the physicist Richard C. Tolman. Because Tryon believed our universe has zero net energy, in his paper Tryon wrote: "If this be the case, then our Universe could have appeared from nowhere without violating any conservation laws."
Tryon then went on to describe how our universe could have come from a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum. He did this by simply applying the currently known scientific laws, including quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, to the era before our currently-known universe was present. Like many physicists he believed that a vacuum, or empty space, existed before our universe existed. According to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, an apparent vacuum with no matter can support vacuum fluctuations. At the quantum level, because of the uncertainty principle, the law of the conservation of energy can be broken for just a brief moment, causing virtual particles to pop in and out of existence. Tryon says virtual particles also existed in the vacuum that was here before our universe existed, and these quantum fluctuations from nothing (the vacuum) eventually led to one of these particles popping into existence and becoming our universe.[22]
Tryon was not able to explain how one of these virtual particles grows to become a universe like ours, but he does say in his paper "that the laws of physics place no limit on the scale of vacuum fluctuations". He also mentions in his paper how "vacuum fluctuations of our Universe are probably quite rare".
Although Tryon was the first person to suggest that our universe developed from a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum, the German physicist Pascual Jordan was the first person to talk about how a star might be created from the vacuum by a quantum transition. In the 1930s a number of physicists were looking at how to explain how matter arose if we lived in a continual, eternal, universe. Jordan knew how a sun's mass positive energy could cancel out its gravitational negative energy, leaving a sun with zero energy. This led him to speculate what would prevent a quantum transition from the vacuum from creating a new sun.[23] Jordan did not suggest that our universe could have come about by a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum, but rather how matter might be generated within an eternal universe.
In the early 1970s, P. I. Fomin (Peter Ivanovych Fomin, a Ukrainian from Soviet Russia) seems to have independently come up with the idea that our universe could have arisen by a quantum process.[23] However, he did not publish until 1975, almost two years after Tryon, so the scientific community gave Tryon credit for coming up with this idea first.
Tryon also believed that this quantum event had no purpose or cause. In essence, he was saying "that our universe could have originated in this way and emphasized such a creation event would not require a cause".[24] This is why Tryon wrote: "In answer to the question of why it happened, I offer the modest proposal that our Universe is simply one of those things which happen from time to time".
Although Tryon's paper gives the impression that the mystery of where our universe originated is solved, it is not. His paper mentions how there is this "larger space in which our Universe is embedded," but this idea is given only a very vague and short description. Further, although Tryon proposed that our universe came into being from an accident allowed by the laws of physics, he does not indicate what created the laws of physics, leaving the mystery of the creation of the universe incompletely resolved.
Works
[edit]- Tryon, Edward P. "Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?", in Nature, 246(1973), pp. 396–397.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Reynosa, Peter (16 March 2016). "Why Isn't Edward P. Tryon A World-famous Physicist?". Huffington Post. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
- ^ Impey, p.411
- ^ Tryon, Edward P. (1973). "Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?". Nature. 246 (5433): 396–397. Bibcode:1973Natur.246..396T. doi:10.1038/246396a0. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
- ^ a b gribbin, p.303
- ^ Parker, p.186
- ^ Parker, pp.186-187
- ^ Parker, pp. 187-188
- ^ Parker, p.188
- ^ Tryon, Edward Polk (1967). "Classical and Quantum Field-Theoretic Derivations of Gravitational Theory". Harvard Education. Bibcode:1967PhDT........32T.
- ^ Guth, p.12
- ^ Gribbin, p.304
- ^ Vilenkin, p.183
- ^ Parker, p. 189
- ^ Guth, p.14
- ^ Chaisson, p.42
- ^ Parker, pp. 189-190
- ^ a b Guth, p.271
- ^ a b Tryon, Edward P. (1973). "Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?". Nature. 246 (5433): 396–397. Bibcode:1973Natur.246..396T. doi:10.1038/246396a0. Archived from the original on March 18, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
- ^ Vuletic, Mark I. "Creation ex nihilo-Without God". The Secular Web. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
- ^ Vilenkin, p.184
- ^ Guth, p.272
- ^ Gleiser, p.307
- ^ a b Gribbin, p.344
- ^ Vilenkin, pp. 184-185
Primary sources
[edit]- Chaisson, Eric (1981). Cosmic Dawn: The Origins of Matter and Life. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-30587-6.
- Gleiser, Marcelo (1997). The Dancing Universe: From Creation Myths to the Big Bang. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-525-94112-5.
- Gribbin, John (2008). In Search of the Big Bang: The Life and Death of the Universe. Penguin Books. Bibcode:1998isbb.book.....G. ISBN 978-0-14-026989-5.
- Guth, Alan H. (1997). The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-201-14942-5.
- Impey, Chris (2012). How it Began: A Time-Traveler's Guide to the Universe. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-08002-5.
- Parker, Barry (1998). Creation: The Story of the Origin and Evolution of the Universe. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 978-0-306-42952-1.
- Vilenkin, Alex (2006). Many Worlds in One: The Search for Other Universes. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN 978-0-8090-9523-0.