Acoustical engineering: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 13:34, 19 June 2024

Acoustical engineering (also known as acoustic engineering) is the branch of engineering dealing with sound and vibration. It includes the application of acoustics, the science of sound and vibration, in technology. Acoustical engineers are typically concerned with the design, analysis and control of sound.

One goal of acoustical engineering can be the reduction of unwanted noise, which is referred to as noise control. Unwanted noise can have significant impacts on animal and human health and well-being, reduce attainment by students in schools, and cause hearing loss.^[1] Noise control principles are implemented into technology and design in a variety of ways, including control by redesigning sound sources, the design of noise barriers, sound absorbers, suppressors, and buffer zones, and the use of hearing protection (earmuffs or earplugs).

The transparent baffles inside this auditorium were installed to optimise sound projection and reproduction, key factors in acoustical engineering.

Besides noise control, acoustical engineering also covers positive uses of sound, such as the use of ultrasound in medicine, programming digital synthesizers, designing concert halls to enhance the sound of orchestras^[2] and specifying railway station sound systems so that announcements are intelligible.^[3]

Acoustic engineer (professional)

Acoustic engineers usually possess a bachelor's degree or higher qualification in acoustics,^[4] physics or another engineering discipline. Practicing as an acoustic engineer usually requires a bachelor's degree with significant scientific and mathematical content. Acoustic engineers might work in acoustic consultancy, specializing in particular fields, such as architectural acoustics, environmental noise or vibration control.^[5] In other industries, acoustic engineers might: design automobile sound systems; investigate human response to sounds, such as urban soundscapes and domestic appliances; develop audio signal processing software for mixing desks, and design loudspeakers and microphones for mobile phones.^[6]^[7] Acousticians are also involved in researching and understanding sound scientifically. Some positions, such as faculty require a Doctor of Philosophy.

In most countries, a degree in acoustics can represent the first step towards professional certification and the degree program may be certified by a professional body. After completing a certified degree program the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements before being certified. Once certified, the engineer is designated the title of Chartered Engineer (in most Commonwealth countries).

Subdisciplines

The listed subdisciplines are loosely based on the PACS (Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme) coding used by the Acoustical Society of America.^[8]

Aeroacoustics

Aeroacoustics is concerned with how noise is generated by the movement of air, for instance via turbulence, and how sound propagates through the fluid air. Aeroacoustics plays an important role in understanding how noise is generated by aircraft and wind turbines, as well as exploring how wind instruments work.^[9]

Audio signal processing

Audio signal processing is the electronic manipulation of audio signals using analog and digital signal processing. It is done for a variety of reasons, including:

to enhance a sound, e.g. by applying an audio effect such as reverberation;
to remove unwanted noises from a signal, e.g. echo cancellation in internet voice calls;
to compress an audio signal to allow efficient transmission, e.g. perceptual coding in MP3 and Opus
to understand the content of the signal, e.g. identification of music tracks via music information retrieval.^[10]

Audio engineers develop and use audio signal processing algorithms.

Architectural acoustics

Disney's Concert Hall was meticulously designed for superior acoustical qualities.

Ceiling of Culture Palace (Tel Aviv) concert hall is covered with perforated metal panels

Architectural acoustics (also known as building acoustics) is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a building.^[11] Architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in a theatre, restaurant or railway station, enhancing the quality of music in a concert hall or recording studio, or suppressing noise to make offices and homes more productive and pleasant places to work and live.^[12] Architectural acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants.^[13]

Bioacoustics

Bioacoustics concerns the scientific study of sound production and hearing in animals. It can include: acoustic communication and associated animal behavior and evolution of species; how sound is produced by animals; the auditory mechanisms and neurophysiology of animals; the use of sound to monitor animal populations, and the effect of man-made noise on animals.^[14]

Electroacoustics

This branch of acoustic engineering deals with the design of headphones, microphones, loudspeakers, sound systems, sound reproduction, and recording.^[15] There has been a rapid increase in the use of portable electronic devices which can reproduce sound and rely on electroacoustic engineering, e.g. mobile phones, portable media players, and tablet computers.

The term "electroacoustics" is also used to describe a set of electrokinetic effects that occur in heterogeneous liquids under influence of ultrasound.^[16]^[17]

Environmental noise

At outdoor concerts like Woodstock, acoustic analysis is critical to creating the best experience for the audience and the performers.

Environmental acoustics is concerned with the control of noise and vibrations caused by traffic, aircraft, industrial equipment, recreational activities and anything else that might be considered a nuisance.^[1] Acoustical engineers concerned with environmental acoustics face the challenge of measuring or predicting likely noise levels, determining an acceptable level for that noise, and determining how the noise can be controlled. Environmental acoustics work is usually done by acoustic consultants or those working in environmental health.^[13] Recent research work has put a strong emphasis on soundscapes, the positive use of sound (e.g. fountains, bird song), and the preservation of tranquility.^[18]

Musical acoustics

Musical acoustics is concerned with researching and describing the physics of music and its perception – how sounds employed as music work. This includes: the function and design of musical instruments including electronic synthesizers; the human voice (the physics and neurophysiology of singing); computer analysis of music and composition; the clinical use of music in music therapy, and the perception and cognition of music.^[19]

Noise control

Noise control is a set of strategies to reduce noise pollution by reducing noise at its source, by inhibiting sound propagation using noise barriers or similar, or by the use of ear protection (earmuffs or earplugs).^[20] Control at the source is the most cost-effective way of providing noise control. Noise control engineering applied to cars and trucks is known as noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH). Other techniques to reduce product noise include vibration isolation, application of acoustic absorbent and acoustic enclosures. Acoustical engineering can go beyond noise control to look at what is the best sound for a product,^[21] for instance, manipulating the sound of door closures on automobiles.

Psychoacoustics

Psychoacoustics tries to explain how humans respond to what they hear, whether that is an annoying noise or beautiful music. In many branches of acoustic engineering, a human listener is a final arbitrator as to whether a design is successful, for instance, whether sound localisation works in a surround sound system. "Psychoacoustics seeks to reconcile acoustical stimuli and all the scientific, objective, and physical properties that surround them, with the physiological and psychological responses evoked by them."^[10]

Speech

Speech is a major area of study for acoustical engineering, including the production, processing and perception of speech. This can include physics, physiology, psychology, audio signal processing and linguistics. Speech recognition and speech synthesis are two important aspects of the machine processing of speech. Ensuring speech is transmitted intelligibly, efficiently and with high quality; in rooms, through public address systems and through telephone systems are other important areas of study.^[22]

Ultrasonics

Ultrasound image of a fetus in the womb, viewed at 12 weeks of pregnancy (bidimensional-scan)

Ultrasonics deals with sound waves in solids, liquids and gases at frequencies too high to be heard by the average person. Specialist areas include medical ultrasonics (including medical ultrasonography), sonochemistry, nondestructive testing, material characterisation and underwater acoustics (sonar).^[23]

Underwater acoustics

Underwater acoustics is the scientific study of sound in water. It is concerned with both natural and man-made sound and its generation underwater; how it propagates, and the perception of the sound by animals. Applications include sonar to locate submerged objects such as submarines, underwater communication by animals, observation of sea temperatures for climate change monitoring, and marine biology.^[24]

Vibration and dynamics

Acoustic engineers working on vibration study the motions and interactions of mechanical systems with their environments, including measurement, analysis and control. This might include: ground vibrations from railways and construction; vibration isolation to reduce noise getting into recording studios; studying the effects of vibration on humans (vibration white finger); vibration control to protect a bridge from earthquakes, or modelling the propagation of structure-borne sound through buildings.^[25]

Fundamental science

Although the way in which sound interacts with its surroundings is often extremely complex, there are a few ideal sound wave behaviours that are fundamental to understanding acoustical design. Complex sound wave behaviors include absorption, reverberation, diffraction, and refraction. Absorption is the loss of energy that occurs when a sound wave reflects off of a surface, and refers to both the sound energy transmitted through and dissipated by the surface material.^[26] Reverberation is the persistence of sound caused by repeated boundary reflections after the source of the sound stops. This principle is particularly important in enclosed spaces. Diffraction is the bending of sound waves around surfaces in the path of the wave. Refraction is the bending of sound waves caused by changes in the medium through which the wave is passing. For example, temperature gradients can cause sound wave refraction.^[27] Acoustical engineers apply these fundamental concepts, along with mathematical analysis, to control sound for a variety of applications.

Associations

References

^ ^a ^b World Health Organization (2011). Burden of disease from environmental noise (PDF). WHO. ISBN 978-92-890-0229-5.
^ Barron, Michael (2009). Auditorium Acoustics and Architectural Design. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0419245100.
^ Ahnert, Wolfgang (2000). Sound Reinforcement Engineering: Fundamentals and Practice. ISBN 978-0415238700.
^ Education in acoustics. "MSc Engineering Acoustics, DTU". Retrieved 9 February 2018.
^ National Careers Service. "Job profiles: Acoustics consultant". Retrieved 13 May 2013.
^ University of Salford. "Graduate Jobs in Acoustics". Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
^ Acoustical Society of America. "Acoustics and You". Archived from the original on 2017-03-08. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
^ Acoustical Society of America. "PACS 2010 Regular Edition—Acoustics Appendix". Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
^ da Silva, Andrey Ricardo (2009). Aeroacoustics of Wind Instruments: Investigations and Numerical Methods. VDM Verlag. ISBN 978-3639210644.
^ ^a ^b Pohlmann, Ken (2010). Principles of Digital Audio, Sixth Edition. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 336. ISBN 9780071663472.
^ Morfey, Christopher (2001). Dictionary of Acoustics. Academic Press. p. 32.
^ Templeton, Duncan (1993). Acoustics in the Built Environment: Advice for the Design Team. Architectural Press. ISBN 978-0750605380.
^ ^a ^b National Careers Service. "Job profiles Acoustics consultant"..
^ "Acoustical Society of America Animal Bioacoustics Technical Committee. What is Bioacoustics? accessed 23 November 2017". ASA. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
^ Acoustical Society of America. "Acoustics and You (A Career in Acoustics?)". Archived from the original on 2015-09-04. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
^ Dukhin, A.S. and Goetz, P.J. "Characterization of liquids, nano- and micro- particulates and porous bodies using Ultrasound", Elsevier, 2017 ISBN 978-0-444-63908-0
^ ISO International Standard 13099, Parts 1,2 and 3, "Colloidal systems – Methods for Zeta potential determination", (2012)
^ Kang, Jian (2006). Urban Sound Environment. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0415358576.
^ Technical Committee on Musical Acoustics (TCMU) of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). "ASA TCMU Home Page". Archived from the original on 2001-06-13. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
^ Bies, David (2009). Engineering Noise Control: Theory and Practice. ISBN 978-0415487078.
^ University of Salford. "Making products sound better". Archived from the original on 2013-07-24. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
^ Speech Communication Technical Committee. "Speech Communication". Acoustical Society of America. Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
^ Ensminger, Dale (2012). Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications. CRC Press. pp. 1–2.
^ ASA Underwater Acoustics Technical Committee. "Underwater Acoustics". Archived from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
^ Structural Acoustics & Vibration Technical Committee. "Structural Acoustics & Vibration Technical Committee". Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
^ Barron, 2002, ch. 7.1.
^ Hemond, 1983, pp. 24–44.
^ "Australian Acoustical Society ABN 28 000 712 658 A.C.N. 000 712 658". www.acoustics.asn.au.
^ "Canadian Acoustics - Acoustique Canadienne". caa-aca.ca.

Barron, R. (2003). Industrial noise control and acoustics. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Retrieved from CRCnetBase
Hemond, C. (1983). In Ingerman S. ( Ed.), Engineering acoustics and noise control. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Highway traffic noise barriers at a glance. Retrieved February 1, 2010, from http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/keepdown.htm Archived 2011-06-15 at the Wayback Machine
Kinsler, L., Frey, A., Coppens, A., & Sanders, J. (Eds.). (2000). Fundamentals of acoustics (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Kleppe, J. (1989). Engineering applications of acoustics. Sparks, Nevada: Artech House.
Moser, M. (2009). Engineering acoustics (S. Zimmerman, R. Ellis Trans.). (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

[auto-1] World Health Organization (2011). Burden of disease from environmental noise (PDF). WHO. ISBN 978-92-890-0229-5.

[2] Barron, Michael (2009). Auditorium Acoustics and Architectural Design. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0419245100.

[3] Ahnert, Wolfgang (2000). Sound Reinforcement Engineering: Fundamentals and Practice. ISBN 978-0415238700.

[4] Education in acoustics. "MSc Engineering Acoustics, DTU". Retrieved 9 February 2018.

[5] National Careers Service. "Job profiles: Acoustics consultant". Retrieved 13 May 2013.

[6] University of Salford. "Graduate Jobs in Acoustics". Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2013.

[7] Acoustical Society of America. "Acoustics and You". Archived from the original on 2017-03-08. Retrieved 13 May 2013.

[8] Acoustical Society of America. "PACS 2010 Regular Edition—Acoustics Appendix". Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 22 May 2013.

[9] Silva, Andrey Ricardo (2009). Aeroacoustics of Wind Instruments: Investigations and Numerical Methods. VDM Verlag. ISBN 978-3639210644.

[auto1-10] Pohlmann, Ken (2010). Principles of Digital Audio, Sixth Edition. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 336. ISBN 9780071663472.

[11] Morfey, Christopher (2001). Dictionary of Acoustics. Academic Press. p. 32.

[12] Templeton, Duncan (1993). Acoustics in the Built Environment: Advice for the Design Team. Architectural Press. ISBN 978-0750605380.

[auto2-13] National Careers Service. "Job profiles Acoustics consultant"..

[bioacoustics-14] "Acoustical Society of America Animal Bioacoustics Technical Committee. What is Bioacoustics? accessed 23 November 2017". ASA. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2013.

[15] Acoustical Society of America. "Acoustics and You (A Career in Acoustics?)". Archived from the original on 2015-09-04. Retrieved 21 May 2013.

[dukhin2002-16] Dukhin, A.S. and Goetz, P.J. "Characterization of liquids, nano- and micro- particulates and porous bodies using Ultrasound", Elsevier, 2017 ISBN 978-0-444-63908-0

[17] ISO International Standard 13099, Parts 1,2 and 3, "Colloidal systems – Methods for Zeta potential determination", (2012)

[18] Kang, Jian (2006). Urban Sound Environment. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0415358576.

[19] Technical Committee on Musical Acoustics (TCMU) of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). "ASA TCMU Home Page". Archived from the original on 2001-06-13. Retrieved 22 May 2013.

[20] Bies, David (2009). Engineering Noise Control: Theory and Practice. ISBN 978-0415487078.

[21] University of Salford. "Making products sound better". Archived from the original on 2013-07-24. Retrieved 2013-05-21.

[22] Speech Communication Technical Committee. "Speech Communication". Acoustical Society of America. Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.

[23] Ensminger, Dale (2012). Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications. CRC Press. pp. 1–2.

[24] ASA Underwater Acoustics Technical Committee. "Underwater Acoustics". Archived from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.

[25] Structural Acoustics & Vibration Technical Committee. "Structural Acoustics & Vibration Technical Committee". Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.

[26] Barron, 2002, ch. 7.1.

[27] Hemond, 1983, pp. 24–44.

[28] "Australian Acoustical Society ABN 28 000 712 658 A.C.N. 000 712 658". www.acoustics.asn.au.

[29] "Canadian Acoustics - Acoustique Canadienne". caa-aca.ca.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Acoustical engineering''' (also known as '''acoustic engineering''') is the branch of [[engineering]] dealing with [[sound]] and [[oscillation|vibration]]. It is the application of [[acoustics]], the science of sound and vibration, in technology. Acoustical engineers are typically concerned with the design, analysis and control of sound.
+{{Short description|Branch of engineering dealing with sound and vibration}}
+'''Acoustical engineering''' (also known as '''acoustic engineering''') is the branch of [[engineering]] dealing with [[sound]] and [[oscillation|vibration]]. It includes the application of [[acoustics]], the science of sound and vibration, in technology. Acoustical engineers are typically concerned with the design, analysis and control of sound.
-One goal of acoustical engineering can be the reduction of unwanted noise, which is referred to as [[noise control]]. Unwanted noise can have significant impacts on animal and human health and well-being, reduce attainment by pupils in schools, and cause hearing loss.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last=World Health Organisation|title=Burden of disease from  environmental noise|year=2011|publisher=WHO|isbn=978 92 890 0229 5|url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/136466/e94888.pdf}}</ref> [[Noise control]] principles are implemented into technology and design in a variety of ways, including control by redesigning sound sources, the design of noise barriers, sound absorbers, suppressors, and buffer zones, and the use of hearing protection ([[earmuffs]] or [[earplug]]s).
+One goal of acoustical engineering can be the reduction of unwanted noise, which is referred to as [[noise control]]. Unwanted noise can have significant impacts on animal and human health and well-being, reduce attainment by students in schools, and cause hearing loss.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last=World Health Organization|title=Burden of disease from environmental noise|year=2011|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-890-0229-5|url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/136466/e94888.pdf}}</ref> Noise control principles are implemented into technology and design in a variety of ways, including control by redesigning sound sources, the design of noise barriers, sound absorbers, suppressors, and buffer zones, and the use of hearing protection ([[earmuffs]] or [[earplug]]s).
 [[Image:Hamer Hall equipment detail.jpg|right|thumb|The transparent [[sound baffle|baffle]]s inside this auditorium were installed to optimise sound projection and reproduction, key factors in acoustical engineering.]]
-But acoustical engineering is not just about [[noise control]]; it also covers positive uses of sound, from the use of [[ultrasound]] in medicine to the programming of digital sound [[synthesizer]]s, and from designing a concert hall to enhance the sound of an orchestra<ref>{{cite book|last=Barron|first=Michael|title=Auditorium Acoustics and Architectural Design|year=2009|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0419245100}}</ref> to specifying a railway station's sound system so announcements are [[Intelligibility (communication)|intelligible]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ahnert|first=Wolfgang|title=Sound Reinforcement Engineering: Fundamentals and Practice|year=2000|isbn=978-0415238700}}</ref>
+Besides noise control, acoustical engineering also covers positive uses of sound, such as the use of [[medical ultrasound|ultrasound in medicine]], programming [[digital synthesizer]]s, designing concert halls to enhance the sound of orchestras<ref>{{cite book|last=Barron|first=Michael|title=Auditorium Acoustics and Architectural Design|year=2009|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0419245100}}</ref> and specifying railway station sound systems so that announcements are [[Intelligibility (communication)|intelligible]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ahnert|first=Wolfgang|title=Sound Reinforcement Engineering: Fundamentals and Practice|year=2000|isbn=978-0415238700}}</ref>
-==Acoustic engineer (professional) {{anchor|acoustic engineer}} ==
+== Acoustic engineer (professional) {{anchor|acoustic engineer}} ==
-Acoustic engineers usually possess a [[bachelor's degree]] or higher qualification in [[acoustics]],<ref>{{cite web|last= Education in acoustics |title= MSc Engineering Acoustics, DTU |url=http://www.dtu.dk/english/Education/msc/Programmes/engineering_acoustics|accessdate=9 February 2018}}</ref> [[physics]] or another [[engineering]] discipline. Practicing as an acoustic engineer usually requires a [[bachelor's degree]] with significant scientific and mathematical content. Acoustic engineers might work in acoustic consultancy, specializing in particular fields, such as [[architectural acoustics]], [[environmental noise]] or [[vibration control]].<ref>{{cite web|last=National Careers Service|title=Job profiles: Acoustics consultant|url=https://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/advice/planning/jobprofiles/Pages/acousticsconsultant.aspx|accessdate=13 May 2013}}</ref> In other industries, acoustic engineers might: design [[automobile]] sound systems; investigate human response to sounds, such as urban soundscapes and domestic appliances; develop audio signal processing software for mixing desks, and design loudspeakers and microphones for mobile phones.<ref>{{cite web|last=University of Salford|title=Graduate Jobs in Acoustics|url=http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/careers/index.php?content=roles|accessdate=13 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Acoustical Society of America|title=Acoustics and You|url=http://acousticalsociety.org/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics|accessdate=13 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308225726/http://acousticalsociety.org/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics|archive-date=2017-03-08|dead-url=yes|df=}}</ref> Acousticians are also involved in researching and understanding sound scientifically. Some positions, such as [[faculty (academic staff)|faculty]] require a [[Doctor of Philosophy]].
+Acoustic engineers usually possess a [[bachelor's degree]] or higher qualification in [[acoustics]],<ref>{{cite web|last= Education in acoustics |title= MSc Engineering Acoustics, DTU |url=http://www.dtu.dk/english/Education/msc/Programmes/engineering_acoustics|access-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> [[physics]] or another [[engineering]] discipline. Practicing as an acoustic engineer usually requires a [[bachelor's degree]] with significant scientific and mathematical content. Acoustic engineers might work in acoustic consultancy, specializing in particular fields, such as [[architectural acoustics]], [[environmental noise]] or [[vibration control]].<ref>{{cite web|last=National Careers Service|title=Job profiles: Acoustics consultant|url=https://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/advice/planning/jobprofiles/Pages/acousticsconsultant.aspx|access-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> In other industries, acoustic engineers might: design [[automobile]] sound systems; investigate human response to sounds, such as urban soundscapes and domestic appliances; develop audio signal processing software for mixing desks, and design loudspeakers and microphones for mobile phones.<ref>{{cite web|last=University of Salford|title=Graduate Jobs in Acoustics|url=http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/careers/index.php?content=roles|access-date=13 May 2013|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306170213/http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/careers/index.php?content=roles|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Acoustical Society of America|title=Acoustics and You|url=http://acousticalsociety.org/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics|access-date=13 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308225726/http://acousticalsociety.org/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics|archive-date=2017-03-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> Acousticians are also involved in researching and understanding sound scientifically. Some positions, such as [[faculty (academic staff)|faculty]] require a [[Doctor of Philosophy]].
-In most countries, a degree in [[acoustics]] can represent the first step towards [[professional certification]] and the degree program may be certified by a [[professional body]]. After completing a certified degree program the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements before being certified. Once certified, the engineer is designated the title of [[Chartered Engineer]] (in most [[Commonwealth]] countries).
+In most countries, a degree in [[acoustics]] can represent the first step towards [[professional certification]] and the degree program may be certified by a [[professional body]]. After completing a certified degree program the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements before being certified. Once certified, the engineer is designated the title of [[Chartered Engineer]] (in most [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries).
 ==Subdisciplines==
-The listed subdisciplines are loosely based on the PACS ([[Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme]]) coding used by the [[Acoustical Society of America]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Acoustical Society of America|title=PACS 2010 Regular Edition—Acoustics Appendix|url=http://www.aip.org/pacs/pacs2010/individuals/pacs2010_regular_edition/reg_acoustics_appendix.htm|accessdate=22 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514111126/http://www.aip.org/pacs/pacs2010/individuals/pacs2010_regular_edition/reg_acoustics_appendix.htm|archive-date=2013-05-14|dead-url=yes|df=}}</ref>
+The listed subdisciplines are loosely based on the PACS ([[Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme]]) coding used by the [[Acoustical Society of America]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Acoustical Society of America|title=PACS 2010 Regular Edition—Acoustics Appendix|url=http://www.aip.org/pacs/pacs2010/individuals/pacs2010_regular_edition/reg_acoustics_appendix.htm|access-date=22 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514111126/http://www.aip.org/pacs/pacs2010/individuals/pacs2010_regular_edition/reg_acoustics_appendix.htm|archive-date=2013-05-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 ===Aeroacoustics===
 {{main|Aeroacoustics}}
-[[Aeroacoustics]] is concerned with how noise is generated by the movement of air, for instance via turbulence, and how sound propagates through the fluid air. Aeroacoustics plays an important role in understanding how noise is generated by [[aircraft]] and [[wind turbine]]s, as well as exploring how [[wind instrument|wind]] [[musical instrument]]s work.<ref>{{cite book|last=da Silva|first=Andrey Ricardo|title=Aeroacoustics of Wind Instruments: Investigations and Numerical Methods|year=2009|publisher=VDM Verlag|isbn=978-3639210644}}</ref>
+Aeroacoustics is concerned with how noise is generated by the movement of air, for instance via turbulence, and how sound propagates through the fluid air. Aeroacoustics plays an important role in understanding how noise is generated by [[aircraft]] and [[wind turbine]]s, as well as exploring how [[wind instrument]]s work.<ref>{{cite book|last=da Silva|first=Andrey Ricardo|title=Aeroacoustics of Wind Instruments: Investigations and Numerical Methods|year=2009|publisher=VDM Verlag|isbn=978-3639210644}}</ref>
 ===Audio signal processing===
 {{main|Audio signal processing}}
-[[Audio signal processing]] is the electronic manipulation of audio signals using [[Analog signal processing|analog]] and [[digital signal processing]].
+Audio signal processing is the electronic manipulation of audio signals using [[Analog signal processing|analog]] and [[digital signal processing]]. It is done for a variety of reasons, including:
+* to enhance a sound, e.g. by applying an audio effect such as [[reverberation]];
+* to remove unwanted noises from a signal, e.g. [[echo cancellation]] in [[Voice over IP|internet voice calls]];
+* to compress an audio signal to allow efficient transmission, e.g. perceptual coding in [[MP3]] and [[Opus (audio format)|Opus]]
+* to understand the content of the signal, e.g. identification of music tracks via [[music information retrieval]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|last=Pohlmann|first=Ken|title=Principles of Digital Audio, Sixth Edition|year=2010|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|isbn=9780071663472|page=336}}</ref>
+[[Audio engineers]] develop and use audio signal processing algorithms.
-[[Audio signal processing]] is done for a variety of reasons such as:
-* to enhance a sound, for instance by applying an audio effect such as [[reverberation]];
-* to remove unwanted noises from a signal, for instance [[echo cancellation]] on [[Skype]];
-* to compress an audio signal to allow efficient transmission, e.g. perceptual coding in [[MP3]] and [[Opus (audio format)|Opus]], and
-* to understand the content of the signal, e.g. [[music information retrieval]] to allow the identification of music tracks via [[Shazam (service)]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|last=Pohlmann|first=Ken|title=Principles of Digital Audio, Sixth Edition|year=2010|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|isbn=9780071663472|page=336}}</ref>
-[[Audio engineers]] develop and use [[audio signal processing]] algorithms.
 ===Architectural acoustics===
@@ Line 44: / Line 43: @@
 {{main|Bioacoustics}}
-Bioacoustics usually concerns the scientific study of sound production and hearing in animals. It can include: acoustic communication and associated animal behaviour and evolution of species; how sound is produced by animals; the auditory mechanisms and neurophysiology of animals; the use of sound to monitor animal populations, and the effect of man-made noise on animals.<ref name= "bioacoustics">{{cite web|publisher=ASA|url=http://www.animalbioacoustics.org/bioacoustics.html |title= Acoustical Society of America Animal Bioacoustics Technical Committee. What is Bioacoustics? accessed 23 November 2017}}</ref>
+Bioacoustics concerns the scientific study of sound production and hearing in animals. It can include: acoustic communication and associated animal behavior and evolution of species; how sound is produced by animals; the auditory mechanisms and neurophysiology of animals; the use of sound to monitor animal populations, and the effect of man-made noise on animals.<ref name="bioacoustics">{{cite web|publisher=ASA|url=http://www.animalbioacoustics.org/bioacoustics.html|title=Acoustical Society of America Animal Bioacoustics Technical Committee. What is Bioacoustics? accessed 23 November 2017|access-date=22 May 2013|archive-date=6 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606141755/http://animalbioacoustics.org/bioacoustics.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 ===Electroacoustics===
 <!-- This section is the target of the redirect [[Electroacoustics]]. Please do not rename without updating the link. -->
-{{See also|Audio engineering|Sound reinforcement system}}
+{{See also|Audio engineering|Sound reinforcement system|Transducer#electroacoustic}}
-This branch of acoustic engineering deals with the design of headphones, microphones, loudspeakers, sound systems, sound reproduction and recording.<ref>{{cite web|last=Acoustical Society of America|title=Acoustics and You (A Career in Acoustics?)|url=http://asaweb.devcloud.acquia-sites.com/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics|accessdate=21 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904010934/http://asaweb.devcloud.acquia-sites.com/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics|archive-date=2015-09-04|dead-url=yes|df=}}</ref> There has been a rapid increase in the use of portable electronic devices which can reproduce sound and rely on electroacoustic engineering, e.g. [[mobile phone]]s, [[portable media player]]s, and [[tablet computer]]s.
+This branch of acoustic engineering deals with the design of headphones, [[microphone]]s, [[loudspeaker]]s, sound systems, sound reproduction, and recording.<ref>{{cite web|last=Acoustical Society of America|title=Acoustics and You (A Career in Acoustics?)|url=http://asaweb.devcloud.acquia-sites.com/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics|access-date=21 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904010934/http://asaweb.devcloud.acquia-sites.com/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics|archive-date=2015-09-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> There has been a rapid increase in the use of portable electronic devices which can reproduce sound and rely on electroacoustic engineering, e.g. [[mobile phone]]s, [[portable media player]]s, and [[tablet computer]]s.
+The term "electroacoustics" is also used to describe a set of electrokinetic effects that occur in heterogeneous liquids under influence of ultrasound.<ref name="dukhin2002">Dukhin, A.S. and Goetz, P.J. [https://dispersion.com/books/ "Characterization of liquids, nano- and micro- particulates and porous bodies using Ultrasound"], Elsevier, 2017
+{{ISBN|978-0-444-63908-0}}</ref><ref>[https://www.iso.org/standard/52807.html ISO International Standard 13099, Parts 1,2 and 3, "Colloidal systems – Methods for Zeta potential determination", (2012)]</ref>
 ===Environmental noise===
 {{main|Environmental noise}}
-{{see also|Noise pollution|Noise control}}
+{{See also|Noise pollution|Noise control}}
 [[Image:Woodstock 2007.jpg|right|thumb|At outdoor concerts like [[Woodstock Festival (Poland)|Woodstock]], acoustic analysis is critical to creating the best experience for the audience and the performers.]]
 Environmental acoustics is concerned with the control of noise and vibrations caused by traffic, aircraft, industrial equipment, recreational activities and anything else that might be considered a nuisance.<ref name="auto"/> Acoustical engineers concerned with environmental acoustics face the challenge of measuring or predicting likely noise levels, determining an acceptable level for that noise, and determining how the noise can be controlled. Environmental acoustics work is usually done by acoustic consultants or those working in [[environmental health]].<ref name="auto2"/> Recent research work has put a strong emphasis on [[soundscape]]s, the positive use of sound (e.g. fountains, bird song), and the preservation of [[tranquility]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kang|first=Jian|title=Urban Sound Environment|year=2006|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0415358576}}</ref>
@@ Line 60: / Line 62: @@
 {{main|Musical acoustics}}
-Musical acoustics is concerned with researching and describing the physics of music and its perception – how [[sound]]s employed as [[music]] work. This includes: the function and design of [[musical instrument]]s including electronic [[synthesizers]]; the human voice (the [[physics]] and [[neurophysiology]] of [[singing]]); computer analysis of music and composition; the clinical use of music in music therapy, and the perception and cognition of [[music]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Technical Committee on Musical Acoustics (TCMU) of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA)|url=http://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/tcmu/|title=ASA TCMU Home Page|accessdate=22 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010613120620/http://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/tcmu/|archive-date=2001-06-13|dead-url=yes|df=}}</ref>
+Musical acoustics is concerned with researching and describing the physics of music and its perception – how [[sound]]s employed as [[music]] work. This includes: the function and design of [[musical instrument]]s including electronic [[synthesizers]]; the human voice (the [[physics]] and [[neurophysiology]] of [[singing]]); computer analysis of music and composition; the clinical use of music in music therapy, and the perception and cognition of [[music]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Technical Committee on Musical Acoustics (TCMU) of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA)|url=http://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/tcmu/|title=ASA TCMU Home Page|access-date=22 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010613120620/http://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/tcmu/|archive-date=2001-06-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 ===Noise control===
 {{main|Noise control}}
-Noise control is a set of strategies to reduce [[noise pollution]] by reducing noise at its source, by inhibiting sound propagation using [[noise barrier]]s or similar, or by the use of ear protection ([[earmuffs]] or [[earplug]]s).<ref>{{cite book|last=Bies|first=David|title=Engineering Noise Control: Theory and Practice|year=2009|isbn=978-0415487078}}</ref> Control at the source is the most cost-effective way of providing noise control. Noise control engineering applied to cars and trucks is known as [[noise, vibration, and harshness]] (NVH). Other techniques to reduce product noise include [[vibration isolation]], application of acoustic absorbent and acoustic enclosures. Acoustical engineering can go beyond noise control to look at what is the best sound for a product,<ref>{{cite web|last=University of Salford|title=Making products sound better|url=http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/res/cox/sound_quality/}}</ref> for instance, manipulating the sound of door closures on [[automobile]]s.
+Noise control is a set of strategies to reduce [[noise pollution]] by reducing noise at its source, by inhibiting sound propagation using [[noise barrier]]s or similar, or by the use of ear protection ([[earmuffs]] or [[earplug]]s).<ref>{{cite book|last=Bies|first=David|title=Engineering Noise Control: Theory and Practice|year=2009|isbn=978-0415487078}}</ref> Control at the source is the most cost-effective way of providing noise control. Noise control engineering applied to cars and trucks is known as [[noise, vibration, and harshness]] (NVH). Other techniques to reduce product noise include [[vibration isolation]], application of acoustic absorbent and acoustic enclosures. Acoustical engineering can go beyond noise control to look at what is the best sound for a product,<ref>{{cite web|last=University of Salford|title=Making products sound better|url=http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/res/cox/sound_quality/|access-date=2013-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724080408/http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/res/cox/sound_quality/|archive-date=2013-07-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> for instance, manipulating the sound of door closures on [[automobile]]s.
 ===Psychoacoustics===
 {{main|Psychoacoustics}}
-[[Psychoacoustics]] tries to explain how humans respond to what they hear, whether that is an annoying noise or beautiful music. In many branches of acoustic engineering, a human listener is a final arbitrator as to whether a design is successful, for instance, whether [[sound localisation]] works in a [[surround sound]] system. "Psychoacoustics seeks to reconcile acoustical stimuli and all the scientific, objective, and physical properties that surround them, with the physiological and psychological responses evoked by them."<ref name="auto1"/>
+Psychoacoustics tries to explain how humans respond to what they hear, whether that is an annoying noise or beautiful music. In many branches of acoustic engineering, a human listener is a final arbitrator as to whether a design is successful, for instance, whether [[sound localisation]] works in a [[surround sound]] system. "Psychoacoustics seeks to reconcile acoustical stimuli and all the scientific, objective, and physical properties that surround them, with the physiological and psychological responses evoked by them."<ref name="auto1"/>
 ===Speech===
 {{main|Speech}}
-Speech is a major area of study for acoustical engineering, including the production, processing and perception of speech. This can include [[physics]], [[physiology]], [[psychology]], [[audio signal processing]] and [[linguistics]]. [[Speech recognition]] and [[speech synthesis]] are two important aspects of the machine processing of speech. Ensuring [[speech transmission index|speech is transmitted intelligibly]], efficiently and with high quality; in rooms, through public address systems and through telephone systems are other important areas of study.<ref>{{cite web|last=Speech Communication Technical Committee|title=Speech Communication|url=http://acosoc.org/TechComm/SCTC/|publisher=Acoustical Society of America|accessdate=22 May 2013}}</ref>
+Speech is a major area of study for acoustical engineering, including the production, processing and perception of speech. This can include [[physics]], [[physiology]], [[psychology]], [[audio signal processing]] and [[linguistics]]. [[Speech recognition]] and [[speech synthesis]] are two important aspects of the machine processing of speech. Ensuring [[speech transmission index|speech is transmitted intelligibly]], efficiently and with high quality; in rooms, through public address systems and through telephone systems are other important areas of study.<ref>{{cite web|last=Speech Communication Technical Committee|title=Speech Communication|url=http://acosoc.org/TechComm/SCTC/|publisher=Acoustical Society of America|access-date=22 May 2013|archive-date=4 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604013140/http://acosoc.org/TechComm/SCTC/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 ===Ultrasonics===
 {{main|Ultrasound}}
-[[File:CRL Crown rump length 12 weeks ecografia Dr. Wolfgang Moroder.jpg|thumb|right|Ultrasound image of a fetus in the womb, viewed at 12 weeks of pregnancy (bidimensional-scan)]]Ultrasonics deals with sound waves in solids, liquids and gases at frequencies too high to be heard by the average person. Specialists areas include medical ultrasonics (including [[medical ultrasonography]]), [[sonochemistry]], [[nondestructive testing]], material characterisation and [[underwater acoustics]] ([[sonar]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Ensminger|first=Dale|title=Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications|year=2012|publisher=CRC Press|pages=1–2}}</ref>
+[[File:CRL Crown rump length 12 weeks ecografia Dr. Wolfgang Moroder.jpg|thumb|right|Ultrasound image of a fetus in the womb, viewed at 12 weeks of pregnancy (bidimensional-scan)]]Ultrasonics deals with sound waves in solids, liquids and gases at frequencies too high to be heard by the average person. Specialist areas include medical ultrasonics (including [[medical ultrasonography]]), [[sonochemistry]], [[nondestructive testing]], material characterisation and [[underwater acoustics]] ([[sonar]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Ensminger|first=Dale|title=Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications|year=2012|publisher=CRC Press|pages=1–2}}</ref>
 ===Underwater acoustics===
 {{main|Underwater acoustics}}
-Underwater acoustics is the scientific study of sound in water. It is concerned with both natural and man-made sound and its generation underwater; how it propagates, and the perception of the sound by animals. Applications include [[sonar]] to locate submerged objects such as [[submarines]], underwater communication by animals, observation of sea temperatures for climate change monitoring, and marine biology.<ref>{{cite web|last=ASA Underwater Acoustics Technical Committee |title=Underwater Acoustics |url=http://www.apl.washington.edu/projects/ASA-UATC/index.php |accessdate=22 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730104616/http://www.apl.washington.edu/projects/ASA-UATC/index.php |archivedate=30 July 2013 }}</ref>
+Underwater acoustics is the scientific study of sound in water. It is concerned with both natural and man-made sound and its generation underwater; how it propagates, and the perception of the sound by animals. Applications include [[sonar]] to locate submerged objects such as [[submarines]], underwater communication by animals, observation of sea temperatures for climate change monitoring, and marine biology.<ref>{{cite web|last=ASA Underwater Acoustics Technical Committee |title=Underwater Acoustics |url=http://www.apl.washington.edu/projects/ASA-UATC/index.php |access-date=22 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730104616/http://www.apl.washington.edu/projects/ASA-UATC/index.php |archive-date=30 July 2013 }}</ref>
 ===Vibration and dynamics===
 {{main|Vibration}}
-Acoustic engineers working on [[vibration]] study the motions and interactions of mechanical systems with their environments, including measurement, analysis and control. This might include: [[ground vibrations]] from railways and construction; [[vibration isolation]] to reduce noise getting into recording studios; studying the effects of vibration on humans ([[vibration white finger]]); [[vibration control]] to protect a bridge from [[earthquakes]], or modelling the propagation of structure-borne sound through buildings.<ref>{{cite web|last=Structural Acoustics & Vibration Technical Committee |title=Structural Acoustics & Vibration Technical Committee |url=http://fubini.swarthmore.edu/~bbard/savtc.html |accessdate=22 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103180745/http://fubini.swarthmore.edu/~bbard/savtc.html |archivedate=3 November 2013 }}</ref>
+Acoustic engineers working on vibration study the motions and interactions of mechanical systems with their environments, including measurement, analysis and control. This might include: [[ground vibrations]] from railways and construction; [[vibration isolation]] to reduce noise getting into recording studios; studying the effects of vibration on humans ([[vibration white finger]]); [[vibration control]] to protect a bridge from [[earthquakes]], or modelling the propagation of structure-borne sound through buildings.<ref>{{cite web|last=Structural Acoustics & Vibration Technical Committee |title=Structural Acoustics & Vibration Technical Committee |url=http://fubini.swarthmore.edu/~bbard/savtc.html |access-date=22 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103180745/http://fubini.swarthmore.edu/~bbard/savtc.html |archive-date=3 November 2013 }}</ref>
 ==Fundamental science==
-Although the way in which sound interacts with its surroundings is often extremely complex, there are a few ideal sound wave behaviours that are fundamental to understanding acoustical design.  Complex sound wave behaviors include [[Absorption (acoustics)|absorption]], [[reverberation]], [[diffraction]], and [[refraction]]. Absorption is the loss of energy that occurs when a sound wave reflects off of a surface. Just as light waves reflect off of surfaces, sound waves also reflect off of surfaces, and every reflection results in a loss of energy.  Absorption refers both to the sound that transmits through and the energy that is dissipated by a material.<ref>Barron, 2002, ch. 7.1.</ref> Reverberation is the persistence of sound that is caused by repeated boundary reflections after the source of the sound stops. This principle is particularly important in enclosed spaces.  In addition to reflecting off of surfaces, sound waves also bend around surfaces in the path of the waves.  This bending is known as diffraction.  Refraction is another kind of sound wave bending.  This type of bending, however, is caused by changes in the medium through which the wave is passing and not the presence of obstacles in the path of a sound wave.  Temperature gradients, for example, cause bending in sound waves.<ref>Hemond, 1983, pp. 24–44.</ref> Acoustical engineers apply these fundamental concepts, along with complex mathematical analysis, to control sound for a variety of applications.
+Although the way in which sound interacts with its surroundings is often extremely complex, there are a few ideal sound wave behaviours that are fundamental to understanding acoustical design.  Complex sound wave behaviors include [[Absorption (acoustics)|absorption]], [[reverberation]], [[diffraction]], and [[refraction]]. Absorption is the loss of energy that occurs when a sound wave reflects off of a surface, and refers to both the sound energy transmitted through and dissipated by the surface material.<ref>Barron, 2002, ch. 7.1.</ref> Reverberation is the persistence of sound caused by repeated boundary reflections after the source of the sound stops. This principle is particularly important in enclosed spaces. Diffraction is the bending of sound waves around surfaces in the path of the wave. Refraction is the bending of sound waves caused by changes in the medium through which the wave is passing. For example, temperature gradients can cause sound wave refraction.<ref>Hemond, 1983, pp. 24–44.</ref> Acoustical engineers apply these fundamental concepts, along with mathematical analysis, to control sound for a variety of applications.
 == Associations ==
-*[[Acoustical Society of America]]
+*[https://tceaasa.org/ Acoustical Society of America Technical Committee on Engineering Acoustics]
 *[[Audio Engineering Society]]
-*[[Australian Acoustical Society]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.acoustics.asn.au/joomla/|title=Australian Acoustical Society ABN 28 000 712 658 A.C.N. 000 712 658|author=|date=|website=www.acoustics.asn.au}}</ref>
+*[[Australian Acoustical Society]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.acoustics.asn.au/joomla/|title=Australian Acoustical Society ABN 28 000 712 658 A.C.N. 000 712 658|website=www.acoustics.asn.au}}</ref>
-*[[Canadian Acoustical Association]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caa-aca.ca|title=Canadian Acoustics - Acoustique Canadienne|author=|date=|website=caa-aca.ca}}</ref>
+*[[Canadian Acoustical Association]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caa-aca.ca|title=Canadian Acoustics - Acoustique Canadienne|website=caa-aca.ca}}</ref>
 * [[Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
 * [[Institute of Acoustics (United Kingdom)]]
+*[https://danishsoundcluster.dk/en/ Danish Sound Cluster (Denmark)]
 == See also ==
@@ Line 114: / Line 117: @@
 *Barron, R. (2003). ''Industrial noise control and acoustics''. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Retrieved from CRCnetBase
 *Hemond, C. (1983). In Ingerman S. ( Ed.), ''Engineering acoustics and noise control''. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
-*''Highway traffic noise barriers at a glance''. Retrieved February 1, 2010, from http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/keepdown.htm
+*''Highway traffic noise barriers at a glance''. Retrieved February 1, 2010, from http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/keepdown.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615145225/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/keepdown.htm |date=2011-06-15 }}
 *Kinsler, L., Frey, A., Coppens, A., & Sanders, J. (Eds.). (2000). ''Fundamentals of acoustics'' (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
 *Kleppe, J. (1989). ''Engineering applications of acoustics''. Sparks, Nevada: Artech House.
@@ Line 121: / Line 124: @@
 {{Engineering fields}}
 {{Acoustics}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Acoustics]]
 [[Category:Noise reduction]]
 [[Category:Engineering disciplines]]
+[[Category:Sound]]
+[[Category:Noise control]]

v t e Acoustics
Acoustical engineering	Architectural acoustics Monochord Reverberation Soundproofing String vibration Sympathetic resonance	Spectrogram
Psychoacoustics	Pitch Bark scale Mel scale Equal-loudness contour Fletcher–Munson curves
Audio frequency and pitch	Beat Formant Fundamental frequency Frequency spectrum harmonic spectrum Harmonic Series Inharmonicity Missing fundamental Combination tone Mersenne's laws Overtone Resonance Standing wave Node Subharmonic
Acousticians	John Backus Jens Blauert Ernst Chladni Hermann von Helmholtz Carleen Hutchins Franz Melde Marin Mersenne Werner Meyer-Eppler Lord Rayleigh Joseph Sauveur D. Van Holliday Thomas Young
Related topics	Echo Infrasound Sound Ultrasound Musical acoustics Piano Violin
Category