Universalization is an incipient concept describing the next phase of human development, marking the transition from trans-national to interplanetary relations and much more aggressive exploitation of opportunities that lie beyond the confines of Earth. As both a process and an end state, universalization implies an increasingly pervasive, abiding and singular human focus not only on global issues per se but on social, technological, economic and cultural challenges and opportunities extending into our solar system, our galaxy, and well beyond, where cooperation supersedes conflict negotiation.[1] Its origins are associated with the incipient expansion of social, economic, and political relationships that have emerged in the wake of globalization and that increasingly define the planet, its place within the broader universe and the sustainability of humanity and our diversity.
Overview
editThe concept was inspired by Kwame Anthony Appiah's work on cosmopolitanism, and particularly his emphasis on the need to develop a transcendent, collaborative model of human interaction that looks beyond the limited confines of current human relationships.[2] Underlying principles and activities associated with universalization have also been discussed in a number of works dealing with prospective human exploitation of natural resources in space.[3][4][5]
Evidence of the transition from globalisation to the century of "universalization" is provided by the exponential growth in outer space activity across all sectors of human endeavour, including exploration (global investments by national governments and consortia of $65 billion annually),[6] governance (the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, the International Association for Space Safety), commerce (aerospace industries such as Boeing, Teledyne, MDA), resource exploitation (Moon Express), Tourism (Virgin Galactic, XCOR), communications (satellites, probes, inter-planetary internet), education (the International Space University, Singularity University, International Institute of Space Commerce), research (observatories at Hawaii, Chile, the Square Kilometer Array, the Hubble Space Telescope, and settlement (Mars One).
Another reading of "universalization" has been suggested by Gregory Paul Meyjes. Questioning the various processes (economic, political, cultural) by which globalization or globalisation[7] has favored expeditious Anglo-cultural dominance at the expense of a more broadly-based, gradually-emerging world civilization, Meyjes argues for cultural policies that support "ecological" relations between local ethnocultural traditions, to protect cultural specificity in the short term and thus to allow as great a variety of groups as possible to voluntarily and organically contribute to the global whole. Meyjes thus proposes universalization[8] as a process of (largely) unfettered yet non-threatening exchange (such as with the aid of an International Auxiliary Language) between and among the world's state-level and sub-state-level groups and "nations" – i.e. a participatory transnational process that informs the gradual emergence of an optimally-inclusive world civilization.[9]
References
edit- ^ Edmonds, Lorna Jean and WE (Ted) Hewitt, "The 21st Century and the Advent of Universalization" in Ram Jakhu, Kuan-Wei Chen & Yaw Nyampong, ads, Monograph Series III: Global Space Governance (Montreal: McGill Centre for Research in Air and Space Law, 2015) 119
- ^ Appiah, Kwame (2006). Cosmopolitanism. New York: W. W. Norton.
- ^ De Man, Philip (November 2010). "The Exploitation of Outer Space and Celestial Bodies". Leuven Center for Global Governance Studies. Working Paper Number 54.
- ^ Tennen, Leslie I. (2010). "Towards a New Regime for Exploitation of Outer Space Mineral Resources". Nebraska Law Review (88).
- ^ Robles, Stephen (November 2013). "Commercialization, law and governance in outer space". The International.
- ^ Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2014). The Space Economy at a Glance 2011. Paris: OECD.
- ^ Robertson, Roland (1990). Featherstone, Mike (ed.). Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity. London (U.K.): Sage.
- ^ Meyjes (also: Posthumus Meyjes), Gregory Paul (1999). "Language and Universalization: a 'Linguistic Ecology' Reading of Bahá'í Writ". The Journal of Bahá'í Studies. Vol. IX (1). Ottawa: Association for Bahá’í Studies. pp. 51–63.
- ^ Edmonds, Lorna Jean (LJ); Hewitt, WE (Ted) (2015). "The 21st Century Advent of Universalization". Monograph Series III: Global Space Governance, McGill Centre for Research in Air and Space Law. 119.