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{{Short description|English language suffix}} |
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'''-an''' ({{lang-fa|ان }}) or/and ({{lang-fa|آن }}) is a Persian suffix of the Middle Persian and New Persian language. It is a suffix for location, for plural formation, for formation of infinitives, for adverb, and for personal pronouns. Birgit Anette Olsen points out that ''one of the function of the Iranian Suffix -an is the derivation of nomina loci''.<ref>Olsen 199, pg.311</ref> |
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'''-an''' is a [[suffix]], commonly used in various [[Indo-European languages]]. In [[English language|English]], the ''-an'' suffix denotes an action or an adjective suggesting ''about'', thereby forming an agent noun. As such, many [[Demonym|demonyms]] end in this suffix. The root of such agent nouns sometimes comes from the Latin suffix ''-ia'', with the ''-ia'' suffix denoting a feminine ending for adjectives.<ref>Connors, Kathleen. "Studies in feminine agentives in selected European languages." Romance Philology 24.4 (1971): 573-598.</ref> |
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The suffix ''-an'' is also a [[Persian language|Persian]] suffix ({{langx|fa|ـان}} or {{lang|fa|ـآن}}), of the [[Middle Persian]] and [[New Persian language]], most notably used in the term ''[[Iran (word)|Iran]]'' ("the ''Ir''s"). It is a suffix for location, plural formation, formation of infinitives, adverb, and personal pronouns. [[Birgit Anette Olsen]] points out that "[O]ne of the functions of the Iranian suffix -an is the derivation of [[wikt:nomen loci|nomina loci]]."<ref>{{cite book|last=Olsen|first=Birgit Anette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EiF0wNeMpYwC&pg=PA311|title=The Noun in Biblical Armenian: Origin and Word-Formation|date=1999|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|isbn=9783110801989|series=Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM]|volume=119|page=311|author-link=Birgit Anette Olsen|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> |
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The suffixes -an, -dan, -gan -shan were, respectively are the productive and exclusive suffixes that occur at the end of the towns and cities of the Iranian language and culture area. |
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The Austrian Expert of the Iranian language [[Jakob Eduard Polak]] in the 19th century listed in the German language (pages of 363 to 369) in his work almost all the suffixes of the Persian language.<ref>Polak,Jakob Eduard: Persien - Das Land und seine Bewohner ethnographische Schilderungen [https://books.google.de/books?id=rCFDAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Polak+1865&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiYtP26ysvRAhXDQBoKHUl2AIcQ6AEITDAI#v=snippet&q=Iran&f=false], Band II, Leipzig, 1865, S. 369</ref> |
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In [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], the suffix -an is classified as an agentive suffix. An agentive suffix is used to create new nouns that refer to a person or thing that performs an action or is associated with a particular action. When the suffix -an is added to a verb, it creates a noun that represents the agent or doer of the action. |
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==List in table== |
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This table shows the affinities of the indo-europan and the indo-Germanic suffixes and their various functions in the nouns (local, grammatical number, infinitive, adverbs of time, and place in the example of Persian, English and Dutch): |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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! Lagugage/Suffixe! |
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! [[Toponymy]] of cities |
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! Grammatical number: sing. |
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! Grammatical number: Plural. |
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! Verb+ Suffix = Infinitive |
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! Part of speech |
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! Personal pronoun |
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|- |
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| Persian Suffix |
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| -an (ان) |
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| --- |
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| an |
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| Verb + an or dan or tan |
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| an + ja |
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| an or anha or anan |
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|- |
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| [[Persian language|Persian]] |
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| [[ايران]], [[گيلان]], [[مردان]] |
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| بستر bester |
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| بسترها بستران besteran or besterha |
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| مرد mord +ان an = مردن mordan |
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| an ja |
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|[آن] an + ha آنها anan انان |
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|- |
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| [[English language|English]] |
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| [[Iran]], [[Gilan]], [[Mardan]] *. |
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| bed |
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| beds |
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| to die |
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| there |
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| he, she, it, they |
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|- |
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| German Suffix |
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| -en |
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| empty or e or Dative case Pl. |
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| -en |
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| -en |
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| dort vs. hier |
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| er, sie es and sie (Plural of er, sie es) |
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|- |
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| [[German language|German]] |
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| [[Göttingen]], [[Tübingen]], [[München]], [[Dresden]] etc.<ref>Joseph Bender: Die deutschen Ortsnamen, in geographischer, historischer, besonders in sprachlicher Hinsicht mit steter Berücksichtigung der fremden Ortsbenennungen [https://books.google.de/books?id=6zJGAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=%22Au%22+hei%C3%9Ft++Wasser+in+Afghanistan&source=bl&ots=WgDeqmyKVF&sig=ceF2WSrbdU4CwGbktQ6jXygjp2w&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxh9ajmv7RAhXJ1hQKHTQlB_MQ6AEIODAF#v=onepage&q=en&f=false] Siegen , 1846 S. 84</ref> |
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| Bett |
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| Betten |
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| sterben, ermorden, binden |
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| ---- |
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| ---- |
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|- |
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| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] |
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| Antwerpen, [[Leuven|Löwen]], [[Nijmegen]], [[Groningen]] etc. |
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| bed |
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| bedden |
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| sterven |
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| hier en daar |
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| hij ze het |
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|} |
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The suffix is also widely used on many countries in the world, and commonly [[-stan]]. The countries following ending with this suffix are [[Afghanistan]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Bhutan]], [[Iran]], [[Japan]], [[Jordan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Oman]], [[Pakistan]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Uzbekistan]]. |
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The local suffix au, or av (modern -ab) of the Persian language is similar to the German suffix au. T. Especially the towns along rivers and the estuaries of rivers. (Dahan ye au or Dahan ye ab literally mouth of water) |
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A condition for a suffix is by Persian that when the ending is deleted, the word stem must have a meaning, otherwise it is not a suffix, but a part of the word. Z.B. |
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* Dahan ({{lang-fa|دهان }}) = mouth, Dahanrud, River mouth |
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* Mihan ({{lang-fa|ميهن}}) = Homeland |
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* Vatan ({{lang-fa|وطن}}) = country |
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* Zaban ({{lang-fa|زبان}}) = tongue and language |
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==See also== |
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Other locale suffixes of the Persian and Iranian suffixes are: [[-abad]], [[-stan]], -au, ab (since the introduction of Arabic script, arabised). |
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==Suffix au== |
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[[Nijrab]], [[Tagab (disambiguation)|Tagab]] [[Duab (disambiguation)|Duab]], [[Panjab]], [[Balkhab]] etc. in the language of administration and standard, but the inhabitants say ''Nijrau'', ''Tagau'', ''Duau'', ''Balkhau'', ''Murghau''. Even Kurds say to the water au or auw (Latin aqwa)<ref>Sharif Gemie: Women's Writing and Muslim Societies: The Search for Dialogue, 1920-present [https://books.google.de/books?id=-H2vBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR4&dq=ISBN+978-0-7083-2540-7&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiG5uXUh4vSAhXERhQKHSwDC1YQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=Murghau&f=false] , University of Wales Press, 2012 {{ISBN|978-0-7083-2540-7}} e-{{ISBN|978-1-78316-541-4}}</ref><ref>Heide Amato-Koller, Kindheit in Kabul: Meine Jahre in Afghanistan 1950-1955, [https://books.google.de/books?id=q-c_AwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Kindheit+in+Kabul:+Meine+Jahre+in+Afghanistan+1950-1955+von+Heide+Amato-Koller&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiHionni4vSAhUCbxQKHZe1C1cQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=au&f=false] Books on Demond, Nordersted, 2014 {{ISBN|9783735785978}}</ref> |
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== Suffixes an, gan, shan, dan == |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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! Afghanistan |
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! Iran |
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! Pakistan |
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! Tajikistan |
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! Usbekistan |
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|- |
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| |
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*[[Shighnan]] |
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*[[Bamiyan]] |
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*[[Taloqan]] |
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*[[Samangan]] |
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*[[Uruzgan]] |
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*[[Paghman]] |
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*[[Parwan]] |
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*[[Laghman Province|Laghman]] |
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*[[Badakhshan]] |
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*[[Jozjan]] |
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*[[Sheberghan]] |
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*[[Baghlan]] |
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*[[Maidan Wardak Province|Maidan]] |
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| |
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*[[Abbadan]] |
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*[[Zahedan]] |
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*[[Abadan]] |
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*[[Hamedan]] |
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*[[Semnan Province|Semnan]] |
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*[[Gorgan]] |
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*[[Gilan]] |
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*[[Kerman]] |
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*[[Kashan]] |
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*[[Gulistan (disambiguation)|Gulistan]] |
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| |
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*[[Kharan, Pakistan|Kharan]] |
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*[[Naran (disambiguation)|Naran]] |
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*[[Baran, Pakistan|Baran]] |
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*[[Mardan]] |
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*[[Multan]] |
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| |
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*[[Khatlon]] |
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*[[Istaravshan]] |
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*[[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region|Gorno-Badakhshan]] |
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*[[Shughnon District]] |
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*[[Yangiqurghon, Tajikistan]] |
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*[[Qabodiyon]] |
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| |
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*[[Zarafshan]] |
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*[[Zarafshan Range]] |
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*[[Yangikurgan District|Yangikurgan]] |
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*[[Guliston]] or [[Gulistan]] |
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*[[Namangan]] |
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|} |
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The Suffix [-an] is written in Tajikistan after the introduction of the Cyrillic alphabet and is [-on] articulated. In some regions of Iran, where the inhabitants speak slang and not standard language, (also called "Farsi ye Dari"). There the inhabitants say instead of Iran ''Iron'', instead of Tehran ''Tehron'', Nan (bred) Non and Zaban (thong or language) ''zabon'' (despicable)etc. |
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==Books== |
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* Wilhelm Geiger (ed.)Grundriss der iranischen Philologie Band I, Vorgeschichte der iranischen Sprachen, Awestasprache und Altpersisch, Mittelpersisch [https://books.google.de/books?id=1UHRpPz07Q4C&pg=RA1-PA106&dq=Endung+%C4%81n+Persisch+Wilhelm+Geiger&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT9afo4IrSAhVCQBQKHRZVD1cQ6AEIHDAA#v=snippet&q=%20an%20&f=false], 1895-1901 by Walter de Gruyter ReimerBerlin ISBN 3 11 00291 8 {{ISBN|311 002492 6}} |
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* Birgit Anette Olsen, The Noun in Biblical Armenian: Origin and Word-Formation - with special emohasi on the Indo-European heritage, Mouton de Gauyter, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-11-06483-3 |
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* Wilhelm Geiger, Ernst Kuhn (Hrsg.) Der Grundriss der iranischen Philologie. 2 Bände, Karl J. Trübner, Strassburg 1895–1904 |
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* Christine Noelle: State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863) [https://books.google.de/books?id=ylTi-e2C_0IC&pg=PA202&lpg=PA202&dq=Tagau+in+Afghanistan&source=bl&ots=aadg1tWJLr&sig=UrQ8uHjTps5oww4QbZzRaNourdM&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiSvZKlof7RAhUCXRQKHR_tBfQQ6AEIRTAG#v=onepage&q=Tagau&f=false], New Yark, 1997, digital 2008 {{ISBN|0-7007-0629-1}} |
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* Joseph Bender:Die deutschen Ortsnamen, in geographischer, historischer, besonders in sprachlicher Hinsicht mit steter Berücksichtigung der fremden Ortsbenennungen [https://books.google.de/books?id=6zJGAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=%22Au%22+hei%C3%9Ft++Wasser+in+Afghanistan&source=bl&ots=WgDeqmyKVF&sig=ceF2WSrbdU4CwGbktQ6jXygjp2w&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxh9ajmv7RAhXJ1hQKHTQlB_MQ6AEIODAF#v=snippet&q=Persisch%20au&f=false], Siegen, 1846, S. 8 |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.jahanshiri.ir/fa/en/verb-formation ''-dan'' and ''-idan'' as verb formation] |
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==See too== |
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* [[-abad]] |
* [[-abad]] |
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* [[ |
* [[-stan]] |
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* [[List of Iranian cities and towns by province]] |
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* [[List of cities in Iran]] |
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* [[List of cities in Afghanistan]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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[[Category:Suffixes]] |
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[[Category:Placename element etymologies]] |
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[[Category:Persian words and phrases]] |
[[Category:Persian words and phrases]] |
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[[Category:Place name element etymologies]] |
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[[Category:English suffixes|an]] |
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{{ie-lang-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 18:04, 12 October 2024
-an is a suffix, commonly used in various Indo-European languages. In English, the -an suffix denotes an action or an adjective suggesting about, thereby forming an agent noun. As such, many demonyms end in this suffix. The root of such agent nouns sometimes comes from the Latin suffix -ia, with the -ia suffix denoting a feminine ending for adjectives.[1]
The suffix -an is also a Persian suffix (Persian: ـان or ـآن), of the Middle Persian and New Persian language, most notably used in the term Iran ("the Irs"). It is a suffix for location, plural formation, formation of infinitives, adverb, and personal pronouns. Birgit Anette Olsen points out that "[O]ne of the functions of the Iranian suffix -an is the derivation of nomina loci."[2]
In morphology, the suffix -an is classified as an agentive suffix. An agentive suffix is used to create new nouns that refer to a person or thing that performs an action or is associated with a particular action. When the suffix -an is added to a verb, it creates a noun that represents the agent or doer of the action.
The suffix is also widely used on many countries in the world, and commonly -stan. The countries following ending with this suffix are Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Oman, Pakistan, South Sudan, Sudan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Connors, Kathleen. "Studies in feminine agentives in selected European languages." Romance Philology 24.4 (1971): 573-598.
- ^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999). The Noun in Biblical Armenian: Origin and Word-Formation. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM]. Vol. 119. Walter de Gruyter. p. 311. ISBN 9783110801989 – via Google Books.
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