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'''Albert D. J. Cashier''' (December 25, 1843 – October 10, 1915), born '''Jennie Irene Hodgers''', was an [[Ireland|Irish]]-born transgender man <ref>[http://npshistory.com/publications/LGBTQ-america.pdf Stryker, Susan. Transgender History in the United States and the Places That Matter (from National Park Service, Department of the Interior, LGBTQ America: A Theme Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer History], Chapter 10.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gdA7AAAAQBAJ&dq Teich, Nicholas. Transgender 101: A Simple Guide to a Complex Issue], pp. 76-77.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=L9ZlAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA54&ots=fY8x1TPgoG&dq Moser, Eva. Manufacturing Insanity: Volume 1: Creating Truth/When Darkness Falls], p. 54 ("... it is difficult to see for example Albert Cashier's entering the Civil War as a male solider as anything else than an expression of trannsexuality: if his motivation would only have been to 'fight for his cause' then why would he have spent his entire life before and after his military service as a male too?").</ref><ref>Elbert, Lisa. Reclaiming Transgender Lives: The Case of Albert D.J. Cashier.</ref> who served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0G--BowVYg8C&pg=PA78 Cromwell, Jason. Transmen and FTMs: Identities, Bodies, Genders, and Sexualities]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1TaHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 Cronn-Mills, Kirsten. Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices]</ref><ref>[http://www.wevebeenaround.com/episodes#/albert/ We've Been Around: Albert]</ref>
'''Albert D. J. Cashier''' (December 25, 1843 – October 10, 1915), born '''Jennie Irene Hodgers''', was an [[Ireland|Irish]]-born immigrant who served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]] disguised as a man.


==Early life==
==Early life==
Hodgers was born in [[Clogherhead]], [[County Louth]], [[Ireland]]. According to later investigation by the administrator of her estate, she was the child of Sallie and Patrick Hodgers. Hodgers's later accounts of how she moved to the United States and why she enlisted were taken when she was elderly and disoriented, and are thus contradictory. Typically, she was said to have been dressed in boy's clothing by her stepfather in order to find work. Her mother died sometime in her youth, and by 1862, Hodgers had traveled as a stowaway to [[Illinois]] and was living in [[Belvidere, Illinois|Belvidere]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Benck|first1=Amy|title=Albert D. J. Cashier: Woman Warrior, Insane Civil War Veteran, or Transman?|url=http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/tgi-bios/albert-cashier|website=OutHistory|accessdate=6 May 2015}}</ref>
Cashier was born in [[Clogherhead]], [[County Louth]], [[Ireland]]. According to later investigation by the administrator of his estate, he was the child of Sallie and Patrick Hodgers. Cashier's later accounts of how he moved to the United States and why he enlisted were taken when he was elderly and disoriented, and are thus contradictory. Typically, he was said to have been dressed in boy's clothing by his stepfather in order to find work. Cashier's mother died sometime in his youth, and by 1862, he had traveled as a stowaway to [[Illinois]] and was living in [[Belvidere, Illinois|Belvidere]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Benck|first1=Amy|title=Albert D. J. Cashier: Woman Warrior, Insane Civil War Veteran, or Transman?|url=http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/tgi-bios/albert-cashier|website=OutHistory|accessdate=6 May 2015}}</ref>


==Enlistment==
==Enlistment==
On September 4, 1862,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Beiermeister|first1=Gwen|url=http://civilwar.illinoisgenweb.org/r100/095-g-in.html|title=Roster of Company G 95th Illinois Infantry}}</ref> at the age of 17, she enlisted into the [[95th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment|95th Illinois Infantry]] using the name ''Albert Cashier'' and was assigned to Company G.<ref name="Hicks-Bartlett">{{cite web | last = Hicks-Bartlett | first = Alani | title = When Jennie Comes Marchin' Home | work = | publisher = Illinois History | date = February 1994 | url=http://www.lib.niu.edu/ipo/1994/ihy940230.html | accessdate = 2007-12-13}}</ref><ref name="Blanton">{{Cite journal | last = Blanton | first = DeAnne | author-link = | title = Women Soldiers of the Civil War | journal = Prologue | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = | publisher = [[National Archives]] | location = College Park, MD | date = Spring 1993 | url = http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-1.html| accessdate = 2007-12-14 | postscript = <!--None-->| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071205003033/http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-1.html| archivedate= 5 December 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> The regiment was part of the [[Army of the Tennessee]] under [[Ulysses S. Grant]] and fought in approximately forty battles,<ref name="Blanton"/> including the siege at [[Battle of Vicksburg|Vicksburg]], the [[Red River Campaign]] and the [[Battle of Brice's Crossroads|combat]] at [[Guntown, Mississippi]], where they suffered heavy casualties.
On September 4, 1862,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Beiermeister|first1=Gwen|url=http://civilwar.illinoisgenweb.org/r100/095-g-in.html|title=Roster of Company G 95th Illinois Infantry}}</ref> at the age of 18, he enlisted into the [[95th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment|95th Illinois Infantry]] using the name ''Albert Cashier'' and was assigned to Company G.<ref name="Hicks-Bartlett">{{cite web | last = Hicks-Bartlett | first = Alani | title = When Jennie Comes Marchin' Home | work = | publisher = Illinois History | date = February 1994 | url=http://www.lib.niu.edu/ipo/1994/ihy940230.html | accessdate = 2007-12-13}}</ref><ref name="Blanton">{{Cite journal | last = Blanton | first = DeAnne | author-link = | title = Women Soldiers of the Civil War | journal = Prologue | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = | publisher = [[National Archives]] | location = College Park, MD | date = Spring 1993 | url = http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-1.html| accessdate = 2007-12-14 | postscript = <!--None-->| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071205003033/http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-1.html| archivedate= 5 December 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> The regiment was part of the [[Army of the Tennessee]] under [[Ulysses S. Grant]] and fought in approximately forty battles,<ref name="Blanton"/> including the siege at [[Battle of Vicksburg|Vicksburg]], the [[Red River Campaign]] and the [[Battle of Brice's Crossroads|combat]] at [[Guntown, Mississippi]], where they suffered heavy casualties.


Other soldiers thought that Cashier was small and preferred to be alone, which was not uncommon. She was once captured in battle, but escaped back to Union lines after overpowering a prison guard. Cashier fought with the regiment through the war until August 17, 1865, when all the soldiers were mustered in and out.
Other soldiers thought that Cashier was small and preferred to be alone, which was not uncommon. He was once captured in battle, but escaped back to Union lines after overpowering a prison guard. Cashier fought with the regiment through the war until August 17, 1865, when all the soldiers were mustered in and out.


A transcription from a letter written by Thomas Hannah, Jr., a private in Company G, 95th Illinois Regiment, on 17 November 1862, from near Jackson, Tennessee reads:
A transcription from a letter written by Thomas Hannah, Jr., a private in Company G, 95th Illinois Regiment, on 17 November 1862, from near Jackson, Tennessee reads:
Line 44: Line 44:
[[File:Jennie Irene Hodgers home.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Postwar residence, since moved to [[Saunemin, Illinois|Saunemin]]]]
[[File:Jennie Irene Hodgers home.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Postwar residence, since moved to [[Saunemin, Illinois|Saunemin]]]]


After the war, Cashier returned to Belvidere, Illinois for a time where she worked for Samuel Pepper.<ref name="Blanton-Himes">Blanton, ''op cit'', [http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/images/women-soldiers-deposition.jpg Deposition of J. H. Himes] (January 24, 1915)</ref> She settled in [[Saunemin, Illinois]] in 1869, where she worked as a farmhand. Her employer there, Joshua Chesebro, built a one-room house for her. For over forty years, she lived in Saunemin and worked as a church janitor, cemetery worker and street lamplighter. Because she lived as a man, she was able to vote in elections and later claimed a veteran's pension under the name Albert Cashier. In later years, she ate with the neighboring Lannon family. A later tale tells that the Lannons discovered that she was female when they asked a nurse to look at her, but they didn't make their discovery public.
After the war, Cashier returned to Belvidere, Illinois for a time where he worked for Samuel Pepper.<ref name="Blanton-Himes">Blanton, ''op cit'', [http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/images/women-soldiers-deposition.jpg Deposition of J. H. Himes] (January 24, 1915)</ref> He settled in [[Saunemin, Illinois]] in 1869, where he worked as a farmhand. His employer there, Joshua Chesebro, built a one-room house for him. For over forty years, he lived in Saunemin and worked as a church janitor, cemetery worker and street lamplighter. As a trans man, he was able to vote in elections and later claimed a veteran's pension under the name Albert Cashier. In later years, he ate with the neighboring Lannon family. A later tale tells that the Lannons discovered that his birth sex when they asked a nurse to look at him, but they didn't make their discovery public.


In November 1910, Cashier was hit by a car that broke her leg. A physician discovered her secret in the hospital, but did not disclose the information. On May 5, 1911, Cashier was moved to the Soldiers and Sailors home in [[Quincy, Illinois]]. She lived there until her mind deteriorated and she was moved to the [[Watertown State Hospital]] for the Insane in March 1913. Attendants at the Watertown State Hospital discovered that she was female when giving her a bath, at which point she was forced to wear a dress.
In November 1910, Cashier was hit by a car that broke his leg. A physician discovered his birth sex in the hospital, but did not disclose the information. On May 5, 1911, Cashier was moved to the Soldiers and Sailors home in [[Quincy, Illinois]]. He lived there until his mind deteriorated and he was moved to the [[Watertown State Hospital]] for the Insane in March 1913. Attendants at the Watertown State Hospital discovered his birth sex when giving him a bath, at which point he was forced to wear a dress.


==Death and legacy==
==Death and legacy==
Albert Cashier died on October 10, 1915. She was buried in the uniform she had kept intact all those years and her tombstone was inscribed "Albert D. J. Cashier, Co. G, 95 Ill. Inf."<ref name="Hicks-Bartlett"/> It took W.J. Singleton (executor of Cashier's estate) nine years to track Cashier's identity back to her birth name of Jennie Hodgers. None of the would-be heirs proved convincing, and the estate of $418.461<ref>Spalding, ''op cit''. "$418.461" {{sic}} which could refer to denominations as small as the [[Mill (currency)#United States|mill]], but is likely a typo.</ref> was deposited in the [[Adams County, Illinois]], treasury. In the 1970s, a second tombstone, inscribed with both of her names, was placed beside the first.<ref name="Hicks-Bartlett"/>
Albert Cashier died on October 10, 1915. He was buried in the uniform he had kept intact all those years and his tombstone was inscribed "Albert D. J. Cashier, Co. G, 95 Ill. Inf."<ref name="Hicks-Bartlett"/> It took W.J. Singleton (executor of Cashier's estate) nine years to track Cashier's identity back to his birth name of Jennie Hodgers. None of the would-be heirs proved convincing, and the estate of $418.461<ref>Spalding, ''op cit''. "$418.461" {{sic}} which could refer to denominations as small as the [[Mill (currency)#United States|mill]], but is likely a typo.</ref> was deposited in the [[Adams County, Illinois]], treasury. In the 1970s, a second tombstone, inscribed with both of his names, was placed beside the first.<ref name="Hicks-Bartlett"/>


''Also Known As Albert D. J. Cashier: The Jennie Hodgers Story'' is a biography written by veteran Lon P. Dawson, who lived at the Illinois Veterans Home where Cashier once lived. The novel ''My Last Skirt'', by Lynda Durrant, is based on her life.
''Also Known As Albert D. J. Cashier: The Jennie Hodgers Story'' is a biography written by veteran Lon P. Dawson, who lived at the Illinois Veterans Home where Cashier once lived. The novel ''My Last Skirt'', by Lynda Durrant, is based on his life.
Cashier's house has been restored in her home town of Saunemin.<ref name="Freedom">{{cite web | title = For Love Of Freedom | work = | publisher = Saunemin Historical Society | date = July 2012 | url=https://sites.google.com/site/albertdjcashier | accessdate = 2012-07-14}}</ref>
Cashier's house has been restored in his home town of Saunemin.<ref name="Freedom">{{cite web | title = For Love Of Freedom | work = | publisher = Saunemin Historical Society | date = July 2012 | url=https://sites.google.com/site/albertdjcashier | accessdate = 2012-07-14}}</ref>

Some authors suggest that Cashier was a [[trans man]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0G--BowVYg8C&pg=PA78 Cromwell, Jason. Transmen and FTMs: Identities, Bodies, Genders, and Sexualities]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1TaHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 Cronn-Mills, Kirsten. Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices]</ref>


==Notes and references==
==Notes and references==
Line 65: Line 63:


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://npshistory.com/publications/LGBTQ-america.pdf Stryker, Susan. Transgender History in the United States and the Places That Matter (from National Park Service, Department of the Interior, LGBTQ America: A Theme Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer History], Chapter 10
*[http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-1.html Women Soldiers of the Civil War], esp. pages [http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-2.html 2] and [http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-3.html 3]; DeAnne Blanton, Senior Archivist, [[National Archives]]
*[http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-1.html Women Soldiers of the Civil War], esp. pages [http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-2.html 2] and [http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-3.html 3]; DeAnne Blanton, Senior Archivist, [[National Archives]]
*[http://www.lib.niu.edu/ipo/1994/ihy940230.html When Jennie Comes Marchin' Home] at Illinois Periodicals Online; includes photo of Cashier's headstone
*[http://www.lib.niu.edu/ipo/1994/ihy940230.html When Jennie Comes Marchin' Home] at Illinois Periodicals Online; includes photo of Cashier's headstone
Line 71: Line 70:
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=cashier&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GScntry=4&GSob=n&GRid=94933759&df=all& Albert D. J. Cashier] at Find A Grave
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=cashier&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GScntry=4&GSob=n&GRid=94933759&df=all& Albert D. J. Cashier] at Find A Grave
*[http://irishamericancivilwar.com/2011/08/17/jennie-hodgers-the-irishwoman-who-fought-as-a-man-in-the-union-army/] Article concerning Cashier by Irish archaeologist Damien Shiels
*[http://irishamericancivilwar.com/2011/08/17/jennie-hodgers-the-irishwoman-who-fought-as-a-man-in-the-union-army/] Article concerning Cashier by Irish archaeologist Damien Shiels
*[http://www.wevebeenaround.com/albert/ "We've Been Around: Albert"] at We've Been Around


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

Revision as of 13:58, 29 December 2016

Albert D. J. Cashier
Cashier in November, 1864[1]
Birth nameJennie Irene Hodgers
Born(1843-12-25)December 25, 1843
Clogherhead, County Louth, Ireland
DiedOctober 10, 1915(1915-10-10) (aged 71)
Saunemin, Illinois, U.S.
Buried
Saunemin, Illinois, U.S.
Allegiance United States of America
Service / branch United States Army
Years of service1862–1865
RankPrivate
Unit95th Illinois Infantry, Company G
Battles / warsVicksburg, Red River, Guntown
Other workFarmhand, janitor

Albert D. J. Cashier (December 25, 1843 – October 10, 1915), born Jennie Irene Hodgers, was an Irish-born transgender man [2][3][4][5] who served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.[6][7][8]

Early life

Cashier was born in Clogherhead, County Louth, Ireland. According to later investigation by the administrator of his estate, he was the child of Sallie and Patrick Hodgers. Cashier's later accounts of how he moved to the United States and why he enlisted were taken when he was elderly and disoriented, and are thus contradictory. Typically, he was said to have been dressed in boy's clothing by his stepfather in order to find work. Cashier's mother died sometime in his youth, and by 1862, he had traveled as a stowaway to Illinois and was living in Belvidere.[9]

Enlistment

On September 4, 1862,[10] at the age of 18, he enlisted into the 95th Illinois Infantry using the name Albert Cashier and was assigned to Company G.[11][12] The regiment was part of the Army of the Tennessee under Ulysses S. Grant and fought in approximately forty battles,[12] including the siege at Vicksburg, the Red River Campaign and the combat at Guntown, Mississippi, where they suffered heavy casualties.

Other soldiers thought that Cashier was small and preferred to be alone, which was not uncommon. He was once captured in battle, but escaped back to Union lines after overpowering a prison guard. Cashier fought with the regiment through the war until August 17, 1865, when all the soldiers were mustered in and out.

A transcription from a letter written by Thomas Hannah, Jr., a private in Company G, 95th Illinois Regiment, on 17 November 1862, from near Jackson, Tennessee reads:

" ... we have just discovered one of our soulders [sic] belonging to this rigment [sic] is a women [sic] and she is found out and sent home she is one of those loose characters that used to run around camp in Rockford she put on mens' clothes and enlisted just before we started ..."

Thomas Hannah indicates that this woman was sent back to Belvidere.

Also, footnote 4, Blanton, references a "Deposition of J. H. Hines." In fact, it was Robert Dunn Hannah, brother of Thomas, who gave the deposition in 1915. Thomas Hannah died 21 October 1865 from wounds suffered at Spanish Fort, Alabama.

Postwar

Postwar residence, since moved to Saunemin

After the war, Cashier returned to Belvidere, Illinois for a time where he worked for Samuel Pepper.[13] He settled in Saunemin, Illinois in 1869, where he worked as a farmhand. His employer there, Joshua Chesebro, built a one-room house for him. For over forty years, he lived in Saunemin and worked as a church janitor, cemetery worker and street lamplighter. As a trans man, he was able to vote in elections and later claimed a veteran's pension under the name Albert Cashier. In later years, he ate with the neighboring Lannon family. A later tale tells that the Lannons discovered that his birth sex when they asked a nurse to look at him, but they didn't make their discovery public.

In November 1910, Cashier was hit by a car that broke his leg. A physician discovered his birth sex in the hospital, but did not disclose the information. On May 5, 1911, Cashier was moved to the Soldiers and Sailors home in Quincy, Illinois. He lived there until his mind deteriorated and he was moved to the Watertown State Hospital for the Insane in March 1913. Attendants at the Watertown State Hospital discovered his birth sex when giving him a bath, at which point he was forced to wear a dress.

Death and legacy

Albert Cashier died on October 10, 1915. He was buried in the uniform he had kept intact all those years and his tombstone was inscribed "Albert D. J. Cashier, Co. G, 95 Ill. Inf."[11] It took W.J. Singleton (executor of Cashier's estate) nine years to track Cashier's identity back to his birth name of Jennie Hodgers. None of the would-be heirs proved convincing, and the estate of $418.461[14] was deposited in the Adams County, Illinois, treasury. In the 1970s, a second tombstone, inscribed with both of his names, was placed beside the first.[11]

Also Known As Albert D. J. Cashier: The Jennie Hodgers Story is a biography written by veteran Lon P. Dawson, who lived at the Illinois Veterans Home where Cashier once lived. The novel My Last Skirt, by Lynda Durrant, is based on his life. Cashier's house has been restored in his home town of Saunemin.[15]

Notes and references

  1. ^ "What part am I to act in this great drama?" (PDF). Salt. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  2. ^ Stryker, Susan. Transgender History in the United States and the Places That Matter (from National Park Service, Department of the Interior, LGBTQ America: A Theme Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer History, Chapter 10.
  3. ^ Teich, Nicholas. Transgender 101: A Simple Guide to a Complex Issue, pp. 76-77.
  4. ^ Moser, Eva. Manufacturing Insanity: Volume 1: Creating Truth/When Darkness Falls, p. 54 ("... it is difficult to see for example Albert Cashier's entering the Civil War as a male solider as anything else than an expression of trannsexuality: if his motivation would only have been to 'fight for his cause' then why would he have spent his entire life before and after his military service as a male too?").
  5. ^ Elbert, Lisa. Reclaiming Transgender Lives: The Case of Albert D.J. Cashier.
  6. ^ Cromwell, Jason. Transmen and FTMs: Identities, Bodies, Genders, and Sexualities
  7. ^ Cronn-Mills, Kirsten. Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices
  8. ^ We've Been Around: Albert
  9. ^ Benck, Amy. "Albert D. J. Cashier: Woman Warrior, Insane Civil War Veteran, or Transman?". OutHistory. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  10. ^ Beiermeister, Gwen. "Roster of Company G 95th Illinois Infantry".
  11. ^ a b c Hicks-Bartlett, Alani (February 1994). "When Jennie Comes Marchin' Home". Illinois History. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
  12. ^ a b Blanton, DeAnne (Spring 1993). "Women Soldiers of the Civil War". Prologue. 25 (1). College Park, MD: National Archives. Archived from the original on 5 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-14. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Blanton, op cit, Deposition of J. H. Himes (January 24, 1915)
  14. ^ Spalding, op cit. "$418.461" [sic] which could refer to denominations as small as the mill, but is likely a typo.
  15. ^ "For Love Of Freedom". Saunemin Historical Society. July 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-14.

Further reading

  • Durant, Lynda. (2006). My Last Skirt: the Story of Jennie Hodgers, Union Soldier. New York: Clarion Books. ISBN 0618574905 Historical fiction account of Jennie Hodgers' life.
  • Eggleston, Larry G. (2003). Women in the Civil War: Extraordinary Stories of Soldiers, Spies, Nurses, Doctors, Crusaders, and Others. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 0786414936
  • Bradford, Martin J. (2015). A Velvet Fist in an Iron Glove: The Curious Case of Albert Cashier. Kindle Ebooks @ Amazon. Historical/fiction novel account of the life of Jennie Hodgers/Albert Cashier.
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