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{{Short description|US policy towards the Philippines during occupationx}} |
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The term benevolent assimilation refers to a policy of the United States towards the Philippines as described in a proclamation by U.S. President William McKinley issued on December 21, 1898. It succinctly stated that "future control, disposition, and government of the Philippine islands were ceded to the United States" and that "the military government is to be to the whole of the ceded territory." The proclamation was issued after Spain was defeated in the Spanish–American War but before fighting began in the Philippine–American War. Prior to the proclamation, the United States had defeated Spain during the naval Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898. Subsequently, on June 12, 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo Philippine Declaration of Independence|declared the Philippines independent and established a revolutionary government whose the Filipino revolutionary armed forces surrounded Manila and the occupying American Army. This created a stand-off between opposing armies that would erupt in fighting in early 1899. |
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{{For|the book|Benevolent Assimilation (book)}} |
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'''Benevolent assimilation''' refers to a policy of the [[United States]] towards the [[Philippines]] as described in a proclamation by US president [[William McKinley]] that was issued in a memorandum to the U.S. Secretary of War on December 21, 1898, after the signing of the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]], which ended the [[Spanish–American War]].<ref name=quoted>{{cite news|date=January 5, 1899|title=Filipinos Are Informed Just What the United States Intends To Do By A Presidential Proclamation|newspaper=Los Angeles Herald|via=UCR Center for Bibliographic al Studies and Research}}</ref> It stated that future control, disposition, and government of the Philippine islands had been ceded to the United States and that the [[United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands|US military government]] was to be extended over the whole of the ceded territory. |
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About six months earlier, on June 12, 1898, [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] had declared the Philippines to be a free and independent nation and had established a revolutionary government. The [[Philippine Revolutionary Army|Filipino revolutionary armed forces]] were then deployed and had remained in positions surrounding [[US Army]] forces occupying [[Manila]]. This juxtaposition eventually developed into a standoff between opposing forces that would erupt in fighting in early 1899 to ignite the [[Philippine–American War]]. |
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| ⚫ | {{quote|Finally, it should be the earnest wish and paramount aim of the military administration to win the confidence, respect, and affection of the inhabitants of the Philippines by assuring them in every possible way that full measure of individual rights and liberties which is the heritage of free peoples, and by proving to them that the mission of the United States is one of benevolent assimilation substituting the mild sway of justice and right for arbitrary rule.<ref>{{cite book|last=McFerson|first=Hazel M.|title=Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30791-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC |
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| ⚫ | {{quote|Finally, it should be the earnest wish and paramount aim of the military administration to win the confidence, respect, and affection of the inhabitants of the Philippines by assuring them in every possible way that full measure of individual rights and liberties which is the heritage of free peoples, and by proving to them that the mission of the United States is one of benevolent assimilation substituting the mild sway of justice and right for arbitrary rule.<ref>{{cite book|last=McFerson|first=Hazel M.|title=Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30791-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC&dq=finally&pg=PA268 268]}}</ref>}} |
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| ⚫ | The proclamation was sent to General [[Elwell Otis]], |
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| ⚫ | The proclamation was sent to General [[Elwell Otis]], US military commander and [[Governor-General of the Philippines|Governor-General]] in the Philippines. Otis sent [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] a version of the proclamation that he had [[expurgation|bowdlerized]] by removing mention of US [[sovereignty]] "to stress our benevolent purpose" and not "offend Filipino sensibilities" by substituting "free people" for "supremacy of the United States" and deleting "to exercise future domination."<ref>The text of the amended version published by General Otis is quoted in its entirety in {{Citation|author1=José Roca de Togores y Saravia|author2=Remigio Garcia|author3=National Historical Institute (Philippines)|title=Blockade and siege of Manila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhZ3AAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=National Historical Institute|isbn=978-971-538-167-3|pages=148–150}}; See also [[s:Letter from E.S. Otis to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands, January 4, 1899]].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slideshare.net/DyhineeMico/tetel-mckinley|title=McKinley's Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation|publisher=slideshare.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/benevolentassimilation.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410233435/https://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/benevolentassimilation.htm|archivedate=April 10, 2021|title=Dec. 21, 1898: Mckinley issues "Benevolent Assimilation" Proclamation|work=Philippine-American War, 1899-1902|author=Arnaldo Dumindin|at=MGen. Elwell S. Otis proclaims American protection over the Philippines. Typo error in this original press release submitted to Manila newspapers by the US army: the date "January 4, 1898" should have read "January 4, 1899."}}</ref> General Otis had also sent an unaltered copy of the proclamation to General [[Marcus P. Miller|Marcus Miller]] in [[Iloilo City]], who, unaware that an altered version had been sent to Aguinaldo, passed a copy to a Filipino official there. The unaltered version eventually made its way to Aguinaldo. |
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| ⚫ | {{quote|After fully considering the President's proclamation, and the temper of the Taglos, with whom I was daily discussing political problems and the friendly intentions of the U.S.A. Government toward them, I concluded that there were certain words and expressions therein such as "sovereignty," "right of cessation" and those which directed immediate occupation and so forth, which though most admirably employed and tersely expressive of actual conditions, might be advantageously used by the Tagalog. The ignorant classes had been taught to believe that certain words such as "sovereignty," "protection," and so forth had peculiar meanings disastrous to their welfare and significant of future political domination, like that from which they had been recently freed.<ref name=Miller1982p52>{{Citation|last=Miller|first=Stuart Creighton|title=Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903|edition=4th edition, reprint|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1982|isbn=978-0-300-03081-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zj6g2ag47TwC |
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| ⚫ | {{quote|After fully considering the President's proclamation, and the temper of the Taglos, with whom I was daily discussing political problems and the friendly intentions of the U.S.A. Government toward them, I concluded that there were certain words and expressions therein such as "sovereignty," "right of cessation" and those which directed immediate occupation and so forth, which though most admirably employed and tersely expressive of actual conditions, might be advantageously used by the Tagalog. The ignorant classes had been taught to believe that certain words such as "sovereignty," "protection," and so forth had peculiar meanings disastrous to their welfare and significant of future political domination, like that from which they had been recently freed.<ref name=Miller1982p52>{{Citation|last=Miller|first=Stuart Creighton|title=Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903|edition=4th edition, reprint|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1982|isbn=978-0-300-03081-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zj6g2ag47TwC|page=52}}</ref>}} |
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==See also== |
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*[[Schurman Commission]] |
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*[[Colonialism]] |
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*[[Racism]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080121065404/http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/benevolent.html University of Hawaii Philippine History Site article on Benevolent Assimilation] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080121065404/http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/benevolent.html University of Hawaii Philippine History Site article on Benevolent Assimilation] |
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{{Wiktionary|Benevolent Assimilation}} |
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[[Category:History of the Philippines (1898–1946)]] |
[[Category:History of the Philippines (1898–1946)]] |
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Latest revision as of 09:12, 7 November 2024
Benevolent assimilation refers to a policy of the United States towards the Philippines as described in a proclamation by US president William McKinley that was issued in a memorandum to the U.S. Secretary of War on December 21, 1898, after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Spanish–American War.[1] It stated that future control, disposition, and government of the Philippine islands had been ceded to the United States and that the US military government was to be extended over the whole of the ceded territory.
About six months earlier, on June 12, 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo had declared the Philippines to be a free and independent nation and had established a revolutionary government. The Filipino revolutionary armed forces were then deployed and had remained in positions surrounding US Army forces occupying Manila. This juxtaposition eventually developed into a standoff between opposing forces that would erupt in fighting in early 1899 to ignite the Philippine–American War.
The proclamation read in part:
Finally, it should be the earnest wish and paramount aim of the military administration to win the confidence, respect, and affection of the inhabitants of the Philippines by assuring them in every possible way that full measure of individual rights and liberties which is the heritage of free peoples, and by proving to them that the mission of the United States is one of benevolent assimilation substituting the mild sway of justice and right for arbitrary rule.[2]
The proclamation was sent to General Elwell Otis, US military commander and Governor-General in the Philippines. Otis sent Emilio Aguinaldo a version of the proclamation that he had bowdlerized by removing mention of US sovereignty "to stress our benevolent purpose" and not "offend Filipino sensibilities" by substituting "free people" for "supremacy of the United States" and deleting "to exercise future domination."[3][4][5] General Otis had also sent an unaltered copy of the proclamation to General Marcus Miller in Iloilo City, who, unaware that an altered version had been sent to Aguinaldo, passed a copy to a Filipino official there. The unaltered version eventually made its way to Aguinaldo.
Otis later explained:
After fully considering the President's proclamation, and the temper of the Taglos, with whom I was daily discussing political problems and the friendly intentions of the U.S.A. Government toward them, I concluded that there were certain words and expressions therein such as "sovereignty," "right of cessation" and those which directed immediate occupation and so forth, which though most admirably employed and tersely expressive of actual conditions, might be advantageously used by the Tagalog. The ignorant classes had been taught to believe that certain words such as "sovereignty," "protection," and so forth had peculiar meanings disastrous to their welfare and significant of future political domination, like that from which they had been recently freed.[6]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Filipinos Are Informed Just What the United States Intends To Do By A Presidential Proclamation". Los Angeles Herald. January 5, 1899 – via UCR Center for Bibliographic al Studies and Research.
- ^ McFerson, Hazel M. (2002). Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-313-30791-1.
- ^ The text of the amended version published by General Otis is quoted in its entirety in José Roca de Togores y Saravia; Remigio Garcia; National Historical Institute (Philippines) (2003), Blockade and siege of Manila, National Historical Institute, pp. 148–150, ISBN 978-971-538-167-3; See also s:Letter from E.S. Otis to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands, January 4, 1899.
- ^ "McKinley's Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation". slideshare.net.
- ^ Arnaldo Dumindin. "Dec. 21, 1898: Mckinley issues "Benevolent Assimilation" Proclamation". Philippine-American War, 1899-1902. MGen. Elwell S. Otis proclaims American protection over the Philippines. Typo error in this original press release submitted to Manila newspapers by the US army: the date "January 4, 1898" should have read "January 4, 1899.". Archived from the original on April 10, 2021.
- ^ Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982), Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903 (4th edition, reprint ed.), Yale University Press, p. 52, ISBN 978-0-300-03081-5
External links
[edit]
Look up Benevolent Assimilation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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