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In response to why she established the Foundation despite her ordeal, Lindhout told the CBC's The National "You can very easily go into anger and bitterness and revenge thoughts and resentment and 'Why me?'[...] Because I had something very, very large and very painful to forgive, and by choosing to do that, I was able to put into place my vision, which was making Somalia a better place[...] I've never questioned whether or not it was the right thing to do[...] What else to do after the experience that I had, than something like this?"<ref name="Cbcalfc"/>
In response to why she established the Foundation despite her ordeal, Lindhout told the CBC's The National "You can very easily go into anger and bitterness and revenge thoughts and resentment and 'Why me?'[...] Because I had something very, very large and very painful to forgive, and by choosing to do that, I was able to put into place my vision, which was making Somalia a better place[...] I've never questioned whether or not it was the right thing to do[...] What else to do after the experience that I had, than something like this?"<ref name="Cbcalfc"/>

In conjunction with various private university institutions across Somalia, the GEF's Somali Women's Scholarship Program (SWSP) offers higher education opportunities to women in Somalia on a contribution basis.<ref name="Gefswsp">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalenrichmentfoundation.com/programs/somaliWomensScholarshipProgram.php |title=Somali Women's Scholarship Program |publisher=Globalenrichmentfoundation.com |date= |accessdate=2013-02-28}}</ref> Lindhout's foundation aims to annually send 100 women in the country to university for the next four years,<ref name="Tsalsofwis"/> and is sponsoring tertiary education for 36 women, who are expected to go one to become teachers, doctors, environmentalists and engineers, among other professions. The GEF also started the SHE WILL micro-loan initiative to financially empower widows and other Somali women.<ref name="Algef">{{cite web|url=http://huntinghills.rdpsd.ab.ca/docs/library/HHHS%20W%20of%20D%20Grad%202011%20Compatibility%20Mode.pdf |title=Amanda Lindhout - GEF |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-02-28}}</ref>


In response to the [[2011 Eastern Africa drought|2011 drought]] in [[East Africa]], the GEF put into motion its Convoy for Hope program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalenrichmentfoundation.com/newsReleases/somaliaCrisis2011.php |title=Convoy for Hope |publisher=Globalenrichmentfoundation.com |date=2011-08-04 |accessdate=2013-02-28}}</ref> The initiative received a $1 million USD donation from the Chobani Yoghurt company.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chobani Pledges $1 million to Famine Relief in Africa|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/chobani-pledges-1-million-to-famine-relief-efforts-in-somalia-130262543.html}}</ref> As part of the GEF, teachers with the Memorial Composite also raised funds to sponsor the Sankaroos women's basketball team of Abaarso School in Somalia,<ref name="Algef"/><ref name="Tgetshts">{{cite web|author=nurun.com |url=http://www.sprucegroveexaminer.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=3121201 |title=Teachers spread hope through sport |publisher=Sprucegroveexaminer.com |date=2011-05-12 |accessdate=2013-02-28}}</ref> and a group of high school students in Alberta raised over $23,000 to support the GEF's educational work.<ref>{{cite web|title=Students answer call to empower women half a world away|url=http://edmonton.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20111024/EDM_lindhout_111024/20111024/?hub=EdmontonHome}}</ref>
In response to the [[2011 Eastern Africa drought|2011 drought]] in [[East Africa]], the GEF put into motion its Convoy for Hope program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalenrichmentfoundation.com/newsReleases/somaliaCrisis2011.php |title=Convoy for Hope |publisher=Globalenrichmentfoundation.com |date=2011-08-04 |accessdate=2013-02-28}}</ref> The initiative received a $1 million USD donation from the Chobani Yoghurt company.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chobani Pledges $1 million to Famine Relief in Africa|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/chobani-pledges-1-million-to-famine-relief-efforts-in-somalia-130262543.html}}</ref> As part of the GEF, teachers with the Memorial Composite also raised funds to sponsor the Sankaroos women's basketball team of Abaarso School in Somalia,<ref name="Algef"/><ref name="Tgetshts">{{cite web|author=nurun.com |url=http://www.sprucegroveexaminer.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=3121201 |title=Teachers spread hope through sport |publisher=Sprucegroveexaminer.com |date=2011-05-12 |accessdate=2013-02-28}}</ref> and a group of high school students in Alberta raised over $23,000 to support the GEF's educational work.<ref>{{cite web|title=Students answer call to empower women half a world away|url=http://edmonton.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20111024/EDM_lindhout_111024/20111024/?hub=EdmontonHome}}</ref>

Revision as of 02:40, 23 January 2014

Amanda Lindhout
Amanda Lindhout
Photograph by Steven Carty
Born (1981-06-12) June 12, 1981 (age 43)
NationalityCanadian
Occupation(s)Journalist, Humanitarian, Author
OrganizationGlobal Enrichment Foundation
WebsiteOfficial website

Amanda Lindhout (born June 12, 1981)[2] is a Canadian humanitarian and journalist. In 2008, she and members of her entourage were kidnapped by Islamist insurgents in southern Somalia. She was released 15 months later on November 25, 2009,[3] and has since embarked on a philanthropic career.[4] In 2013, she released the New York Times bestseller A House in the Sky: A Memoir, in which she recounts her hostage experience.[5]

Early life

Lindhout was born in 1981 in Red Deer, Alberta, Canada.[1] She and her brother were raised by her mother Lorinda, with Amanda spending much of her youth reading National Geographic Magazine.[6] Lindhout's father had chronic health problems, and depended on disability payments. Her mother held a minimum-wage job.[7] Lindhout had early aspirations to become a model and did some brief modeling work. She also considered enrolling in a beautician's school.[8]

Journalism career

Press TV

At the age of 24, Lindhout quit her job as a cocktail waitress to become a journalist.[9] She used her salary from the bar she worked at to finance reporting trips to various conflict zones around the world.[10] Lindhout began her new journalism career in Afghanistan, arriving in the capital Kabul in May 2007. She later moved on to an assignment in Bagdhad, Iraq in January 2008,[9] where she worked on a freelance basis for Iran's state television Press TV.[11] This led some Canadian reporters to criticize her, due to Press TV's reputation for producing state propaganda.[12] While in Iraq, reports indicated that Lindhout had been kidnapped in Sadr City. She was said to have been released several hours later, after paying a ransom to her abductors.[9] However, Lindhout in her book denied having been kidnapped in Iraq. She wrote that she was instead taken to the Sadr Party Headquarters and questioned about her political affiliations, and that she was able to call an Iraqi friend who ensured they were released within the hour.[13]

Abduction

At the time of Lindhout's abduction in Somalia, she was reportedly not affiliated with any news organization other than Alberta's Red Deer Advocate.[10] She wrote a column for the small daily.[14] Several media reports suggested that Lindhout was in Somalia on assignment for France 24. However, Nathalie Lenfant, a spokesman for the organization, indicated that Lindhout had only sent a few reports to the news agency from Iraq. Lenfant also stated that France24 had declined two proposals by Lindhout to serve as a correspondent for the organization in Iraq and Somalia, respectively. According to Lenfant, the news agency later decided to confirm that Lindhout was on a freelance assignment for it because France24 representatives "thought it would be better if she could be seen to be part of the structure of a larger company".[10]

On August 23, 2008, two days after having arrived in Mogadishu, Amanda Lindhout and Nigel Brennan, a 37-year-old freelance Australian photojournalist from Brisbane, were kidnapped along with their Somali translator, Abdifatah Mohammed Elmi, their driver, Mahad Isse, and a driver from the Shamo Hotel, Marwali. They were on their way to conduct interviews at an IDP camp when they were stopped by gunmen.[15] The abductors were teenage insurgents from the Hizbul Islam fundamentalist group.[4] The two were kidnapped in lieu of two more experienced journalists (one of which was National Geographic Magazine reporter Robert Draper), who had that morning beefed up their security before leaving to examine a refugee camp. Because of this move, Lindhout and Brennan were kidnapped instead.[16]

On September 17, Al Jazeera featured footage of Lindhout and Brennan in captivity surrounded by gunmen.[17] On October 13, 2008, the kidnappers demanded a ransom of US$2.5 million by October 28. On February 23, 2009, the Canadian Association of Journalists urged Prime Minister Stephen Harper to help secure the release of Lindhout and Khadija Abdul Qahaar, a Canadian woman who was kidnapped in November.[18]

Elmi and the two drivers were released on January 15, 2009.[19] The kidnappers later lowered the ransom demand to $1 million.[20]

On June 10, 2009, CTV News received a phone call from a tearful Lindhout who seemed to be reading a statement: "My name is Amanda Lindhout and I am a Canadian citizen and I've been held hostage by gunmen in Somalia for nearly 10 months. I'm in a desperate situation. I'm being kept in a dark, windowless, room in chains without any clean drinking water and little or no food. I've been very sick for months without any medicine.... I love my country and want to live to see it again. Without food or medicine, I will die here."[21]

On November 25, 2009, after 460 days as a hostage, Lindhout and Brennan were released following a ransom payment made by their families, through a private firm that specializes in kidnappings and ransom payments.[22] [23] She was hospitalized in Nairobi for two weeks and treated for acute malnourishment.[24] Following her release, Lindhout received a large amount of media attention, though she tried to avoid much of it. After she released her memoir on the experience several years later, Lindhout began talking to the media more frequently. However, she found the coverage to be too sensational, suggesting that she would never personally present herself that way.[25]

Memoir

In 2013, Lindhout released a memoir, co-written with journalist Sara Corbett, titled A House In The Sky recounting her experience as a hostage. She indicated in the book that her motive for traveling to Somalia in the midst of an insurgency was the dearth of competition from other journalists covering the region, as well as the possibility of documenting unique human interest stories. Once held hostage, she alleged that she and Brennan were forcibly separated since they were not married, and that she was subsequently repeatedly tortured and raped by her teenage captors. Lindhout asserted that she and Brennan had converted to Islam in order to both appease their abductors and make life easier for themselves.[26][27] While it has been reported that Lindhout had given birth to a boy named Osama while in captivity, she dismissed such rumors as "gossip, one of dozens of unconfirmed stories that had floated out of Somalia since our capture ... Somalia seemed to be a factory for rumors, with a handful of news websites and uncredentialed bloggers pumping out what passed for information."[28]

Chris Selley of The National Post wrote that the book was "bloody good journalism".[29] Eliza Griswold of the New York Times said of the book that, "Her tale, exquisitely told with her co-author, Sara Corbett, a contributing writer for The New York Times Magazine, is much more than a gonzo adventure tale gone awry — it’s a young woman’s harrowing coming-of-age story and an extraordinary narrative of forgiveness and spiritual triumph."[6] The USA Today wrote about her experience that, "The wide-eyed optimism and unflappable determination that led her to danger also kept her alive. In the months she lived in darkness and in chains, she held onto her sanity by escaping to memories of her world travels, picturing the vivid images in the old issues of National Geographic she found while dumpster-diving as a child."[30]

The book became a New York Times bestseller,[31] and was named one of the The Globe Books 100: Best Canadian non-fiction by the Globe and Mail.[32] It was also named the 2013 Best Book of the Year in the Biographies & Memoirs category by Amazon.com.[33]

Humanitarian career

Speaking engagements

Amanda Lindhout at a speaking engagement.

Lindhout studied Development Leadership at the COADY International Institute at St. Francis Xavier University in Nova Scotia and is the executive director of the Global Enrichment Foundation.[34] Lindhout has become a much sought after speaker on the topics of forgiveness, compassion, social responsibility and women's rights.[35]

In 2009, Lindhout spoke alongside Eckhart Tolle, best-selling author of The Power of Now, in Vancouver on the power of forgiveness.

In 2010 Lindhout addressed the United Nations Association in Ottawa, Canada about women's rights.[36]

In July 2010 Google Ideas had Lindhout moderate a panel of former violent extremists at the Summit Against Violent Extremism in Dublin, Ireland. The event was the largest gathering of former violent extremists to ever take place and was organized by Google, the Council of Foreign Relations and the Tribeca Film Festival. Lindhout moderated a panel which included a former Somali militant with Al-Shabaab, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed. She asked Mohamed how he justified the injuries and deaths to civilians while a member of the insurgent group, but he instead addressed the political motives that drove him to join the outfit.[37]

The Global Enrichment Foundation

In 2010, Lindhout founded the Global Enrichment Foundation to create more opportunities in Somalia by offering university scholarships to women. Lindhout currently serves as the organization's Executive Director, with Ahmed Hussen, the president of the Canadian Somali Congress, acting as the Fund's co-director.[4] Aurala Warsame, a Somali researcher at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, supervises the program and vetted the first applicants.[38]

In response to why she established the Foundation despite her ordeal, Lindhout told the CBC's The National "You can very easily go into anger and bitterness and revenge thoughts and resentment and 'Why me?'[...] Because I had something very, very large and very painful to forgive, and by choosing to do that, I was able to put into place my vision, which was making Somalia a better place[...] I've never questioned whether or not it was the right thing to do[...] What else to do after the experience that I had, than something like this?"[38]

In conjunction with various private university institutions across Somalia, the GEF's Somali Women's Scholarship Program (SWSP) offers higher education opportunities to women in Somalia on a contribution basis.[39] Lindhout's foundation aims to annually send 100 women in the country to university for the next four years,[4] and is sponsoring tertiary education for 36 women, who are expected to go one to become teachers, doctors, environmentalists and engineers, among other professions. The GEF also started the SHE WILL micro-loan initiative to financially empower widows and other Somali women.[40]

In response to the 2011 drought in East Africa, the GEF put into motion its Convoy for Hope program.[41] The initiative received a $1 million USD donation from the Chobani Yoghurt company.[42] As part of the GEF, teachers with the Memorial Composite also raised funds to sponsor the Sankaroos women's basketball team of Abaarso School in Somalia,[40][43] and a group of high school students in Alberta raised over $23,000 to support the GEF's educational work.[44]

In 2012, Lindhout was featured as the face of jewelry company Hillberg & Berk's spring/summer 2012 'Najo Rajo' Collection of Hope. The Regina, Saskatchewan based company donated $15,000 towards the Global Enrichment Foundation's Somali Women's Scholarship Program for Amanda's participation.[45]

Return to Africa

Lindhout's work for the Global Enrichment Foundation eventually drew her back to Somalia in July 2011. Accompanied by CBC's The National, who filmed a documentary about her titled Return To Africa,[46] Lindhout visited the Dadaab refugee complex in Kenya to research a $60 million educational project for children in the camp, many of whom fled the conflict in southern Somalia. Lindhout attempted to reconcile her fear of abduction with her deep commitment to helping the asylum seekers. However, her efforts were criticized by Badu Katelo, Kenya's commissioner for refugees, who suggested that the best solution to the issue was through military intervention in Somalia's conflict zones. Katelo characterized Lindhout's initiative as "small [...] It's a drop in the ocean. It's not anything to rely on to bring peace to Somalia. I think if education was to bring peace in Somalia, then it should've happened a long time ago because in 1991, when refugees came here, they were all educated". Lindhout responded that "to anyone who's questioning us right now, that's fine[...] That's fair. It is an incredibly challenging environment to work in, but time will tell the story."[47]

On August 4, 2011, Lindhout travelled back to Somalia for the first time since her captivity. Leading a large convoy carrying food aid for 14,000 people in the southern Somalia town of Dobley, she was welcomed by Somalia's Transitional Federal Government. Lindhout described the trip as also "an opportunity for me to look at that fear and maybe let it go — this fear that I have been carrying around with me for some time".[48] Her Convoys For Hope project continued to provided relief and expects to assist 300,000 more people during the drought.[49]

Awards and honours

In June of 2012, Amanda received the Red Deer Women of Excellence Award in Human Services in recognition of her leadership, compassion and practice in human service programs within the community.[50]

In March 2012, Lindhout accepted an invitation from former President of the United States Bill Clinton to participate on a panel at the annual Clinton Global Initiative University about her humanitarian work in the Horn of Africa with the Global Enrichment Foundation.[51][52]

In spring of 2012 Amanda was asked to be photographed for the book 100 Making a Difference by celebrity photographer John Russo, alongside such public figures as Sophia Loren, Prince Edward, Michelle Obama and Al Gore.[53]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Brenlee Carrington (September 1, 2013). "15 months in hell". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved November 14, 2013. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ "Amanda Lindhout turns 28". 2009-06-12. Archived from the original on 2 December 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "Canadian journalist Amanda Lindhout freed". CBC.ca. 2009-11-25. Archived from the original on 28 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-25. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b c d Woods, Allan (2010-05-25). "Amanda Lindhout Speaks out for women in Somalia". Toronto Star.
  5. ^ "Best Sellers -September 29, 2013". New York Times. November 25, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  6. ^ a b Eliza Griswold (September 6, 2013). "Journey Into Darkness". New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2013. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  7. ^ Rosemary Westwood (September 6, 2013). "Escape from hell". Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  8. ^ http://www2.canada.com/ottawacitizen/columnists/story.html?id=50fea71f-7c28-42e5-8bf5-04dd83147c8d&p=1
  9. ^ a b c "Nigel Brennan and Amanda Lindhout's horrific ordeal as hostages in Somalia". Herald Sun. 2 September. Retrieved 5 September 2013. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ a b c Austen, Ian (29 November 2013). "For Novice Journalists, Rising Risks in Conflict Zones". New York Times. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
  11. ^ "The work of kidnapped journalist Amanda Lindhout". National Post. 2009-08-23. Retrieved 2009-11-25.[dead link]
  12. ^ "Canada's 'gutsy' forgotten hostage". thestar.com. Retrieved 2011-08-06.
  13. ^ Amanda Lindhout and Sara Corbett (2013). A House in the Sky: A Memoir. Simon & Schuster. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  14. ^ "Canadian Amanda Lindhout freed in Somalia". CBC. 2009-11-25. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
  15. ^ "Canadian journalist reported abducted in Somalia". CBC.ca. 2008-08-23. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
  16. ^ Robert Draper (September 4, 2013). "WHY HER AND NOT ME? ROBERT DRAPER ON AMANDA LINDHOUT'S KIDNAPPING". Elle Magazine. Retrieved November 14, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  17. ^ "Foreign media say Somali kidnappers will kill Lindhout if ransom isn't paid". 2008-10-13. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
  18. ^ "No word on Alberta journalist kidnapped in Somalia". CBC.ca. 2009-02-23. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
  19. ^ "Cbc.ca". Cbc.ca. 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2011-08-06.
  20. ^ Dawn Walton (2009-08-04). "Theglobeandmail.com". Toronto: Theglobeandmail.com. Retrieved 2011-08-06.
  21. ^ "Kidnapped Alberta journalist calls CTV News". CTVcalgary.ca. CTV. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  22. ^ www2.macleans.ca/2013/09/06/escape-from-hell/
  23. ^ "Canadian Amanda Lindhout freed in Somalia". CBC.ca. CBC. 2009-11-25. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  24. ^ "Freed foreign journalists in Kenyan hospital". Seattletimes.com. Seattle Times. 2009-11-26. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  25. ^ Rebecca Johnson. "A Captive's Tale: Amanda Lindhout on the Story of Her Somalia Kidnapping". Vogue Magazine. Retrieved November 14, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  26. ^ Mohan, Keerthi (2 September 2013). "Amanda Lindhout, Who Was Held Captive In Somalia For 15 Months, Opens Up About The Ordeal". International Business Times. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  27. ^ Callahan, Maureen (1 September 2013). "Naive reporter's living hell as Somalia hostage". New York Post. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  28. ^ Amanda Lindhout and Sara Corbett (September 10, 2013). A House in the Sky: A Memoir. Simon & Schuster.
  29. ^ Chris Selley (September 20, 2013). "Chris Selley: Amanda Lindhout and her critics". National Post. Retrieved November 14, 2013. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  30. ^ Korina Lopez (September 7, 2013). "'A House in the Sky' opens window into horrific reality". USA Today. Retrieved November 14, 2013. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  31. ^ "Best Sellers -September 29, 2013". New York Times. November 25, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  32. ^ JARED BLAND AND LISAN JUTRAS (November 22, 2013). "The Globe Books 100: Best Canadian non-fiction". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 25, 2013. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  33. ^ "2013 Best Books of the Year: Biographies & Memoirs". Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  34. ^ "The Global Enrichment Foundation, founded by Amanda Lindhout-developing strengths already within women to assist them in changing their lives". Globalenrichmentfoundation.com. 2010-08-24. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ Concrete / Visia. "Amanda Lindhout | Global Enrichment Foundation | Lavin Speaker Profile". Thelavinagency.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "Kathleen's interview with Amanda Lindhout". CBC Radio. CBC.ca. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  37. ^ Shephard, Michelle (2011-06-28). "Ex-skinhead, former Islamic radical open summit against extremism". Toronto Star. Toronto Star. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  38. ^ a b "Amanda Lindhout Forgives Captors". CBC. 2010-08-24.
  39. ^ "Somali Women's Scholarship Program". Globalenrichmentfoundation.com. Retrieved 2013-02-28.
  40. ^ a b "Amanda Lindhout - GEF" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-02-28.
  41. ^ "Convoy for Hope". Globalenrichmentfoundation.com. 2011-08-04. Retrieved 2013-02-28.
  42. ^ "Chobani Pledges $1 million to Famine Relief in Africa".
  43. ^ nurun.com (2011-05-12). "Teachers spread hope through sport". Sprucegroveexaminer.com. Retrieved 2013-02-28.
  44. ^ "Students answer call to empower women half a world away".
  45. ^ Clarke, Brennan (Dec 21, 2011). "Regina jewellery maker banks on reflected shine of stars". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  46. ^ "Amanda Lindhout - Back to Africa". CBC's The National. CBC. 2011-09-02. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  47. ^ "Lindhout returns to Africa after kidnapping". CBC.ca. CBC. 2011-09-01. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
  48. ^ Snow, Kate. "Once a kidnap victim in Somalia, she returns to help". The Today Show. MSNBC. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
  49. ^ "Lindhout's mission aims to feed 300,000 Somalis". Red Deer Express. Red Deer Express. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  50. ^ Stokoe, Jeff (June 12, 2012). "Advocate Staff". Red Deer Advocate. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  51. ^ "Local activist recognized by Clinton Global Initiative". Rmoutlook.com. Retrieved 2013-02-28.
  52. ^ "Crisis in the Horn of Africa: Poverty, Hunger, and Insecurity". Cgiu.org. Retrieved 2013-02-28.
  53. ^ [1]

Further reading

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