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Vernon and Irene Castle

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Vernon and Irene Castle were a husband-and-wife team of ballroom dancers and dance teachers who appeared on Broadway and in silent films in the early 20th century. They are credited with reviving the popularity of modern dancing. Castle was a stage name: Vernon (2 May 1887 – 15 February 1918) was born William Vernon Blyth in England. Irene (7 April 1893 – 25 January 1969) was born Irene Foote in the United States.

Irene and Vernon Castle, c. 1912

The couple reached the peak of their popularity in Irving Berlin's first Broadway show, Watch Your Step (1914), in which they refined and popularized the Foxtrot. They also helped to promote ragtime, jazz rhythms and African-American music for dance. Irene became a fashion icon through her appearances on stage and in early movies, and both Castles were in demand as teachers and writers on dance.

After serving with distinction as a pilot in the British Royal Flying Corps during World War I, Vernon died in a plane crash on a flight training base near Fort Worth, Texas, in 1918. Irene continued to perform solo in Broadway, vaudeville and motion picture productions over the next decade. She remarried three times, had children and became an animal-rights activist. In 1939, her life with Vernon was dramatized in The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle.

Rise to fame

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A hands-free Tango step that the Castles originated; photograph from their 1914 bestseller Modern Dancing

Vernon, the son of a pub owner, was born on 2 May 1887 and raised in Norwich, Norfolk. Initially training to become a civil engineer, he moved to New York in 1906 with his sister, Coralie Blythe, and her husband Lawrence Grossmith,[1] both established actors. There he was given a small part on stage by Lew Fields, which led to further acting work, and he became established as a comic actor, singer, dancer and conjuror, under the stage name Vernon Castle.[2] As a dancer in comedic roles, his specialty was playing a gentleman drunk, who elegantly fell about the stage while trying to hide his condition.[2]

Irene was born on 7 April 1893 in New Rochelle, New York,[3] the daughter of a physician. She studied dancing and performed in several amateur theatricals before meeting Vernon Castle at the New Rochelle Rowing Club in 1910. With his help, she was hired for her first professional job, a small dancing part in "The Summer Widowers".[4]

On 28 May 1911, the two were married in Irene's hometown, New Rochelle.[4] After their wedding, Irene joined Vernon in The Hen-Pecks (1911), a production in which he was a featured player. The two then traveled together to Paris to perform in a dance revue. The show closed quickly, but the couple was then hired as a dance act by the Café de Paris. They performed the latest American ragtime dances, such as the Turkey Trot and the Grizzly Bear. The Castles were soon the rage of Parisian society; their success was widely reported in the United States, preparing their way for a triumphant return to New York in 1912.[citation needed]

When they returned to the U.S., their success was repeated on a far wider scale. Making their New York debut in 1912 at a branch of the Cafe de Paris operated by Louis Martin, who had given them their start in Paris, the duo were soon in demand on stage, in vaudeville and in motion pictures. They also became staples of Broadway. Among their shows were The Sunshine Girl (1913) and Watch Your Step (1914), which boasted Irving Berlin's first score, written for the Castles.[2] In this extravaganza, the couple refined and popularized the Foxtrot. After its New York run, Watch Your Step toured through 1916.[5]

In 1914, the couple opened a dancing school in New York called "Castle House", a nightclub called "Castles by the Sea" on the Boardwalk in Long Beach, New York, and a restaurant, "Sans Souci". At Castle House, they taught New York society the latest dance steps by day and greeted guests and performed at their club and cafe at night. They also were in demand for private lessons and appearances at fashionable parties. Despite their fame, they often found themselves treated as hired menials; if a rich client was too demanding, Vernon would quote a fee of a thousand dollars an hour for lessons and often get it.[2]

Film and fashion

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Marguerite Martyn sketched the Castles dancing the maxixe in 1914.
 
Irene, costumed by Lucile for Watch Your Step, 1914

As America's premier dance team, the Castles were trendsetters in a number of arenas. Their enthusiasm for dance encouraged admirers to try new forms of social dance. Considered paragons of respectability and class, the Castles specifically helped remove the stigma of vulgarity from close dancing. The pair's image as a harmoniously married couple further promoted the Progressive Era ideals of a wholesome domestic relationship that was achievable through social dance.[6] The Castles' performances, often set to ragtime and jazz rhythms, also popularized African-American music among well-heeled whites. The Castles appeared in a newsreel called Social and Theatrical Dancing in 1914 and wrote a bestselling instructional book, Modern Dancing, later that year. The pair also starred in a feature film called The Whirl of Life (1915), which was well received by critics and public alike.

As the couple's celebrity increased in the mid-1910s, Irene Castle became a major fashion trendsetter, initiating the vogue for shorter, fuller skirts and loose, elasticized corsets.[7] She is also credited with introducing American women in 1913 or 1914 to the bob – the short, boyish hairstyle favored by flappers in the 1920s.[8] The elegant, yet simple, flowing gowns Irene wore on stage and screen were regularly featured in Vogue, Harper's Bazaar and other fashion magazines. These were often supplied by the famous couturier Lucile, but Irene also designed some of her clothes herself.[9] The slender, elegant Castles were pioneers in other ways: they traveled with a black orchestra, James Reese Europe's Society Orchestra,[10] and had an openly lesbian manager, Elisabeth Marbury.

The Castles endorsed Victor Records and Victrolas, issuing records by the Castle House Orchestra, led by James Reese Europe, a pioneering figure in African-American music. They also lent their names to advertising for other products, from cigars and cosmetics to shoes and hats.[citation needed]

World War I: Vernon's death

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In 1915, Vernon decided to fight in World War I and began flight school in the U.S., leaving the touring cast of Watch Your Step. He received his pilot's certificate in early 1916. The Castles gave two farewell performances at the Hippodrome Theatre in New York in January 1916, accompanied by John Philip Sousa and his band.[11] Vernon sailed for England to enlist as a pilot in the Royal Flying Corps during World War I.[12] Flying over the Western Front, he completed 300 combat missions,[13] shot down two aircraft and was awarded the Croix de Guerre in 1917. He was posted to Canada to train new pilots, promoted to captain, and then transferred with the rest of his unit to the U.S. for winter training at Camp Taliaferro.

 
Captain Vernon Castle a few days before his death in 1918

Late in 1917, while he was away, Irene appeared in a star-studded revue, Miss 1917. Although she was singled out for praise by reviewers, she was unhappy performing on stage alone: "I found myself hopelessly lost as a solo number. I had no training for dancing alone and I should never have tried it."[14] Though successful with critics, the revue failed to attract an audience; at least not enough of one to pay for the lavish production.[14][15] Castle's specialty song was challenged on copyright grounds, and management cut it. In addition, her act in the show was scheduled for late in the evening, which conflicted with her early morning film work. As the show failed, she and others were let go by the producers. She later sued successfully, but by then the production company was bankrupt.[16] For the rest of 1917, she made well-received appearances on behalf of war charities.[16]

On 15 February 1918, over Benbrook Field, a training field near Fort Worth, Texas, Vernon took emergency action shortly after takeoff to avoid a collision with another aircraft. His plane stalled, and he was unable to recover control before the plane hit the ground. He died soon after the crash, aged 30.[17][18] Vernon was the only casualty. According to the monument at the crash site, "Neither the other pilot, his student cadet, nor Vernon's pet monkey, Jeffrey, were seriously injured."[13] Irene paid tribute to Vernon in her memoir My Husband, 1919. There is a street in Benbrook, Texas, named in his honor, with a monument dedicated to him. Vernon was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York.[19] The grieving memorial figure kneeling on the grave was created by Irene's friend, the American sculptor Sally James Farnham.[20]

Life without Vernon

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Sign designed by Irene Castle for Destiny Farm in Eureka Springs

On 3 May 1919, Irene married Robert E. Treman, the scion of a prominent Ithaca, New York family.[21] They resided in Ithaca's newly cut Cayuga Heights subdivision, north of Cornell University. Irene starred solo in about a dozen silent films between 1917 and 1924, including Patria (1917), and appeared in several more stage productions before retiring from show business. Treman reportedly invested Castle's money and lost it in the stock market. They divorced in 1923. She married two more times; the same year, she married Frederic McLaughlin (a man 16 years her elder), and two years after he died in 1944, she married George Enzinger (died 1959), an advertising executive from Chicago. During her marriage to "Major" McLaughlin, who was the founding owner of the Chicago Blackhawks, she is credited with designing the original sweater for the Blackhawks Hockey Club.[22] She had two children with McLaughlin, Barbara McLaughlin Kreutz (1925–2003), who was Dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Bryn Mawr College, and William Foote McLaughlin (1929–2012).[23]

Mostly retired from dancing after William's birth in 1929, Castle concentrated on animal rights activism.[24] Around 1930, "the best-dressed woman in America" presented serialized, quarter-hour radio dramatizations of her European travels with her husband, bulldog Zowie, and Walter ("father's coloured servant") around the capitals of Europe in "The Life of Irene Castle". Only one episode (episode #4) is known to exist.[25]

 
The grave of Vernon and Irene Castle

In 1939, the Castles' lives were turned into a movie, The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle, produced by RKO and starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. Edna May Oliver played their agent, and Lew Fields was his 33 years younger self. Irene Castle served as a technical advisor on the film, but clashed with Rogers, who refused to wear Castle's trademark short bob or darken her hair.[26] She objected to Rogers' inauthentic wardrobe demands, although a number of Castle's original Lucile gowns were copied for the movie. Castle also protested the hiring of white actor Walter Brennan to play their faithful friend and manservant Walter, who was black.[27]

For the rest of her life, Castle was a staunch animal-rights activist,[28] ultimately founding the Riverwoods, Illinois, animal shelter "Orphans of the Storm" in 1928, which is still active as of 2023.[29][30] In 1958, she appeared as a guest challenger on the TV panel show To Tell the Truth.[31] Castle and her fourth husband moved to Destiny Farm in Eureka Springs, Arkansas in 1954.[32]

Irene died at her Arkansas farm on 25 January 1969, aged 75.[33] She was interred with Vernon at Woodlawn Cemetery in New York City.[34]

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Irene Castle modeling fashions of 1916–1917
 
Ball costume
 
Summer afternoon costume
 
Costumed à la guerre for Patria (1917)
 
Winter afternoon costume
"Mrs. Vernon Castle who set to-day's fashion in outline of costume and short hair for the young woman of America. For this reason and because Mrs. Castle has form to a superlative degree (correct carriage of the body) and the clothes sense (knowledge of what she can wear and how to wear it) we have selected her to illustrate several types of costumes, characteristic of 1916 and 1917." – Emily Burbank, Woman as Decoration (1917)[35]

Associated dances

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Filmography of Irene Castle

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Year Title Role Notes
1915
 The Whirl of Life Self
1917
 Patria Patria Channing/Elanie Credited as Mrs. Vernon Castle (role #2), partially lost film
Stranded in Arcady Lucy Millington Credited as Mrs. Vernon Castle, lost film
The Mark of Cain Alice Credited as Mrs. Vernon Castle
Sylvia of the Secret Service Sylvia Carroll Lost film
Vengeance Is Mine Paula Farrington
1918
 Convict 993 Roslyn Ayre
The Hillcrest Mystery Marion Sterling
The Mysterious Client Jeanne Darcy
The First Law Norma Webb
The Girl from Bohemia Alice Paige Lost film
1919
 The Common Cause France (prologue)
The Firing Line Sheila Cardross Malcourt
The Invisible Bond Marcia Crossey
1920
 The Amateur Wife Justine Spencer
1922
 The Broadway Bride Role unconfirmed
French Heels Palma May
No Trespassing Mabel Colton
Slim Shoulders Naomi Warren

Filmography of Vernon Castle

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Year Title Role Notes
1915
 The Whirl of Life Self

See also

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References

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Notes
  1. ^ Lawrence was a son of George Grossmith, the Victorian comic actor, singer and writer known for his work with Gilbert and Sullivan
  2. ^ a b c d Cohen, Selma Jeanne. "Castle, Irene and Vernon", International Encyclopedia of Dance, vol. 1, Oxford University Press, 1998 pp. 78–80
  3. ^ "Irene Foote Castle", National Portrait Gallery, accessed 11 April 2021
  4. ^ a b "Actor Vernon Castle Weds. Miss Irene Foote of New Rochelle Bride of Zowie of 'The Hen Pecks'" (PDF). The New York Times. 29 May 1911.
  5. ^ Golden, pp.
  6. ^ Malnig, Julie (1997). "Two-Stepping to Glory: Social Dance and the Rhetoric of Social Mobility". Etnofoor. 10 (1/2): 128–150. ISSN 0921-5158. JSTOR 25757912.
  7. ^ Castle, Vernon and Irene. Modern Dancing (1914), pp. 145–47
  8. ^ "Irene Castle dancing cap", FIDM Museum, 1 June 2010, accessed 13 January 2015
  9. ^ "Lucile Goes A-Rainbow-Chasing to Gown Mrs. Vernon Castle", Vogue, 1 February 1915, p. 52; "Irene Castle Treman Pauses to Delight in the Loveliness of Costumes by Lucile", Vogue, 1 February 1921, p. 46; and Bigham, Randy Bryan. Lucile – Her Life by Design (2012), 140–45
  10. ^ "Europe's Society Orchestra", Red Hot Jazz Archive (rehotjazz.com), accessed 19 September 2013
  11. ^ Golden, chapter 24
  12. ^ Golden, chapter 25
  13. ^ a b "Vernon Castle Airplane Crash Site Memorial", RoadsideAmerica.com, accessed 13 February 2014
  14. ^ a b Golden, p. 191
  15. ^ Jasen, David A. P.G. Wodehouse: A Portrait of a Master, Music Sales Group (2002), pp. 71–72
  16. ^ a b Golden, p. 192
  17. ^ "Vernon Castle Dies in Airplane Fall. Killed at Fort Worth Avoiding Collision That Threatened Lives of Three. Won Captaincy at Front. Numerous Deaths in Training Call Attention to the Need of Skilled Inspectors. Castle's Spectacular Feats. Skilled Inspectors Needed. Vernon Castle's Career. Starred on the Stage". The New York Times. 16 February 1918.
  18. ^ "Military Rites Held For Captain Castle. Army and Civilians Pay Tribute at Fort Worth. Body Sent to New York". The New York Times. 17 February 1918.
  19. ^ "Bury Capt. Castle Today. Funeral Will Be Conducted with Military Honors". The New York Times. 19 February 1918.
  20. ^ Bady, David and Elisabeth Lorin. "Woodlawn Cemetery", "Public Art in the Bronx", Lehman College, accessed 1 January 2023
  21. ^ "Irene Castle, Bride of Captain Treman", The New York Times, 4 May 1919
  22. ^ ""The Blackhawks Sweater"". Archived from the original on 30 July 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link), Geocities.com, accessed 30 July 2009
  23. ^ Golden, pp. 233 and 248
  24. ^ Golden, pp. 233–34
  25. ^ The recording of episode #4 is in the audio archive of the J. Fred and Leslie W. MacDonald Collection at the Library of Congress.
  26. ^ Golden, p. 243
  27. ^ Golden, p. 244
  28. ^ Golden, pp. 238, 251
  29. ^ "Our History: About – Irene Castle and Orphans of the Storm" Archived 4 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Orphans of the Storm, accessed 3 March 2012
  30. ^ "In the beginning". Orphans of the Storm. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  31. ^ "Watch to Tell the Truth Season 2 Full Episodes", Online Video Guide, accessed 8 December 2015
  32. ^ "Irene Castle Proves No Fan of Sad Sack", The Palm Beach Post, 3 March 1958, p. 5
  33. ^ "Irene Castle, Dancer, Dies at 75. Was Toast of World War I Era. She and Husband, Vernon, Started 'Castle Walk' Craze. Fought Vivisectionists". The New York Times. 26 January 1969.
  34. ^ "Vernon and Irene Castle Biography", Encyclopedia of World Biography, accessed 23 July 2015
  35. ^ Burbank, Emily. Woman as Decoration. New York, Dodd, Mead and Company, 1917, online as Woman as Decoration at Project Gutenberg
Sources

Further reading

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  • Castle, Irene. Castles in the Air, Doubleday, 1958
  • Castle, Irene. My Husband, Scribner, 1919
  • Castle, Irene (as told to Ada Patterson). "How to Be Happily Married," Photoplay, June 1921, p. 42.
  • Castle, Vernon and Irene Castle. Modern Dancing, Harper & Brothers, 1914
  • Hunt, C. W. Dancing in the Sky, Dundurn Press, 2009
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Library resources about
Vernon and Irene Castle
By Vernon and Irene Castle
External videos
  Vernon and Irene Castle in The Whirl of Life (1915)
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