Barcarolle: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Musical form}} |
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{{About||the racehorse|Barcarolle (horse)|a deep red rose|Black rose (symbolism)}} |
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A '''barcarolle''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɑːr|k|ə|ˌ|r|oʊ|l}}; from [[French language|French]], also '''barcarole'''; originally, [[Italian language|Italian]] '''barcarola''' or '''barcaruola''', from {{Lang|it|barca}} 'boat')<ref>"[[Barque]]" in English shares the same etymology.</ref> is a traditional [[folk song]] sung by [[Venice|Venetian]] [[gondolier]]s, or a piece of music composed in that style. In [[European classical music|classical music]], two of the most famous barcarolles are [[Jacques Offenbach]]'s "[[Belle nuit, ô nuit d'amour]]", from his [[opera]] ''[[The Tales of Hoffmann]]''; and [[Frédéric Chopin]]'s [[Barcarolle (Chopin)|Barcarolle in F-sharp major]] for solo piano. |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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A barcarolle is characterized by a rhythm reminiscent of the gondolier's stroke, almost invariably in 6/8 meter at a moderate tempo.<ref name="Harvard">{{cite book |title=The New Harvard Dictionary of Music |editor-first=Don |editor-last=Randel |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=1986 |isbn=0-674-61525-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/newharvarddictio00rand }}</ref> |
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While the most-famous barcarolles are from the [[Romantic music|Romantic]] period, the genre was well |
While the most-famous barcarolles are from the [[Romantic music|Romantic]] period, the genre was known well enough in the 18th century for [[Charles Burney|Burney]] to mention, in ''The Present State of Music in France and Italy'' (1771), that it was a celebrated form cherished by "collectors of good taste".<ref name="Grove">{{cite book |article=Barcarolle |first=Maurice |last=Brown |title=The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians |editor-first=Stanley |editor-last=Sadie |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |date=1980 |isbn=1-56159-174-2}}</ref> |
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==Notable examples== |
==Notable examples== |
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The |
The barcarolle was a popular form in opera, where the apparently artless sentimental style of the folklike song could be put to good use. In addition to the Offenbach example: [[Giovanni Paisiello|Paisiello]], [[Carl Maria von Weber|Weber]], and [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]] wrote [[aria]]s that were barcarolles; [[Gaetano Donizetti|Donizetti]] set the Venetian scene at the opening of ''[[Marino Faliero (opera)|Marino Faliero]]'' (1835) with a barcarolle for a gondolier and chorus; and [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]] included a barcarolle in ''[[Un ballo in maschera]]'' (i.e., Richard's atmospheric "Di’ tu se fidele il flutto m’aspetta" in Act I).<ref name="Grove"/> The [[Canzone Napoletana|traditional Neapolitan]] barcarolle "[[Santa Lucia (song)|Santa Lucia]]" was published in 1849. The 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, [[Abdulaziz|Sultan Abdulaziz]] (1830-1876), also composed a barcarolle, entitled "La Gondole Barcarolle".<ref>[http://www.courtstudies.umb.edu/Araci%202.pdf. ''The Court Historian''. The Society for Court Studies. Volume 7, 2 December 2002. Quote: ''"Abdulaziz with French titles were published by Lucca in Milan in the 1860s; they included a polka, La Harpe Caprice, La Gondole Barcarolle."'']</ref><ref>[https://prismatically.blog/2019/02/10/a-prismatical-figure-in-history-sultan-abdulaziz/ ''"A Prismatical Figure in History: Sultan Abdülaziz"''. Thinking Prismatically. Quote: ''He had his own compositions ... La Gondole Barcarolle and Sultans Polka.'']</ref> |
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[[Arthur Sullivan]] set the entry of Sir Joseph Porter's barge (also bearing his sisters, cousins and aunts) in ''[[H.M.S. Pinafore]]'' to a |
[[Arthur Sullivan]] set the entry of Sir Joseph Porter's barge (also bearing his sisters, cousins and aunts) in ''[[H.M.S. Pinafore]]'' to a barcarolle, as well as the Trio "My well-loved lord and guardian dear" among Phyllis, Earl Tolloller and the Earl of Mountararat in Act I of ''[[Iolanthe]]''. [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]], while not using the name specifically, used a style reminiscent of the barcarolle in some of his most-famous songs, including especially his haunting "[[Auf dem Wasser zu singen]]" ("To be sung on the water"), D.774.<ref name="Grove"/> |
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Other notable |
Other notable barcarolles include: the second movement of [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]’s Piano Sonata in G, Opus 79; the three "Venetian Gondola Songs" from [[Felix Mendelssohn|Mendelssohn]]'s ''[[Songs Without Words]]'', Opp. 19, 30 and 62; the "June" barcarolle from [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]'s ''[[The Seasons (Tchaikovsky)|The Seasons]]''; [[Charles-Valentin Alkan]]'s Barcarolles from his chants, Opp. 38a, 38b, 65, 67, and 70; [[Camille Saint-Saëns]]'s [[Barcarolle in F major (Saint-Saëns)|Barcarolle]] for violin, cello, harmonium (or organ) and piano; [[Béla Bartók]]'s "Barcarolla" from [[Out of Doors (Bartók)|''Out of Doors'']]; Barcarolle, Op. 27, no. 1, by [[Moritz Moszkowski]], and several examples by [[Anton Rubinstein]], [[Mily Balakirev]], [[Alexander Glazunov]], [[Edward MacDowell]], [[Mel Bonis]], [[Ethelbert Nevin]]; and a series of thirteen for solo piano by [[Gabriel Fauré]].<ref name="Grove"/> |
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In the 20th century, further examples include: [[Agustín Barrios]]'s ''Julia Florida''; the second movement of [[Heitor Villa-Lobos|Villa-Lobos]]'s Trio No. 2 (1915) (which contains a Berceuse-Barcarolla); the first movement of [[Francis Poulenc]]'s ''Napoli'' suite for solo piano (1925); [[George Gershwin]]'s ''Dance of the Waves'' (1937, unpublished); [[Ned Rorem]]'s three |
In the 20th century, further examples include: [[Agustín Barrios]]'s ''Julia Florida''; the second movement of [[Heitor Villa-Lobos|Villa-Lobos]]'s Trio No. 2 (1915) (which contains a Berceuse-Barcarolla); the first movement of [[Francis Poulenc]]'s ''Napoli'' suite for solo piano (1925); [[George Gershwin]]'s ''Dance of the Waves'' (1937, unpublished); [[Ned Rorem]]'s three Barcarolles for piano, composed in Morocco (1949); the Barcarolle from [[Gian-Carlo Menotti]]'s ballet ''Sebastian''; the first movement of [[Nikolai Myaskovsky]]'s Piano Sonata no. 8, op. 83 (1949); "Hello Young Lovers" from [[Richard Rodgers]]' ''[[The King and I]]'' (1951); "The Kings' Barcarolle" from [[Leonard Bernstein]]'s ''[[Candide (operetta)|Candide]]'' (1956); and [[Juan María Solare]]'s neoclassical ''Barcarola'' for piano (recording included in the album [[Sombras blancas]]). [[Dominick Argento]]'s 25-minute choral cycle ''Walden Pond'' (1996) is subtitled "Nocturnes and Barcarolles for Mixed Chorus"; the five-movement work makes extensive use of 6/8 meter. The penultimate movement of [[Arnold Schoenberg]]'s [[Pierrot lunaire]], ''Heimfahrt'', is also labelled a barcarolle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pierrot lunaire |url=https://soundtrove.blog/category/pierrot-lunaire/ |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=Sound Trove |date=20 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> |
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{{listen|filename=Mikhail Glinka's Barcarole in G major, from Four Musical Essays (1847).ogg|title=Mikhail Glinka's " |
{{listen|filename=Mikhail Glinka's Barcarole in G major, from Four Musical Essays (1847).ogg|title=Mikhail Glinka's "Barcarolle in G major", from ''Four Musical Essays'' (1847)|description=Performed by Adam Cuerden|format=[[ogg]]|pos=right}} |
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[[Bob Dylan]]’s song "[[I've Made Up My Mind to Give Myself to You]]" from his 2020 album ''[[Rough and Rowdy Ways]]'' uses Offenbach’s "Barcarolle" as a riff.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/18/arts/music/bob-dylan-rough-and-rowdy-ways-review.html Bob Dylan Still Bristles on ‘Rough and Rowdy Ways’. June 18, 2020. Pareles, Jon. NY Times.]</ref> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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{{Reflist|20em}} |
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{{Wikisource1911Enc|Barcarole}} |
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Barcarole}} |
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{{Wiktionary|barcarole}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:18th-century music genres]] |
[[Category:18th-century music genres]] |
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[[Category:Italian folk music]] |
[[Category:Italian folk music]] |
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[[Category:Music in Venice]] |
[[Category:Music in Venice]] |
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[[Category:Song forms]] |
[[Category:Song forms]] |
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Latest revision as of 21:39, 16 June 2024
A barcarolle (/ˈbɑːrkəˌroʊl/; from French, also barcarole; originally, Italian barcarola or barcaruola, from barca 'boat')[1] is a traditional folk song sung by Venetian gondoliers, or a piece of music composed in that style. In classical music, two of the most famous barcarolles are Jacques Offenbach's "Belle nuit, ô nuit d'amour", from his opera The Tales of Hoffmann; and Frédéric Chopin's Barcarolle in F-sharp major for solo piano.
Description
[edit]A barcarolle is characterized by a rhythm reminiscent of the gondolier's stroke, almost invariably in 6/8 meter at a moderate tempo.[2]
While the most-famous barcarolles are from the Romantic period, the genre was known well enough in the 18th century for Burney to mention, in The Present State of Music in France and Italy (1771), that it was a celebrated form cherished by "collectors of good taste".[3]
Notable examples
[edit]The barcarolle was a popular form in opera, where the apparently artless sentimental style of the folklike song could be put to good use. In addition to the Offenbach example: Paisiello, Weber, and Rossini wrote arias that were barcarolles; Donizetti set the Venetian scene at the opening of Marino Faliero (1835) with a barcarolle for a gondolier and chorus; and Verdi included a barcarolle in Un ballo in maschera (i.e., Richard's atmospheric "Di’ tu se fidele il flutto m’aspetta" in Act I).[3] The traditional Neapolitan barcarolle "Santa Lucia" was published in 1849. The 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdulaziz (1830-1876), also composed a barcarolle, entitled "La Gondole Barcarolle".[4][5]
Arthur Sullivan set the entry of Sir Joseph Porter's barge (also bearing his sisters, cousins and aunts) in H.M.S. Pinafore to a barcarolle, as well as the Trio "My well-loved lord and guardian dear" among Phyllis, Earl Tolloller and the Earl of Mountararat in Act I of Iolanthe. Schubert, while not using the name specifically, used a style reminiscent of the barcarolle in some of his most-famous songs, including especially his haunting "Auf dem Wasser zu singen" ("To be sung on the water"), D.774.[3]
Other notable barcarolles include: the second movement of Ludwig van Beethoven’s Piano Sonata in G, Opus 79; the three "Venetian Gondola Songs" from Mendelssohn's Songs Without Words, Opp. 19, 30 and 62; the "June" barcarolle from Tchaikovsky's The Seasons; Charles-Valentin Alkan's Barcarolles from his chants, Opp. 38a, 38b, 65, 67, and 70; Camille Saint-Saëns's Barcarolle for violin, cello, harmonium (or organ) and piano; Béla Bartók's "Barcarolla" from Out of Doors; Barcarolle, Op. 27, no. 1, by Moritz Moszkowski, and several examples by Anton Rubinstein, Mily Balakirev, Alexander Glazunov, Edward MacDowell, Mel Bonis, Ethelbert Nevin; and a series of thirteen for solo piano by Gabriel Fauré.[3]
In the 20th century, further examples include: Agustín Barrios's Julia Florida; the second movement of Villa-Lobos's Trio No. 2 (1915) (which contains a Berceuse-Barcarolla); the first movement of Francis Poulenc's Napoli suite for solo piano (1925); George Gershwin's Dance of the Waves (1937, unpublished); Ned Rorem's three Barcarolles for piano, composed in Morocco (1949); the Barcarolle from Gian-Carlo Menotti's ballet Sebastian; the first movement of Nikolai Myaskovsky's Piano Sonata no. 8, op. 83 (1949); "Hello Young Lovers" from Richard Rodgers' The King and I (1951); "The Kings' Barcarolle" from Leonard Bernstein's Candide (1956); and Juan María Solare's neoclassical Barcarola for piano (recording included in the album Sombras blancas). Dominick Argento's 25-minute choral cycle Walden Pond (1996) is subtitled "Nocturnes and Barcarolles for Mixed Chorus"; the five-movement work makes extensive use of 6/8 meter. The penultimate movement of Arnold Schoenberg's Pierrot lunaire, Heimfahrt, is also labelled a barcarolle.[6]
Bob Dylan’s song "I've Made Up My Mind to Give Myself to You" from his 2020 album Rough and Rowdy Ways uses Offenbach’s "Barcarolle" as a riff.[7]
Notes
[edit]- ^ "Barque" in English shares the same etymology.
- ^ Randel, Don, ed. (1986). The New Harvard Dictionary of Music. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-61525-5.
- ^ a b c d Brown, Maurice (1980). "Barcarolle". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. London: Macmillan. ISBN 1-56159-174-2.
- ^ The Court Historian. The Society for Court Studies. Volume 7, 2 December 2002. Quote: "Abdulaziz with French titles were published by Lucca in Milan in the 1860s; they included a polka, La Harpe Caprice, La Gondole Barcarolle."
- ^ "A Prismatical Figure in History: Sultan Abdülaziz". Thinking Prismatically. Quote: He had his own compositions ... La Gondole Barcarolle and Sultans Polka.
- ^ "Pierrot lunaire". Sound Trove. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 2023-04-28.
- ^ Bob Dylan Still Bristles on ‘Rough and Rowdy Ways’. June 18, 2020. Pareles, Jon. NY Times.
