Atacamite: Difference between revisions

Atacamite
Atacamite
	Atacamite from Mt. Gunson mines, South Australia
General
Category	Halide mineral
Formula; (repeating unit)	Cu2Cl(OH)3
IMA symbol	Ata
Strunz classification	3.DA.10a
Crystal system	Orthorhombic
Crystal class	Dipyramidal (mmm) ; H-M symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m)
Space group	Pnma
Unit cell	a = 6.03, b = 9.12 ; c = 6.865 [Å]; Z = 4
Identification
Color	Bright green, dark emerald-green to blackish green
Crystal habit	Slender prismatic crystals, fibrous, granular to compact, massive
Twinning	Contact and penetration with complex twinned groupings
Cleavage	Perfect on {010}, fair on {101}
Fracture	Conchoidal
Tenacity	Brittle
Mohs scale hardness	3–3.5
Luster	Adamantine to vitreous
Streak	Apple green
Diaphaneity	Transparent to translucent
Specific gravity	3.745–3.776
Optical properties	Biaxial (−)
Refractive index	nα = 1.831 nβ = 1.861 nγ = 1.880
Birefringence	δ = 0.049
Pleochroism	X = pale green; Y = yellow-green; Z = grass-green
2V angle	Calculated: 74°
Dispersion	r < v, strong
References

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Atacamite is a copper halide mineral: a copper(II) chloride hydroxide with formula Cu₂Cl(OH)₃. It was first described for deposits in the Atacama Desert of Chile in 1802 by Dmitri de Gallitzin.^[2] The Atacama Desert is also the namesake of the mineral.

Occurrence

Atacamite is polymorphous with botallackite, clinoatacamite, and paratacamite.^[2] Atacamite is a comparatively rare mineral, formed from primary copper minerals in the oxidation or weathering zone of arid climates. It has also been reported as a volcanic sublimate from fumarole deposits, as sulfide alteration products in black smokers.^[3] The mineral has also been found naturally on oxidized copper deposits in Chile, China, Russia, Czech Republic, Arizona, and Australia.^[6] It occurs in association with cuprite, brochantite, linarite, caledonite, malachite, chrysocolla and its polymorphs.^[3]

Synthetic Occurrence

Atacamite has been discovered in the patina of the Statue of Liberty, and as alteration of ancient bronze and copper artifacts. The mineral has been found as a pigment in sculpture, manuscripts, maps, and frescoes discovered in Eurasia, Russia, and Persia.^[6]

Biomineral

Atacamite occurs as a biomineral in the jaws of bloodworms.^[7]^[8]

Atacamite prisms from Chile
Atacamite from Chile displayed in the Harvard Museum of Natural History
Atacamite from Mt. Gunson, South Australia

References

^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
^ ^a ^b ^c Atacamite on Mindat.org
^ ^a ^b ^c Handbook of Mineralogy
^ Atacamite on Webmineral
^ Mineralienatlas
^ ^a ^b "Atacamite – CAMEO". cameo.mfa.org. Retrieved 2017-10-15.
^ Lichtenegger HC, Schöberl T, Bartl MH, Waite H, Stucky GD (October 2002). "High abrasion resistance with sparse mineralization: copper biomineral in worm jaws". Science. 298 (5592): 389–92. Bibcode:2002Sci...298..389L. doi:10.1126/science.1075433. PMID 12376695. S2CID 14001250.
^ Lichtenegger HC, Schöberl T, Ruokolainen JT, et al. (August 2003). "Zinc and mechanical prowess in the jaws of Nereis, a marine worm". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (16): 9144–9. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.9144L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1632658100. PMC 170886. PMID 12886017.

External links

Mineral galleries

This article about a specific halide mineral is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[1] Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.

[Mindat-2] Atacamite on Mindat.org

[HBM-3] Handbook of Mineralogy

[Webmin-4] Atacamite on Webmineral

[5] Mineralienatlas

[:0-6] "Atacamite – CAMEO". cameo.mfa.org. Retrieved 2017-10-15.

[Lichtenegger-7] Lichtenegger HC, Schöberl T, Bartl MH, Waite H, Stucky GD (October 2002). "High abrasion resistance with sparse mineralization: copper biomineral in worm jaws". Science. 298 (5592): 389–92. Bibcode:2002Sci...298..389L. doi:10.1126/science.1075433. PMID 12376695. S2CID 14001250.

[Stucky2003-8] Lichtenegger HC, Schöberl T, Ruokolainen JT, et al. (August 2003). "Zinc and mechanical prowess in the jaws of Nereis, a marine worm". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (16): 9144–9. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.9144L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1632658100. PMC 170886. PMID 12886017.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Halide evaporite mineral}}
 {{Infobox mineral
 | name        = Atacamite
 | boxwidth    =
 | boxbgcolor  =
-| image       = Atacamit-chile-Copiapo-Stefan.jpg
+| image       = Atacamite on malachite - Mt Gunson mines, South Australia.jpg
-| imagesize   =
+| imagesize   = 260px
 | alt         =
-| caption     = Atacamite
+| caption     = Atacamite from Mt. Gunson mines, South Australia
-| category    = [[Halides]]
+| category    = [[Halide mineral]]
 | formula     = Cu<sub>2</sub>Cl(OH)<sub>3</sub>
+|IMAsymbol=Ata<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warr|first=L.N.|date=2021|title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|issue=3|pages=291–320|doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43|bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W|s2cid=235729616|doi-access=free}}</ref>
-| strunz      =
-| dana        =
-| symmetry    =
-| unit cell   =
 | molweight   =
-| color       =
+| strunz      = 3.DA.10a
+| dana        =
+| system      = [[Orthorhombic]]
+| class       = Dipyramidal (mmm) <br/>[[H-M symbol]]: (2/m 2/m 2/m)
+| symmetry    = ''Pnma''
+| unit cell   = a = 6.03, b = 9.12 <br/>c = 6.865&nbsp;[Å]; Z&nbsp;=&nbsp;4
+| color       = Bright green, dark emerald-green to blackish green
 | colour      =
+| habit       = Slender prismatic crystals, fibrous, granular to compact, massive
-| habit       =
+| twinning    = Contact and penetration with complex twinned groupings
-| system      =
+| cleavage    = Perfect on {010}, fair on {101}
-| twinning    =
-| cleavage    =
+| fracture    = Conchoidal
-| fracture    =
+| tenacity    = Brittle
-| tenacity    =
+| mohs        = 3–3.5
-| mohs        =
+| luster      = Adamantine to vitreous
-| luster      =
+| streak      = Apple green
+| diaphaneity = Transparent to translucent
-| streak      =
+| gravity     = 3.745–3.776
-| diaphaneity =
-| gravity     =
 | density     =
 | polish      =
-| opticalprop =
+| opticalprop = Biaxial (−)
+| refractive  = n<sub>α</sub> = 1.831 n<sub>β</sub> = 1.861 n<sub>γ</sub> = 1.880
-| refractive  =
-| birefringence =
+| birefringence = δ = 0.049
-| pleochroism =
+| pleochroism = X = pale green; Y = yellow-green; Z = grass-green
-| 2V          =
+| 2V          = Calculated: 74°
-| dispersion  =
+| dispersion  = r < v, strong
 | extinction  =
 | length fast/slow =
@@ Line 48: / Line 51: @@
 | prop1       =
 | prop1text   =
+| references  = <ref name=Mindat>[http://www.mindat.org/min-406.html Atacamite on Mindat.org]</ref><ref name=HBM>[http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/atacamite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy]</ref><ref name=Webmin>[http://www.webmineral.com/data/Atacamite.shtml Atacamite on Webmineral]</ref><ref>[https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Atacamite Mineralienatlas]</ref>
-| references  =
 }}
+'''Atacamite''' is a [[copper]] [[halide mineral]]: a [[Dicopper chloride trihydroxide|copper(II) chloride hydroxide]] with formula Cu<sub>2</sub>Cl(OH)<sub>3</sub>. It was first described for deposits in the [[Atacama Desert]] of [[Chile]] in 1802 by [[Dmitri Alekseyevich Gallitzin|Dmitri de Gallitzin]].<ref name="Mindat" /> The Atacama Desert is also the namesake of the mineral.
-[[Image:Atacamit, Madagaskar.jpg|thumb|left|Atacamite from [[Madagaskar]]]]
-'''Atacamite''' is a [[mineral]] found originally in the desert of [[Atacama Desert]], [[Chile]], and named by D. de Gallizen in 1801. It is a [[copper]](II) [[chloride]] [[hydroxide]], with formula [[copper|Cu]]<sub>2</sub>[[chlorine|Cl]]([[oxygen|O]][[hydrogen|H]])<sub>3</sub>.
+== Occurrence ==
-Its colour is various shades of green, usually dark. Atacamite is a comparatively rare mineral, formed from primary copper minerals in the [[oxidation]] or [[weathering]] zone of arid climates.
+Atacamite is [[Polymorphism (materials science)|polymorphous]] with [[botallackite]], [[clinoatacamite]], and [[paratacamite]].<ref name="Mindat" /> Atacamite is a comparatively rare mineral, formed from primary copper minerals in the [[oxidation]] or [[weathering]] zone of arid climates. It has also been reported as a [[volcanic sublimate]] from [[fumarole]] deposits, as sulfide alteration products in [[black smoker]]s.<ref name="HBM" /> The mineral has also been found naturally on oxidized copper deposits in Chile, [[China]], [[Russia]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Arizona]], and [[Australia]].<ref name=":0" /> It occurs in association with [[cuprite]], [[brochantite]], [[linarite]], [[caledonite]], [[malachite]], [[chrysocolla]] and its polymorphs.<ref name="HBM" />
+=== Synthetic Occurrence ===
-Atacamite is [[Polymorphism (materials science)|polymorphous]] with [[Botallackite]].<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-732.html Mindat.org information page for Botallackite]</ref>
+Atacamite has been discovered in the patina of the [[Statue of Liberty]], and as alteration of ancient [[bronze]] and copper [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]]. The mineral has been found as a pigment in [[sculpture]], [[Manuscript|manuscripts]], [[Map|maps]], and [[Fresco|frescoes]] discovered in [[Eurasia]], [[Russia]], and [[Persia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Atacamite|title=Atacamite – CAMEO|website=cameo.mfa.org|language=en|access-date=2017-10-15}}</ref>
-==External links==
+=== Biomineral ===
+Atacamite occurs as a biomineral in the jaws of [[Glycera (genus)|bloodworms]].<ref name="Lichtenegger">{{cite journal|date=October 2002|title=High abrasion resistance with sparse mineralization: copper biomineral in worm jaws|journal=Science|volume=298|issue=5592|pages=389–92|bibcode=2002Sci...298..389L|doi=10.1126/science.1075433|pmid=12376695|vauthors=Lichtenegger HC, Schöberl T, Bartl MH, Waite H, Stucky GD|s2cid=14001250}}</ref><ref name="Stucky2003">{{cite journal  |vauthors=Lichtenegger HC, Schöberl T, Ruokolainen JT, etal |title=Zinc and mechanical prowess in the jaws of Nereis, a marine worm |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=100 |issue=16 |pages=9144–9 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12886017 |pmc=170886 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1632658100 |bibcode=2003PNAS..100.9144L |doi-access=free }}</ref>
-{{Wikisource1911Enc Citation|Atacamite}}
-*[http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/halides/atacamit/atacamit.htm Mineral galleries]
-*[http://www.mindat.org/min-406.html Mindat]
+<gallery>
-==References==
-{{commonscat|Atacamite}}
+Atacamite-235102.jpg|Atacamite prisms from Chile
+Harvard Museum of Natural History. Atacamite. Miraflores Mine, Tierra Amarilla, Atacama, Chile (DerHexer) 2012-07-20.jpg|Atacamite from Chile displayed in the [[Harvard Museum of Natural History]]
+Atacamite-168148.jpg|Atacamite from Mt. Gunson, South Australia
+</gallery>
-*{{1911}}
+{{clear}}
+==References==
+{{commons category|Atacamite}}
 {{reflist}}
+==External links==
-[[Category:Hydroxide minerals]]
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050911055400/http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/halides/atacamit/atacamit.htm Mineral galleries]
-[[Category:Copper minerals]]
+[[Category:Copper(II) minerals]]
 [[Category:Halide minerals]]
 [[Category:Orthorhombic minerals]]
+[[Category:Minerals in space group 62]]
+[[Category:Minerals described in 1802]]
-{{Halide-mineral-stub}}
+{{Halide-mineral-stub}}
-[[ca:Atacamita]]
-[[cs:Atacamit]]
-[[de:Atacamit]]
-[[el:Ατακαμίτης]]
-[[es:Atacamita]]
-[[fr:Atacamite]]
-[[gl:Atacamita]]
-[[it:Atacamite]]
-[[nl:Atacamiet]]
-[[pt:Atacamita]]
-[[uk:Атакаміт]]