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The '''Easter Bunny''' (also called the '''Easter Rabbit''' or '''Easter Hare''') is a [[Folklore|folkloric]] figure and symbol of [[Easter]], depicted as a [[rabbit]]—sometimes dressed with clothes—bringing [[Easter egg]]s. Originating among German [[Lutheran]]s, the "Easter Hare" originally played the role of a judge, evaluating whether children were good or disobedient in behavior at the start of the season of [[Eastertide]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Cross|first=Gary|title=Wondrous Innocence and Modern American Children's Culture|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195348132}}</ref> similar to the "naughty or nice" list made by [[Santa Claus]]. As part of the legend, the creature carries colored eggs in its basket, as well as candy, and sometimes toys, to the homes of children. As such, the Easter Bunny again shows similarities to Santa (or the [[Christkind]]) and [[Christmas]] by bringing gifts to children on the night before a holiday. The custom was first<ref>Effron, Lauren. "[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna36149164 How's the bunny connected to Easter?]" ''NBCnews.com,'' Apr. 2, 2010.</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2017}} mentioned in [[Georg Franck von Franckenau]]'s ''De ovis paschalibus''<ref>{{Cite book | first=Georg |last=Franck von Franckenau | author-link=Georg Franck von Franckenau | title=Disputatione ordinaria disquirens de ovis paschalibus / von Oster-Eyern | place=Heidelberg | year=1682 | series=Satyrae Medicae | volume=XVIII | page=6 | url=https://www.europeana.eu/resolve/record/09428/16F89A4DE8E09EA88DE2CFDFC5443B4D04B40E1F | access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref> ("About Easter Eggs") in 1682, referring to a German tradition of an Easter Hare bringing eggs for the children.
The '''Easter Bunny''' (also called the '''Easter Rabbit''' or '''Easter Hare''') is a [[Folklore|folkloric]] figure and symbol of [[Easter]], depicted as a [[rabbit]]—sometimes dressed with clothes—bringing [[Easter egg]]s. Originating among German [[Lutheran]]s, the "Easter Hare" originally played the role of a judge, evaluating whether children were good or disobedient in behavior at the start of the season of [[Eastertide]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Cross|first=Gary|title=Wondrous Innocence and Modern American Children's Culture|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195348132}}</ref> similar to the "naughty or nice" list made by [[Santa Claus]]. As part of the legend, the creature carries colored eggs in its basket, as well as candy, and sometimes toys, to the homes of children. As such, the Easter Bunny again shows similarities to Santa (or the [[Christkind]]) and [[Christmas]] by bringing gifts to children on the night before a holiday. The custom was first mentioned in [[Georg Franck von Franckenau]]'s ''De ovis paschalibus'' ("About Easter Eggs") in 1682, referring to a German tradition of an Easter Hare bringing eggs for the children.<ref>{{Cite book | first=Georg |last=Franck von Franckenau | author-link=Georg Franck von Franckenau | title=Disputatione ordinaria disquirens de ovis paschalibus / von Oster-Eyern | place=Heidelberg | year=1682 | series=Satyrae Medicae | volume=XVIII | page=6 | url=https://www.europeana.eu/resolve/record/09428/16F89A4DE8E09EA88DE2CFDFC5443B4D04B40E1F | access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref><ref>Winick, Stephen. "[https://blogs.loc.gov/folklife/2016/03/easter-bunny/ On the Bunny Trail: In Search of the Easter Bunny]," ''LOC Blogs,'' Mar. 22, 2016. Retrieved Mar. 24, 2024.</ref>


==Symbols==
==Symbols==

Revision as of 04:00, 25 March 2024

Easter Bunny
A 1907 postcard featuring the Easter Bunny
GroupingLegendary creature
Sub groupingAnimal
FolkloreFolkloric figure and symbol of Easter
Other name(s)Easter Rabbit, Easter Hare
CountryGermany

The Easter Bunny (also called the Easter Rabbit or Easter Hare) is a folkloric figure and symbol of Easter, depicted as a rabbit—sometimes dressed with clothes—bringing Easter eggs. Originating among German Lutherans, the "Easter Hare" originally played the role of a judge, evaluating whether children were good or disobedient in behavior at the start of the season of Eastertide,[1] similar to the "naughty or nice" list made by Santa Claus. As part of the legend, the creature carries colored eggs in its basket, as well as candy, and sometimes toys, to the homes of children. As such, the Easter Bunny again shows similarities to Santa (or the Christkind) and Christmas by bringing gifts to children on the night before a holiday. The custom was first mentioned in Georg Franck von Franckenau's De ovis paschalibus ("About Easter Eggs") in 1682, referring to a German tradition of an Easter Hare bringing eggs for the children.[2][3]

Symbols

Rabbits and hares

Inflatable Easter Bunny in front of San Francisco City Hall

The hare was a popular motif in medieval church art. In ancient times, it was widely believed (as by Pliny, Plutarch, Philostratus, and Aelian) that the hare was a hermaphrodite.[4][5][6] The idea that a hare could reproduce without loss of virginity led to an association with the Virgin Mary, with hares sometimes occurring in illuminated manuscripts and Northern European paintings of the Virgin and Christ Child. It may also have been associated with the Holy Trinity, as in the three hares motif.[4][7][unreliable source?][8]

Eggs

Main articles: Easter egg and Egg decorating

Scholars often posit that eggs have been used as fertility symbols since antiquity.[9][10] Eggs became a symbol in Christianity associated with rebirth as early as the 1st century AD via the iconography of the phoenix egg and they became associated with Easter specifically in medieval Europe when eating them was prohibited during the fast of Lent. A common practice in England at that time was for children to go door-to-door begging for eggs on the Saturday before Lent began. People handed out eggs as special treats for children prior to their fast.[11]

As a special dish, eggs would probably have been decorated as part of the Easter celebrations. Later, German Protestants retained the custom of eating colored eggs for Easter, though they did not continue the tradition of fasting.[12] Eggs boiled with some flowers change their color, bringing the spring into the homes, and some over time added the custom of decorating the eggs.[13] Many Christians of the Eastern Orthodox Church to this day typically dye their Easter eggs red,[14] the color of blood, in recognition of the blood of the sacrificed Christ (and, of the renewal of life in springtime). Some also use the color green, in honor of the new foliage emerging after the long-dead time of winter. The Ukrainian art of decorating eggs, known as pysanky, dates to ancient, pre-Christian times. Similar variants of this form of artwork are seen among other eastern and central European cultures.[15]

The idea of an egg-giving hare went to the U.S. in the 18th century. Protestant German immigrants in the Pennsylvania Dutch area told their children about the "Osterhase" (sometimes spelled "Oschter Haws"[16]). Hase means "hare", not rabbit, and in Northwest European folklore the "Easter Bunny" indeed is a hare. According to the legend, only good children received gifts of colored eggs in the nests that they made in their caps and bonnets before Easter.[17]

Alleged association with Ēostre

In a publication from 1874 German philologist Adolf Holtzmann stated "The Easter Hare is unintelligible to me, but probably the hare was the sacred animal of Ostara".[18] The connection between Easter and that goddess had been made by Jacob Grimm in his 1835 Deutsche Mythologie.[19] This proposed association was repeated by other authors including Charles Isaac Elton[20] and Charles J. Billson.[21] In 1961 Christina Hole wrote, "The hare was the sacred beast of Eastre (or Ēostre), a Saxon goddess of Spring and of the dawn."[22][page needed] The belief that Ēostre had a hare companion who became the Easter Bunny was popularized when it was presented as fact in the BBC documentary Shadow of the Hare (1993).[23]

The Oxford Dictionary of English Folklore however states "nowadays, many writers claim that hares were sacred to the Anglo-Saxon goddess Ēostre, but there is no shred of evidence for this; Bede, the only writer to mention Ēostre, does not link her with any animal".[24]

A legend often encountered in contemporary times is that Eostre freed a frozen bird from a tree branch by turning it into a hare. It still continued to lay eggs but, having no use for them anymore and in gratitude to the goddess, gave them away.[25][26] This has no basis in any authentic, pre-Christian folklore, myth or religion and only appears to date from 1883, first published by K. A. Oberle in a book in German and later quoted by H. Krebs in a notes section in the journal Folk-Lore, also in 1883. His quote is as follows:

Some time ago the question was raised how it came that, according to South German still prevailing folk-lore, the Hare is believed by children to lay the Easter-eggs. I venture now to offer a probable answer to it. Originally the hare seems to have been a bird which the ancient Teutonic goddess Ostara (the Anglo-Saxon Eàstre or Eostre, as Bede calls her) transformed into a quadruped. For this reason the Hare, in grateful recollection of its former quality as bird and swift messenger of the Spring-Goddess, is able to lay eggs on her festival at Easter-time.[27]

See also

References

  1. ^ Cross, Gary (2004). Wondrous Innocence and Modern American Children's Culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195348132.
  2. ^ Franck von Franckenau, Georg (1682). Disputatione ordinaria disquirens de ovis paschalibus / von Oster-Eyern. Satyrae Medicae. Vol. XVIII. Heidelberg. p. 6. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  3. ^ Winick, Stephen. "On the Bunny Trail: In Search of the Easter Bunny," LOC Blogs, Mar. 22, 2016. Retrieved Mar. 24, 2024.
  4. ^ a b Chapman, Chris (2004). "What does the Symbol Mean?". Three Hares Project. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  5. ^ Marta Powell Harley (1985). "Rosalind, the hare, and the hyena in Shakespeare's As You Like It". Shakespeare Quarterly. 36 (3): 335–337. doi:10.2307/2869713. JSTOR 2869713. Archived from the original on 2023-04-09. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  6. ^ "Sir Thomas Browne (1646; 6th ed., 1672) Pseudodoxia Epidemica III:xvii (pp. 162–166)". Archived from the original on 2023-04-09. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
  7. ^ "Three Hares as representation of the Trinity". Threehares.blogspot.com. 2006-02-25. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
  8. ^ Lewis-Stempel, John (2019). The Private Life of the Hare. Transworld. ISBN 9781473542501.
  9. ^ Heller, Steven (April 2014). "Seeing Rabbits". Academic Search Complete. Vol. 68, no. 2.
  10. ^ Winick, Stephen (March 2016). "On the Bunny Trail: In Search of the Easter Bunny". Folklife Today.
  11. ^ D'Costa, Krystal. "Beyond Ishtar: The Tradition of Eggs at Easter". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  12. ^ Shrove Tuesday Pancakes! Archived 2006-12-09 at the Wayback Machine by Bridget Haggerty – Irish Culture & Customs, World Cultures European, paragraph 5 line 2 refers to the Catholic custom of abstaining from eggs during Lent. Accessed 3/1/08
  13. ^ Snodgrass, Lucie L. (March 2005). "DYED IN Tradition". Academic Search Complete. No. 329. Vegetarian Times.
  14. ^ How To Dye Red Eggs with Onion Skins for Greek Easter Archived 2021-02-13 at the Wayback Machine by Nancy Gaifyllia from Your Guide to Greek Food on About.Com Accessed April 9, 2008
  15. ^ Hallett, Vicky (March 31, 2003). "Egg-cellent art". Academic Search Complete. Vol. 134, no. 10. U.S. News & World Report.
  16. ^ "Gruß vom Osterhasen: Oschter Haws Song". Germanworldonline.com. 2011-04-23. Archived from the original on 2013-06-03. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
  17. ^ Easter Symbols Archived 2008-03-12 at the Wayback Machine from Lutheran Hour Ministries. Accessed 2/28/08
  18. ^ Holtzmann, Adolf (1874). Deutsche Mythologie. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner. p. 141.
  19. ^ Grimm, Jacob (1835). Deutsche Mythologie. Göttingen: Dietrichsche Buchhandlung. pp. 181–182.
  20. ^ Elton, Charles Isaac (1882). Origins of English History. London: Bernard Quaritch. pp. 407–408.
  21. ^ Charles J Billson (1892). Folk-Lore vol. 3 issue 4
  22. ^ Christina Hole (1961). Easter and its Customs
  23. ^ Attenborough, Sir David (Presenter) (April 12, 1993). Wildlife on One Easter Special Shadow of the Hare (Television). United Kingdom: BBC.
  24. ^ Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Steve, eds. (2003). "hares". Dictionary of English Folklore. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1917-2664-4.
  25. ^ Breathnach, Sarah Ben (1990). Mrs. Sharp's Traditions.
  26. ^ 2002. Cricket. (magazine)
  27. ^ Krebs, H. (1883). Folk-Lore. p. 122.
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