The Foursquare Church is an international Evangelical Pentecostal Christian denomination founded in 1923 by evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson. Its headquarters are in Los Angeles, California, United States.
| International Church of the Foursquare Gospel | |
|---|---|
 Jesus Christ the Savior, Baptizer, Healer, Coming King | |
| Classification | Protestant |
| Orientation | Pentecostal Evangelical |
| Theology | Finished Work |
| Polity | Modified episcopal polity |
| President | Randy Remington |
| Associations | Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches of North America Pentecostal World Fellowship National Association of Evangelicals |
| Region | 150 countries |
| Headquarters | Los Angeles, California |
| Founder | Aimee Semple McPherson |
| Origin | 1923 Los Angeles, California |
| Separated from | Assemblies of God |
| Separations | Open Bible Churches Calvary Chapel Pentecostal Missionary Church of Christ (4th Watch) |
| Congregations | 67,500 |
| Members | 8.8 million |
| Other name(s) | The Foursquare Church |
| Official website | foursquare |
History
edit
The church has its origins in a vision of "Foursquare Gospel" (or "Full Gospel") during a sermon in October 1922 in Oakland, California, by the evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson[1] who was originally an ordained evangelist of the Assemblies of God where she once exerted a large influence until the split.[2][3] According to chapter 1 of Book of Ezekiel, Ezekiel had a vision of God as revealed to be four different aspects: a man, a lion, an ox and an eagle. It also represents the four aspects of Christ: "Savior, Baptizer with the Holy Spirit, Healer and Soon and Coming King."[4] This was the vision and name she gave at Foursquare Church, founded in January 1923 in Los Angeles, during the dedication of the Angelus Temple in Echo Park, seating 5,300 people.[5][6] Despite some affinities with Pentecostals, her beliefs are interdenominational.[7] The attendance has become a megachurch with 10,000 people.[8] McPherson was a flamboyant celebrity in her day, participating in publicity events, such as weekly Sunday parades through the streets of Los Angeles, along with the mayor and movie stars, directly to Angelus Temple. She built the temple, as well as what is now known as Life Pacific University adjacent to it, on the northwest corner of land that she owned in the middle of the city.
McPherson's celebrity status continued after her death, with biopics such as the 1976 Hallmark Hall of Fame drama The Disappearance of Aimee depicting her life, as well as the 2006 independent film Aimee Semple McPherson, which particularly focused on her month-long disappearance in May–June 1926 and the legal controversy that followed.[9][10][11]
After Aimee Semple McPherson's death in 1944, her son Rolf K. McPherson became president and leader of the church, a position he held for 44 years.[12][13] The Foursquare Church formed the Pentecostal Fellowship of North America in 1948 in Des Moines, Iowa, in an alliance with the Assemblies of God, the Church of God, the Open Bible Standard Churches, the Pentecostal Holiness Church, and others. In 1994, 46 years after the founding of the Pentecostal Fellowship, it was reorganized as the Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches of North America after combining with African-American organizations, most significantly the Church of God in Christ.
In 1968, the Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa congregation of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel (under pastor Chuck Smith) broke from the denomination and later formed an association of autonomous Charismatic Evangelical churches, today making up the Charismatic but non-Pentecostal denomination, Calvary Chapel.[14][15][16]
On May 31, 1988, John R. Holland became the Church's third president and held the position until July 1997.[13]
Harold Helms served as interim president from July 1997 to July 1998 and was followed by Paul C. Risser, who became the president on April 16, 1998, at the church's 75th annual convention.[17]
In October 2003, under Risser's tenure, the church sold the Los Angeles radio station KFSG-FM to the Spanish Broadcasting System for $250 million.[18] Risser's leadership led to another high-profile controversy for the church, when, without the involvement of the denomination's board of directors and finance council, church funds were invested in firms that targeted the "close-knit evangelical community" but turned out to be Ponzi schemes.[19] Risser resigned his leadership position under fire in March 2004.
Jack W. Hayford, the founder of The Church On The Way in Van Nuys, California served as the president of the Foursquare Church from 2004 to 2009. Hayford, along with Pastors Roy Hicks Jr. in Eugene, Oregon, Jerry Cook in Gresham, Oregon, Ronald D. Mehl of the Beaverton Foursquare Church in Beaverton, Oregon, and John Holland in Vancouver, British Columbia, have been credited by the church with setting a plan for the denomination's continued survival despite its staggering financial losses estimated at $15 million under the failed leadership of Paul Risser.[20]
In 2020, Randy Remington became the President of The Foursquare Church.[21]
Statistics
editAccording to a census published by the association in 2022, it had 67,500 churches, with 8.8 million members in 150 countries.[22]
According to the 2010 US Religion Census, there are over 320,000 members in the United States and 1,823 churches.[23]
Beliefs
editThe beliefs of the Foursquare Church are expressed in its Declaration of Faith, compiled by its founder, Aimee Semple McPherson.[24] McPherson also authored a shorter, more concise creedal statement.[25]
The church believes in the verbal inspiration of the Bible, the doctrine of the Trinity, and the deity of Jesus Christ.[26] It believes that human beings were created in the image of God but, because of the Fall, are naturally depraved and sinful.[27] The church believes in the substitutionary atonement, accomplished by the death of Christ, and teaches that salvation is by grace through faith, not by good works.[28] Believers are justified by faith and born again upon repentance and acceptance of Christ as Lord and king.[29] Consistent with its belief in human free will, the Foursquare Church also teaches that it is possible for a believer to backslide or commit apostasy.[30]
The Foursquare Church, a Finished Work Pentecostal denomination, teaches that sanctification is a continual process of spiritual growth.[31] Spiritual growth is believed to be promoted by Bible study and prayer.[32] The Foursquare Church believes in the baptism with the Holy Spirit as an event separate from conversion that empowers the individual and the wider church to fulfill the church's mission of evangelization. The Foursquare Church believes Spirit baptism is received in the same manner as recorded in the Book of Acts: the believer will speak in tongues.[33] The church believes that spiritual gifts continue in operation for the edification of the church.[34]
The Foursquare Church believes that divine healing is a part of Christ's atonement and teaches that the sick can be healed in response to prayer.[35] The Foursquare Church anticipates a premillennial return of Christ to earth.[36] It believes that there will be a future final judgment where the righteous will receive everlasting life and the wicked everlasting punishment. The Foursquare Church observes believer's baptism by immersion and the Lord's Supper, or Holy Communion, as ordinances.[37] Open communion is practiced.[38] Anointing of the sick and tithing are practiced as well.[39]
Structure
editThe denomination's church government has an "episcopal character" that dates back to its founder. McPherson had veto power over church decisions, appointed all officers, and hired all employees.[40]
The Foursquare Convention is the chief decision making body of the Foursquare Church. Meeting regularly every year, the convention's voting membership includes international officers and licensed ministers. Each Foursquare church located in the United States has the right to send one voting delegate per every 50 church members.[41] National Foursquare Churches outside of the United States may send one official delegate to the convention.[42]
A board of 12 to 24 directors manages the Foursquare Church. In addition to overseeing the Church's activities, the board of directors appoints officers and is responsible for licensing and ordaining ministers. Members of the board include the president, vice presidents, and at least nine ministers representing geographic regions. Church members in good standing may also be appointed to the board.[43]
Local Foursquare churches are subordinate parts of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel and are operated according to the bylaws of the international church. There are two categories of Foursquare churches.[44] A "charter member church" is a member church that has no legal existence apart from the international church and whose property is owned by the international church. The second category is "covenant member church", which include "pioneer churches" and previously non-member churches. Pioneer churches are recently-established church plants that have not been upgraded to charter member status. Covenant member churches might also be previously non-member churches that join the Foursquare Church but choose not to transfer their real property to the international church.[45] Non-member churches may choose to affiliate with the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel without becoming a full member of the international church. These "community member churches" retain their separate legal identities and autonomy.[46]
North America
editThree colleges are affiliated with the Foursquare Church: Life Pacific University, formerly "L. I. F. E. Bible College," in San Dimas, California, Life Pacific College Virginia in Christiansburg, Virginia, and Pacific Life Bible College in Surrey, British Columbia.
In 2006, membership in the United States was 353,995 in 1,875 churches.[47] In 2023, the number of churches in the U.S. was reported at 2,021.[48] While congregations are concentrated along the West Coast, the denomination is well distributed across the United States.[49] The states with the highest membership rates are Oregon, Hawaii, Montana, Washington, and California.[49]
South America
editEcuador
editThe Foursquare Church arrived in Ecuador in 1956 with the arrival of a couple by the name of Gadberry. Acting as missionaries under the auspices of the Los Angeles congregation, they began by founding churches in Guayaquil. They remained in Ecuador until 1960, but returned a year later to found the first Foursquare church in Quito. As of 2012, there were 200 Foursquare churches in Ecuador, with 32 in Guayaquil alone.[50]
Controversies
editIn 2004, the denomination's president and treasurer resigned after losing $14 million of the denomination for approving two financial investment projects that were in fact a scam.[51]
In 2013, under Glenn Burris Jr.'s leadership, the church lost $2 million in a failed investment of a Broadway play based on the life of Aimee Semple McPherson.[52]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Matthew Avery Sutton, Aimee Semple McPherson and the Resurrection of Christian America, Harvard University Press, USA, 2007, p. 44
- ^ Maddux, Kristy (2011). "The Foursquare Gospel of Aimee Semple McPherson". Rhetoric and Public Affairs. 14 (2): 291–326. doi:10.2307/41940541. ISSN 1094-8392. JSTOR 41940541.
- ^ "International Church of the Foursquare Gospel (ICFG) | Description, History, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
- ^ Fish, A; Jackson, C; Morales, F; Thigpenn, J (2017). SQUAD. Foursquare Missions Press.
- ^ Randall Herbert Balmer, Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism, Baylor University Press, USA, 2004, p. 295
- ^ Edith Waldvogel Blumhofer, Aimee Semple McPherson: everybody's sister, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 1993, p. 246–247
- ^ Edith Waldvogel Blumhofer, Aimee Semple McPherson: everybody's sister, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 1993, p. 250
- ^ Thomas, Lately Storming Heaven: The Lives and Turmoils of Minnie Kennedy and Aimee Semple McPherson, Ballantine Books, USA, 1970) page 32
- ^ Epstein, Daniel Mark, Sister Aimee: The Life of Aimee Semple McPherson (Orlando: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1993) pp. 296, chapter "Kidnapped"
- ^ Matthew Avery Sutton, Aimee Semple McPherson and the Resurrection of Christian America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007)p90, chapters "Kidnapping the Bride of Christ and p119, "Unraveling the Mystery"
- ^ Cox, Raymond L. The Verdict is In, ( R.L. Cox and Heritage Committee, California, 1983) entire book focuses on the reported kidnapping
- ^ J. Gordon Melton and Martin Baumann, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, page 1461
- ^ a b "Our History". Victoria Foursquare Church website. Archived from the original on October 21, 2008. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
- ^ Ron Rhodes, The Complete Guide to Christian Denominations: Understanding the History, Beliefs, and Differences, Harvest House Publishers, USA, 2015, p. 340
- ^ Douglas A. Sweeney, The American Evangelical Story: A History of the Movement, Baker Academic, USA, 2005, page 1
- ^ "Calvary Chapel History". calvarychapel.com. CalvaryChapel. 2020. Archived from the original on September 4, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
In 1965, Pastor Chuck Smith began his ministry at Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa with just twenty-five people.
- ^ "September 13–15, 2002 Retreat Details". foursquarenwmensretreat.org. Archived from the original on December 15, 2004. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
- ^ Lattin, Don (June 5, 2004). "Popular evangelist elected to head Foursquare Church". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
- ^ Lattin, Don (June 3, 2004). "Foursquare sinner forgiven: Former president's investing may have cost church $15 million". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
- ^ "History: 1944-Present". Church's official website. Archived from the original on July 31, 2007. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
- ^ The Foursquare Church, FoursquareLeader, foursquare.org, USA, retrieved May 30, 2020
- ^ The Foursquare Church, History, foursquare.org, USA, retrieved November 5, 2022.
- ^ "US Religion Census - Single-year report - all denominations - 2010".
- ^ Declaration of Faith of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel. Accessed January 11, 2013.
- ^ Creedal Statements of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel. Accessed January 11, 2013.
- ^ ICFG Creedal Statements 1–3
- ^ III. The Fall of Man, ICFG Declaration of Faith.
- ^ ICFG Creedal Statements 9.
- ^ VI. Repentance and Acceptance and VII. The New Birth, ICFG Declaration of Faith.
- ^ ICFG Creedal Statements 24.
- ^ VIII. Daily Christian Life, ICFG Declaration of Faith.
- ^ ICFG Creedal Statements 25–27.
- ^ X. The Baptism of the Holy Spirit, ICFG Declaration of Faith.
- ^ XII. The Gifts and Fruit of the Spirit, ICFG Declaration of Faith.
- ^ XIV. Divine Healing, ICFG Declaration of Faith.
- ^ ICFG Creedal Statements 36.
- ^ IX. Water Baptism and the Lord's Supper, ICFG Declaration of Faith.
- ^ ICFG Creedal Statements 14 and 23.
- ^ ICFG Creedal Statements 10, 11, 21.
- ^ "International Church of the Foursquare Gospel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2012.
- ^ Foursquare Church Bylaws 2012 edition, Article V 5.5, p. 7.
- ^ Foursquare Church Bylaws, Article XVIIII, p. 46.
- ^ Foursquare Church Bylaws, Article VI, pp. 9–12.
- ^ Foursquare Church Bylaws, Article III 3.3, p. 3.
- ^ Foursquare Church Bylaws, Article III 3.8 A–B, p. 4.
- ^ Foursquare Church Bylaws, Article III 3.8 C, p. 5.
- ^ "2008 Yearbook of American & Canadian Churches". The National Council of Churches. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2009.
- ^ "Foursquare 2023 Annual Cabinet Report" (PDF). March 30, 2023.
- ^ a b "2000 Religious Congregations and Membership Study". Glenmary Research Center. Retrieved December 16, 2009.
- ^ "Iglesia cuadrangular central celebra hoy sus bodas de oro". Ecuador. 2012.
- ^ E. Scott Reckard, "2 Church Officials Resign", Los Angeles Times, March 18, 2004
- ^ David Ng and Mike Boehm, "Broadway flop 'Scandalous' a costly investment for Foursquare Church", Los Angeles Times, February 14, 2013
Further reading
edit- Epstein, Daniel Mark. Sister Aimee
- Foursquare Gospel Publications. The Foursquare Church Annual Report 2006.
- Glenmary Research Center. Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States (2000).
- Mead, Frank S., Samuel S. Hill, and Craig D. Atwood. Handbook of Denominations in the United States.
- Melton, J. Gordon (ed.). Encyclopedia of American Religions.
- Van Cleave, Nathaniel M. The Vine and the Branches: A History of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel.