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Benjamin Rush "Ben" Milam (October 20, 1788 – December 7, 1835) was a leading figure in the Texas Revolution. Milam County, Texas was named in his honor, as were the Ben Milam Hotel in Houston and the Milam Building in San Antonio. He was born in Kentucky.

Early life

Milam was born in Frankfort, Kentucky, on October 20, 1788.^[1] He was the fifth of the six children of Moses Milam and his wife, Elizabeth Pattie Boyd.

Milam had little formal schooling. He enlisted as a private in the 8th Regiment of the Kentucky Militia,, and eventually was commissioned a lieutenant. He served in the War of 1812.^[2]

Early years in Texas

In 1818, after learning of the trading opportunities with the Indians of the upper Red River, Milam traveled from Kentucky to Coahuila y Texas to trade with the Comanches.^[1]^[2] While there, he met David G. Burnet, who at the time was living with the Indians in an attempt to get over his tuberculosis.^[2] In New Orleans in 1819, Milam met José Félix Trespalacios and James Long, who intended to help Mexican revolutionaries fight for their independence from Spain.^[2] Milam decided to join the pair in their efforts for Mexican independence.^[1]^[2]

While Long traveled to La Bahía, Milam and Trespalacios traveled to Veracruz and Mexico City. Both parties met a hostile reception, and Milam and Trespalcios were imprisoned.^[2] While in prison, Long was mysteriously shot and killed by a guard, and Milam came to believe that the murder was plotted by Trespalcios.^[2] This incident drove Milam and some of his friends to plot to kill Trespalcios, and when that plot was discovered, Milam was again imprisoned.^[2] Milam and his friends were sent to Mexico City, where they were held until the fall of 1822, when Joel R. Poinsett, U.S. Commissioner of Observation to Mexico secured their freedom and, with the exception of Milam, all were returned to the United States on the sloop-of-war USS John Adams (1799).^[2]

By the spring of 1824, Milam had returned to Mexico, which was adopting the new 1824 Constitution of Mexico and a republican form of government. Trespalacios and Milam reconciled, and he was granted Mexican citizenship and commissioned as a colonel in the Mexican Army.^[1]^[2]

Texas Revolution

In 1825 Milam and Arthur G. Wavell, an English general in the Mexican Army, became partners in a silver mine operation in Nuevo León.^[2] The two also obtained empresario grants in Texas. In 1829, Milam intended to organize a new mining company in partnership with David G. Burnet, but their efforts failed due to a lack of funds. Milam and Wavell's empresario efforts also failed when they were unable to introduce enough new citizens to Texas after the Mexican government passed an act in 1830 that prohibited further immigration of United States citizens into Texas.^[2] In 1835, Milam went to Monclova, the capital of Coahuila y Texas to urge the new governor, Agustín Viesca, to send a land commissioner to Texas to provide the settlers with land titles. However, before Milam could leave the city, word arrived that Antonio López de Santa Anna had overthrown the representative government of Mexico and established a dictatorship.^[1] Governor Viesca fled with Milam, but both were captured and imprisoned at Monterrey. Milam eventually escaped, thanks to sympathetic jailers who gave him a horse and let him escape. ^[2]

By chance, he encountered a company of Texas soldiers commanded by George Collinsworth, from whom he learned of the movement in Texas for independence. Milam joined them, helping to capture Goliad on October 10.^[2] He wrote: "I assisted Texas to gain her independence. I have endured heat and cold, hunger and thirst; I have borne losses and suffered persecutions; I have been a tenant of every prison between this and Mexico. But the events of this night have compensated me for all my losses and all my sufferings."

He then marched with them to join the main army in capturing San Antonio. While returning from a scouting mission in the southwest on December 4, 1835, Milam learned that a majority of the army had decided to go into quarters for the winter instead of continuing on with the planned attack on San Antonio.^[2] Burleson and his council of officers were reluctant to attack, and the next day at 3 pm, Milam went to Burleson’s tent to ask permission to call for volunteers to storm the city. Burleson had little choice but to go along with Milam's plan. Milam was convinced that putting off the final assault on San Antonio would be a disaster for the cause of independence.^[2] He then made his famous impassioned plea: "Who will go with old Ben Milam into San Antonio?" Three hundred volunteered to attack at dawn on December 5.^[1]^[2]

A monument to Benjamin Milam located in modern-day Downtown San Antonio in the U.S. state of Texas.

The Siege of Bexar

Plans were quickly made. The men would form at an abandoned mill, Molino Blanco or Zambrano's mill, at 3 a.m., while Burleson was to hold the rest as a reserve. At the same time, Captain James C. Neil was to open fire with two cannons on the Alamo to distract the Mexican soldiers.

On December 7, 1835, Milam, standing with Frank Johnson and Henry Karnes near the Veramendi house, was shot in the head by a Mexican rifleman and killed instantly.^[1]^[2] He fell into the arms of Samuel Maverick. He had been trying to observe the San Fernando church tower with a field telescope given to him by Stephen Austin. Robert Morris was chosen to take over Milam’s command of the first division.

The Mexican Army lost more than 400 killed, deserted, or wounded in the ensuing battle. Texan losses were only 20 to 30 killed. The siege ended on December 9, 1835, when Martín Perfecto de Cos sent a subordinate to negotiate a truce with the Texans. Morris gave Cos and his troops six days to leave the Alamo. Burleson provided the Mexican Army with as many supplies as he could spare, and the Mexican wounded were allowed to remain behind to be treated by Texan doctors.

Memorials

In 1897 the Daughters of the Republic Of Texas placed a marker on Milam's grave site at Milam Park, San Antonio; the marker was moved in 1976 and the location of the grave was forgotten until it was found again in 1993.^[2]
On July 17, 1938, a statue of Milam was unveiled at the Milam County Courthouse, in Cameron, Texas.

References

Miller, Edward L., New Orleans and the Texas Revolution, Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 1-58544-358-1.
Nofi, Albert A., The Alamo and the Texas War for Independence, Da Capo Press, ISBN 0-306-81040-9.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Ben Milam Papers #3806, The Texas Collection, Baylor University.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Garver, Lois. "MILAM, BENJAMIN RUSH". The Handbook of Texas. Texas State Historical Society. Retrieved 20 February 2015.

External links

Template:Persondata

[txcol-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Ben Milam Papers #3806, The Texas Collection, Baylor University.

[tshahandbook-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Garver, Lois. "MILAM, BENJAMIN RUSH". The Handbook of Texas. Texas State Historical Society. Retrieved 20 February 2015.

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 == Early life ==
-Milam was born in Frankfort, Kentucky, on October 20, 1788. He was the fifth of the six children of Moses Milam and his wife, Elizabeth Pattie Boyd.
+Milam was born in Frankfort, Kentucky, on October 20, 1788.<ref name=txcol>[https://baylorarchives.cuadra.com/cgi-bin/starfetch.exe?Gsjy6rUBT@IhJBxjSssjFC4RceToNhJnKFAAukDbnSInA4KNDUICHJaA6y.UeikjMgML1SS47k53n1F1qdjxkgdTBnAZ5VGnMfOa2SeF74Y/0001nx.xml  Ben Milam Papers] #3806, The Texas Collection, Baylor University.</ref> He was the fifth of the six children of Moses Milam and his wife, Elizabeth Pattie Boyd.
-Milam had little or no formal schooling. He enlisted as a private in the 8th Regiment of the Kentucky Militia, but  eventually was elected a lieutenant. He served in the War of 1812.
+Milam had little formal schooling. He enlisted as a private in the 8th Regiment of the Kentucky Militia,, and eventually was commissioned a lieutenant. He served in the [[War of 1812]].<ref name=tshahandbook>{{cite web|last1=Garver|first1=Lois|title=MILAM, BENJAMIN RUSH|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fmi03|website=The Handbook of Texas|publisher=Texas State Historical Society|accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref>
 == Early years in Texas ==
-In 1818, after learning of the trading opportunities with the Indians of the upper [[Red River (Mississippi watershed)|Red River]], Milam traveled to [[Coahuila y Texas]] to trade with the [[Comanche]]s. While there, he met [[David G. Burnet]], who at the time was living with the Indians in an attempt to get over his tuberculosis. In [[New Orleans]] in 1819, Milam met [[José Félix Trespalacios]] and [[James Long (filibuster)|James Long]], who were planning an expedition to help the revolutionaries in [[Mexico]] gain their independence from [[Spain]]. Milam joined Trespalacios and was commissioned a colonel by him.
+In 1818, after learning of the trading opportunities with the Indians of the upper [[Red River (Mississippi watershed)|Red River]], Milam traveled from Kentucky to [[Coahuila y Texas]] to trade with the [[Comanche indians|Comanches]].<ref name=txcol /><ref name=tshahandbook /> While there, he met [[David G. Burnet]], who at the time was living with the Indians in an attempt to get over his tuberculosis.<ref name=tshahandbook /> In [[New Orleans]] in 1819, Milam met [[José Félix Trespalacios]] and [[James Long (filibuster)|James Long]], who intended to help [[Mexico|Mexican]] revolutionaries fight for their independence from [[Spain]].<ref name=tshahandbook /> Milam decided to join the pair in their efforts for Mexican independence.<ref name=txcol /><ref name=tshahandbook />
-In [[Puerto Vallarta]] and [[Mexico City]], Trespalacios and Milam met the same reception Long had previously received. The non-revolutionaries had them jailed. While in prison, Long was mysteriously killed (reportedly shot by a guard), and Milam blamed Tresplacios. Milam was again imprisoned for threatening to kill Tresplacios. Milam and his friends were sent to Mexico City where [[Agustín de Iturbide]] ordered all of them shot. Milam and the others were imprisoned until the fall of 1822, when they were released, thanks to the influence of [[Joel R. Poinsett]], U.S. Commissioner of Observation to Mexico. Poinsett secured their freedom and, with the exception of Milam, all were returned to the United States on the [[sloop-of-war]] [[USS John Adams (1799)]].
+While Long traveled to [[Presidio La Bahía|La Bahía]], Milam and Trespalacios traveled to [[Veracruz]] and [[Mexico City]]. Both parties met a hostile reception, and Milam and Trespalcios were imprisoned.<ref name=tshahandbook /> While in prison, Long was mysteriously shot and killed by a guard, and Milam came to believe that the murder was plotted by Trespalcios.<ref name=tshahandbook /> This incident drove Milam and some of his friends to plot to kill Trespalcios, and when that plot was discovered, Milam was again imprisoned.<ref name=tshahandbook /> Milam and his friends were sent to Mexico City, where they were held until the fall of 1822, when [[Joel R. Poinsett]], U.S. Commissioner of Observation to Mexico secured their freedom and, with the exception of Milam, all were returned to the United States on the [[sloop-of-war]] [[USS John Adams (1799)]].<ref name=tshahandbook />
-By the spring of 1824, Milam had returned to Mexico, which was adopting the [[1824 Constitution of Mexico]] and a
+By the spring of 1824, Milam had returned to Mexico, which was adopting the new [[1824 Constitution of Mexico]] and a
-republican form of government. Milam was granted Mexican citizenship and commissioned a colonel in the Mexican army.
+republican form of government. Trespalacios and Milam reconciled, and he was granted Mexican citizenship and commissioned as a [[colonel]] in the Mexican Army.<ref name=txcol /><ref name=tshahandbook />
 == Texas Revolution ==
 {{main|Texas Revolution}}
-From 1800 to 1820, Milam was Arthur Wavell's partner in a silver mine operation in Nuevo León. The two also obtained ''empresario'' grants in Texas. In 1829, Milam intended to organize a new mining company in partnership with David Burnet, but failed due to a lack of funds. In 1835, Milam went to [[Monclova]], the capital of Coahuila y Texas to urge the new governor, Agustín Viesca, to send a land commissioner to Texas to provide the settlers with land titles. However, before Milam could leave the city, word arrived that [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] had overthrown the representative government of Mexico and established a dictatorship. Governor Viesca fled with Milam, but both were captured and imprisoned at [[Monterrey]]. Milam eventually escaped, thanks to sympathetic jailers who gave him a horse and let him escape.
+In 1825 Milam and [[Arthur G. Wavell]], an English general in the Mexican Army, became partners in a silver mine operation in Nuevo León.<ref name=tshahandbook /> The two also obtained ''empresario'' grants in Texas. In 1829, Milam intended to organize a new mining company in partnership with David G. Burnet, but their efforts failed due to a lack of funds. Milam and Wavell's ''empresario'' efforts also failed when they were unable to introduce enough new citizens to Texas after the Mexican government passed an act in 1830 that prohibited further immigration of United States citizens into Texas.<ref name=tshahandbook /> In 1835, Milam went to [[Monclova]], the capital of Coahuila y Texas to urge the new governor, Agustín Viesca, to send a land commissioner to Texas to provide the settlers with land titles. However, before Milam could leave the city, word arrived that [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] had overthrown the representative government of Mexico and established a dictatorship.<ref name=txcol /> Governor Viesca fled with Milam, but both were captured and imprisoned at [[Monterrey]]. Milam eventually escaped, thanks to sympathetic jailers who gave him a horse and let him escape. <ref name=tshahandbook />
-By chance, he encountered a company of Texas soldiers commanded by George Collinsworth, from whom he learned of the movement in Texas for independence. Milam joined them, helping to [[Battle of Goliad|capture Goliad]] on October 10. He wrote: "I assisted Texas to gain her independence. I have endured heat and cold, hunger and thirst; I have borne losses and suffered persecutions; I have been a tenant of every prison between this and Mexico. But the events of this night have compensated me for all my losses and all my sufferings."
+By chance, he encountered a company of Texas soldiers commanded by George Collinsworth, from whom he learned of the movement in Texas for independence. Milam joined them, helping to [[Battle of Goliad|capture Goliad]] on October 10.<ref name=tshahandbook /> He wrote: "I assisted Texas to gain her independence. I have endured heat and cold, hunger and thirst; I have borne losses and suffered persecutions; I have been a tenant of every prison between this and Mexico. But the events of this night have compensated me for all my losses and all my sufferings."
+He then marched with them to join the main army in [[Siege of Bexar|capturing San Antonio]]. While returning from a scouting mission in the southwest on December 4, 1835, Milam learned that a majority of the army had decided to go into quarters for the winter instead of continuing on with the planned attack on San Antonio.<ref name=tshahandbook /> Burleson and his council of officers were reluctant to attack, and the next day at 3 pm, Milam went to Burleson’s tent to ask permission to call for volunteers to storm the city.  Burleson had little choice but to go along with Milam's plan. Milam was convinced that putting off the final assault on San Antonio would be a disaster for the cause of independence.<ref name=tshahandbook /> He then made his famous impassioned plea: "Who will go with old Ben Milam into San Antonio?" Three hundred volunteered to attack at dawn on December 5.<ref name=txcol /><ref name=tshahandbook />
-He then marched with them to join the main army in [[Siege of Bexar|capturing San Antonio]]. On November 18 [[Stephen F. Austin]] resigned command of the Texan forces at San Antonio to fulfill his mission to the United States as a commissioner. [[Edward Burleson]] was elected on November 24 by the volunteers to take Austin's place and then commissioned as commander of the [[Texian Army|volunteer army]] by the [[Consultation (Texas)|provisional government]] on December 1.
-While returning from a scouting mission in the southwest on December 4, 1835, Milam learned that a majority of the army had decided not to attack San Antonio as planned, but to go instead into winter quarters. Burleson and his council of officers were reluctant to attack, and the next day at 3 pm, Milam went to Burleson’s tent to ask permission to call for volunteers to storm the city.  Burleson had little choice but to go along with Milam's plan. Milam was convinced that putting off the final assault on San Antonio would be a disaster for the cause of independence. He then made his famous impassioned plea: "Who will go with old Ben Milam into Bexar?" Three hundred volunteered to attack at dawn on December 5.
 [[File:Benjamin Milam Monument.jpg|thumb|A monument to Benjamin Milam located in modern-day [[Downtown San Antonio]] in the U.S. state of Texas.]]
@@ Line 33: / Line 31: @@
 Plans were quickly made. The men would form at an abandoned mill, Molino Blanco or Zambrano's mill, at 3 a.m., while Burleson was to hold the rest as a reserve. At the same time, Captain James C. Neil was to open fire with two cannons on the [[Alamo]] to distract the Mexican soldiers.
-On December 7, 1835, Milam, standing with Frank Johnson and [[Henry Karnes]] near the Veramendi house, was shot in the head by a Mexican rifleman and killed instantly. He fell into the arms of [[Samuel Maverick]]. He had been trying to observe the [[Cathedral of San Fernando|San Fernando church]] tower with a field telescope given to him by Stephen Austin. Robert Morris was chosen to take over Milam’s command of the first division.
+On December 7, 1835, Milam, standing with Frank Johnson and [[Henry Karnes]] near the Veramendi house, was shot in the head by a Mexican rifleman and killed instantly.<ref name=txcol /><ref name=tshahandbook /> He fell into the arms of [[Samuel Maverick]]. He had been trying to observe the [[Cathedral of San Fernando|San Fernando church]] tower with a field telescope given to him by Stephen Austin. Robert Morris was chosen to take over Milam’s command of the first division.
 The Mexican Army lost more than 400 killed, deserted, or wounded in the ensuing battle. Texan losses were only 20 to 30 killed. The siege ended on December 9, 1835, when [[Martín Perfecto de Cos]] sent a subordinate to negotiate a truce with the Texans. Morris gave Cos and his troops six days to leave the Alamo. Burleson provided the Mexican Army with as many supplies as he could spare, and the Mexican wounded were allowed to remain behind to be treated by Texan doctors.
 == Memorials ==
-* In 1897 the Daughters of the Republic Of Texas placed a marker on Milam grave site at [[Milam Park]], San Antonio; the marker was moved in 1976 & the location of the grave was forgotten until it was found again in 1993.
+* In 1897 the Daughters of the Republic Of Texas placed a marker on Milam's grave site at [[Milam Park]], San Antonio; the marker was moved in 1976 and the location of the grave was forgotten until it was found again in 1993.<ref name=tshahandbook />
 * On July 17, 1938, a statue of Milam was unveiled at the Milam County Courthouse, in [[Cameron, Texas]].
@@ Line 45: / Line 43: @@
 * {{citation |last=Miller |first=Edward L. |title=New Orleans and the Texas Revolution |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |ISBN=1-58544-358-1}}.
 * {{citation |authorlink=Albert Nofi |last=Nofi |first=Albert A. |title=The Alamo and the Texas War for Independence |publisher=Da Capo Press |ISBN=0-306-81040-9}}.
+{{reflist}}
 == External links ==
 * [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/MM/fmi3.html Benjamin Milam] from the ''[[Handbook of Texas]]'' Online
@@ Line 54: / Line 52: @@
 {{Texas}}
-{{Authority control}}
+{{Authority control|VIAF=78053157}}
 {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
 | NAME              = Milam, Benjamin

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