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Abubakar Tafawa Balewa

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"Tafawa Balewa" redirects here. For the local government area, see Tafawa Balewa, Bauchi. For the public square in Lagos, see Tafawa Balewa Square.

Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa KBE PC (December 1912 – 15 January 1966) was a Nigerian politician who served as the first and only prime minister of Nigeria upon independence.[3] A conservative Anglophile, he favoured maintaining close ties with the British. During his first few years in office as prime minister, Nigeria was a constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth II reigning as Queen of Nigeria, until Nigeria became a republic in 1963.[4] He was both a defender of Northern special interests and an advocate of Nigerian reform and unity.[5]

The Right Honourable Alhaji Sir
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
KBE
Prime Minister of Nigeria
In office
1 October 1960 – 15 January 1966
MonarchElizabeth II (until 1963)
PresidentNnamdi Azikiwe (from 1963)
Governors‑General
Preceded byHimself
(as Chief Minister)
Succeeded byPosition abolished
(Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi as Military head of state)
Chief Minister of Nigeria
In office
30 August 1957 – 1 October 1960
MonarchElizabeth II
Governor‑GeneralSir James Wilson Robertson
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byHimself
(as Prime Minister)
Deputy Leader of the Northern People's Congress
In office
30 August 1957 – 15 January 1966
LeaderAhmadu Bello
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Member of Parliament for Bauchi South West[1]
In office
1954 – 15 January 1966
Personal details
Born
Mallam Abubakar[2]

(1912-12-00)December 1912
Bauchi, Northern Nigeria Protectorate
Died15 January 1966(1966-01-15) (aged 53)
near Lagos, Nigeria
Resting placeTafawa Balewa's tomb
Political partyNorthern People's Congress
Alma mater
OccupationPolitician

Early life

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Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was born in December 1912, in the Northern Nigeria Protectorate (modern-day Bauchi State). His father, Yakubu Dan Zala, was of Gere ethnicity,[6] and his mother Fatima Inna was of Gere and Fulani descent.[6][7] His father worked in the house of the district head of Lere, a district within the Bauchi Emirate.[8] He took his name from two corrupted Fula language words: "Tafari" (Rock) and "Baleri" (Black), which resulted in being the childhood nickname "Black Rock".[9]

Education

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Balewa began his education at a Qur'anic school in Bauchi; when southern colonial administrators began to push for western education in the Northern region, Balewa was among the children sent to Tafawa Balewa Elementary School, after the Qur'anic school. Thereafter, he proceeded to Bauchi Provincial School.[8] Like many of his contemporaries, he studied at Barewa College, then known as Katsina College, where he was student number 145. Ahmadu Rabah, later known as Ahmadu Bello, was student number 87 and was two years his senior, while Abubakar Imam was a year ahead of him.[10] The college was several kilometers from Bauchi and was not close to a railway station nor other public transportation. During holidays, which was twice a year, Balewa trekked home, a journey of more than 400 kilometers. He trekked for 40 kilometers a day, before finding a resting place at a nearby village. In total, the journey took him 10 days.[8]

Katsina College had British expatriate teachers, many of whom had been educated at leading British schools and then attended Cambridge or Oxford Universities. Students were taught in English, and speech was an important part of learning for the students. Apart from excellence in English, the school was also a training ground for teachers to be posted to the provincial and middle schools within the Northern Provinces of Nigeria.[8]

Balewa completed his five-year education in 1933 and returned to Bauchi to teach at Bauchi Middle School. He taught at the school and rose to become a senior schoolmaster. In 1941, he became acquainted with a young Aminu Kano, who was posted to the school as a teacher. After a student unrest, investigations into student grievances indicted the headmaster, and in 1941 Balewa was nominated as the new headmaster.[8] In 1944, Balewa and some other educated teachers in the Northern Provinces were chosen to study abroad at the University of London's Institute of Education, which today forms part of University College London. Upon returning to Nigeria, he became an Inspector of Schools for the colonial administration and later entered politics.[11]

Early political activity

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He was elected in 1946 to the Northern House of Assembly, and to the Legislative Council in 1947. As a legislator, he was a vocal advocate of the rights of Northern Nigeria. He supported hesitance by the North to become independent, based on the objection that the north and south regions were not on an equal footing. In the Northern Assembly, he sought more roles and responsibility in the Native Administration for the educated members of the emirates.[8]

Together with Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, who held the hereditary title of Sardauna of Sokoto, they proposed the transformation of the cultural organization, Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa, which means Northern People's Congress (NPC) in English, to become a political platform for use as campaign platform during the elections of 1951. Balewa was elected vice president of the new party and subsequently resigned his post as headmaster of Bauchi Middle School. NPC won the plurality of votes to the regional House of Assembly in 1951.[12]

 
Balewa (far right), with Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy, for the proclamation of independence celebrations in Lagos.

Balewa was among the new legislators in Kaduna. Under a new constitution, the Macpherson Constitution of 1951, an electoral college system was implemented whereby, some regional legislators were elected to the Federal House of Representatives in Lagos, and among the federal legislators, three members from each region would be appointed federal ministers with portfolio. Balewa was among those nominated to Lagos and along with Kashim Ibrahim and Muhammadu Ribadu were nominated to become ministers.[13]

In government

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Balewa entered the government in 1952 as Minister of Works, and later served as Minister of Transport during a time Nigeria was moving towards self-government. During his tenure at the transport ministry, both the Marine and Railway departments were transformed to corporations and the designs for a bridge over the Niger and plans for the Kainji Dam were developed.[14]

Chief minister (1957–1960)

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In 1957, NPC won the plurality of votes in the Federal House of Representatives and Balewa became the Chief Minister and designated Prime Minister. As part of his plans to unify the country towards the move for independence in 1960, he formed a coalition government between the NPC and the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), led by Nnamdi Azikiwe and also invited the Action Group (A.G.), the 1957 cabinet was constituted as an all party cabinet.[15] Though, Awolowo, the leader of A.G. and premier of the Western region was skeptical of the plan,[16] the national executive committee of Action Group party endorsed the National Government and Ayo Rosiji and Samuel Akintola were nominated by the party. During this period, Balewa developed a close relationship with K.O. Mbadiwe from NCNC and Akintola from AG.[8]

Prime minister (1960–1966)

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See also: Cabinet of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
 
Balewa at the White House with President Kennedy, 1961

Balewa retained the post as Prime Minister of Nigeria when Nigeria gained independence in 1960 and was reelected in 1964.[17]

He announced independence in a motion to Parliament on 18 January 1959:

That this House authorizes the Government of the Federation of Nigeria to request Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom as soon as practicable to introduce a legislation in the Parliament of the United Kingdom providing for the establishment of the Federation of Nigeria on October 1, 1960 as an Independent Sovereign State, and to request Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom at the appropriate time to support with the other Member Governments of the Commonwealth, Nigeria's desire to become a member of the Commonwealth. This is a great day for Nigeria. It marks the beginning of the last stage of our march toward independence and all of us who are here today should be thankful to Almighty God who has given us the opportunity to witness the events of this most memorable time.

— Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Mr. Prime Minister: A Selection of Speeches Made by Alhaii the Right Honourable Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, [18]

Domestic policy

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The Republic

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Nigeria adopted a new constitution in 1963 which abolished the monarchy and the office of governor-general, with Nigeria becoming a parliamentary republic within the Commonwealth with the Nnamdi Azikiwe as President of Nigeria and head of state.[19]

Regional policy

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Prior to Nigeria's independence, a constitutional conference[20] in 1954 had adopted a regional political framework for the country, with all regions given a considerable amount of political freedom. The three regions then were composed of diverse cultural groups.[21] The premiers and some prominent leaders of the regions later took on a policy of guiding their regions against political encroachment from other regional leaders. Later on, this political environment influenced the Balewa administration. His term in office was turbulent, with regional factionalism constantly threatening his government.[22]

However, a treason charge and conviction against one of the western region's leaders, Obafemi Awolowo, led to protest and condemnation from many of his supporters.[23] The 1965 election in the region later produced violent protests. Rioting and violence were soon synchronous with what was perceived as inordinate political encroachment and an over-exuberant election outcome for Awolowo's western opponents.[24]

Foreign policy

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As Prime Minister of Nigeria, Balewa, from 1960 to 1961, doubled as Foreign Affairs advocate of Nigeria. In 1961, the Balewa government created an official Foreign Affairs and Commonwealth Relations ministerial position in favour of Jaja Wachuku who became, from 1961 to 1965, the first substantive Nigerian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Commonwealth Relations, later called External Affairs.[25] A week after taking office, he arrived in the United States on his first foreign visit to address the United Nations.[26]

Africa

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However, as Prime Minister of Nigeria, Balewa played important roles in the continent's formative indigenous rule. He was an important leader in the formation of the Organisation of African Unity and creating a cooperative relationship with French speaking African countries. He was also instrumental in negotiations between Moise Tshombe and the Congolese authorities during the Congo Crisis of 1960–1964.[27] He led a vocal protest against the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960 and also entered into an alliance with Commonwealth ministers who wanted South Africa to leave the Commonwealth in 1961.

United States

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Prime Minister Balewa (2nd from right) talks to President Kennedy on the first live broadcast via the SYNCOM satellite from Lagos.

He visited the US in 1961 for eight days, four of which he spent in Washington at Blair House. During his visit, he became the first Nigerian leader to address a Joint session of the United States Congress and visited the Islamic Center of Washington.[28] He had an enormous amount of respect for President John F. Kennedy, describing him, and his age in particular as "matured as that of any older statesman."[29] He took part in the launch of the Syncom 2 NASA program, allowing him to phone for President Kennedy from the USNS Kingsport docked at Lagos Harbor via the SYNCOM satellite on 23 August 1963.[30][31][32] It marked the first live two-way call between heads of government by satellite.

Commonwealth

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Balewa, during his premiership, attached great importance to its Commonwealth membership, declaring in a UN speech, "we shall not forget our old friends."[33][26]

Eastern Bloc

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Balewa had a pro-West orientation in his foreign policy, which represented for abhorrence to USSR and other Eastern Bloc states. As a result, the circulation of communist literature in Nigeria was banned and students were discouraged from taking Soviet educational scholarship. Balewa had personally assured the British government "we shall use every means in our power to prevent the infiltration of communism and communist ideas into Nigeria." At one point, the Soviets were implicated in a plot to overthrow Balewa's government.[34]

Overthrow and murder

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Balewa was overthrown and murdered in a military coup on 15 January 1966, as were many other leaders, including his old companion Sir Ahmadu Bello. The circumstances of his death still remain unresolved. His body was discovered at a roadside near Lagos six days after he was ousted from office. Balewa was buried in Bauchi. News of his assassination spurred violent riots throughout Northern Nigeria and ultimately led to the bloody counter-coup of July 1966.[10]

 
Grave of Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa

Literary work

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In 1933, Balewa wrote Shaihu Umar, a novella about a pious Muslim in response to a request by Rupert East, the head of the colonial Translation Bureau, to promote Hausa literature.[35] Shaihu Umar was first published in 1934. An English translation by Mervyn Hiskett was published in 1967.[36][37] Written in a prose homily structure,[10][35] the protagonist, Shaihu Umar, recounts his events in his life's history. Events and themes in the novel deal with the trans-Saharan slave trade, familial relationships and Islamic themes of submission to the will of God. Shaihu Umar was staged as a play in the 1970s[35] and filmed by Adamu Halilu in 1976.[38][39]

Political views

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Nigerian institutions

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Balewa advocated for the creation of a Nigerian Privy Council to domestically replace the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in a speech to the Legislative Council in April 1952. This was due to its judicial committee's seemingly insensitivities to regional differences in court cases.[40]

Honours

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Statue of Tafawa Balewa in Owerri Imo State

In January 1960, Balewa was knighted by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire.[41] He was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Sheffield in May 1960.[6] He was also awarded an honorary doctorate of laws from the New York University in July 1961.[42]

Balewa's portrait was placed on the 5 Naira Note. The Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University and the Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Bauchi State International Airport in Bauchi was named in his honour.[43]

Personal life

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Balewa was described as modest and self-effacing.[44] At his death, his major assets included his house in Bauchi and a 50-acre farm where he vacationed when he wanted to relax. The farm was located on the way to Tafawa Balewa village about nine miles outside Bauchi; many official decisions while in office were taken at the farm. Balewa was married to four women who bore him nineteen children.[45][46]

Balewa was buried in Tafawa Balewa's tomb at Bauchi.[47]

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abubakar Tafawa Balewa.

References

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  1. ^ Post, Ken (18 December 1963). "The Nigerian Federal Election of 1959: Politics and Administration in a Developing Political System".
  2. ^ "Abubakar Tafawa Balewa". jfk.artifacts.archives.gov.
  3. ^ "Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa | prime minister of Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  4. ^ Ogunbadejo, Oye (1988). "Nigerian-Soviet Relations, 1960-87". African Affairs. 87 (346): 83–104. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098014. JSTOR 722811.
  5. ^ "Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa | prime minister of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. January 2024.
  6. ^ a b c Kperogi, Farooq (22 January 2016). "Gere: Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa's Real Ethnic Group". Daily Trust. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  7. ^ Omotola, Balogun (10 November 2017). "BIOGRAPHY OF SIR ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA, KBE". Diamond Boat Consult. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Nigeria; Federal Department of Information (1982). Nigerian heroes. Lagos: Federal Dept. of Information. OCLC 18561384.
  9. ^ Akinbode, Ayomide (21 January 2019). "Abubakar Tafawa Balewa: The Golden Voice of Africa". Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  10. ^ a b c Sani., Umar, Muhammad (2006). Islam and colonialism : intellectual responses of Muslims of Northern Nigeria to British colonial rule. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 900413946X. OCLC 62554253.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ smile (30 June 2020). "SIR ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA". Glimpse Nigeria. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  12. ^ "achievements of sir ahmadu bello". leonardschrader.com. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  13. ^ "is tafawa balewa a fulani man". clearstoryusa.com. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  14. ^ "Tag: Tafawa Balewa". Political Zone Nigeria. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  15. ^ "abubakar tafawa balewa spouse". susanneo.com. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  16. ^ A., Joseph, Richard (6 February 2014). Democracy and prebendal politics in Nigeria : the rise and fall of the Second Republic. Cambridge. p. 34. ISBN 9781107633537. OCLC 864086426.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Umar, Fahad Muhammad. "Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa".
  18. ^ "A Northern Nigerian Call for Independence | AHA".
  19. ^ Chika B. Onwuekwe (2003). "Constitutional Development, 1914–1960: British Legacy or Local Exigency?". In Adebayo Oyebade (ed.). The Foundations of Nigeria: Essays in Honor of Toyin Falola. Africa World Press. pp. 172–173. ISBN 1-59221-120-8.
  20. ^ "open_access_etds". pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu.
  21. ^ "NIGERIA (CONSTITUTIONAL CONFERENCE) (Hansard, 10 February 1954)". api.parliament.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  22. ^ sunnews (16 August 2017). "Accord Concondiale: The continuous search for Nigeria's elusive unity (10)". The Sun Nigeria. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  23. ^ "Sharpeville massacre | Summary, Significance, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  24. ^ "Between S.L. Akintola and Obafemi Awolowo, By Femi Fani-Kayode". www.premiumtimesng.com. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  25. ^ "MFA Nigeria". www.nigeria-consulate-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  26. ^ a b Admin, Web (11 January 2013). "Maiden General Assembly Statement at the United Nations". Permanent Mission of Nigeria to the United Nations, New York. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  27. ^ "Abubakar Tafawa Balewa". Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  28. ^ Kperogi, Farooq A. "Tafawa Balewa's Electrifying 1961 American Visit". Notes From Atlanta. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  29. ^ "Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Oral History Interview – 5/7/1964" (PDF).
  30. ^ Vartabedian, Ralph (26 July 2013). "How a satellite called Syncom changed the world". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  31. ^ "World's First Geosynchronous Satellite Launched". History Channel. Foxtel. 19 June 2016. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  32. ^ "Conversation with the Prime Minister of Nigeria by means of the Syncom Communications Satellite, 23 August 1963 | JFK Library". www.jfklibrary.org. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  33. ^ "Constitution and Government" (PDF).
  34. ^ Omotuyi, Sunday (2019). "Russo/Nigerian Relations in the Context of Counterinsurgency Operation in Nigeria". Jadavpur Journal of International Relations. 23: 48–68. doi:10.1177/0973598418803526. S2CID 158967078.
  35. ^ a b c Бессмертная, Olga Bessmertnaya-Ольга (January 2000). "A Hausa Author's Idea of Literature as an" about-face" response to the British literary challenge". Multiculturalism & Hybridity in African ...
  36. ^ Hunwick, John O.; Furniss, Graham (1994). "Mervyn Hiskett, 1920–1994". Sudanic Africa. 5: 1–6. ISSN 0803-0685. JSTOR 25653240.
  37. ^ Wright, E. (1 January 1977). "Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Shaihu Umar, (translated and edited by Mervyn Hiskett), Atlantic Highlands, N.J., Humanities Press, 1968, $ 1.00. (Longmans, 1967) Clement Agunwa, More Than Once, Humanities Press, 1968, $ 1.50. (Longmans, 1967) Duro Lapido, Wale Ogunyemi, Obotunde Ijimere, Three Nigerian Plays, (edited by Ulli Beier) Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, N.J., 1968, $ 1.25. (Longmans, 1967)". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 12 (1–4): 316–318. doi:10.1163/156852177X00495. ISSN 1568-5217.
  38. ^ Nwachukwu Frank Ukadike, Black African Cinema (University of California Press, 2023), p. 164.
  39. ^ IMDb, Shehu Umar.
  40. ^ Information, FEDERAL Ministry of (1964). Mr Prime Minister. Federal Ministry of Information.
  41. ^ Faal, Courtney (9 May 2009). "Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (1912–1966) •". Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  42. ^ "Tafawa Balewa: Remembering the right honourable gentleman - Daily Trust". dailytrust.com. 16 January 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  43. ^ III, Editorial (17 August 2022). "Nigeria in search of another Balewa". Blueprint Newspapers. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  44. ^ "See Nigeria's ex-leader Buhari is being compared with – Daily Advent Nigeria". Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  45. ^ Master, NaijaBlog Talk Zone (1 February 2021). "See All Assets Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa left for his 4 wives and 19 children (Photos)". NaijaBlog. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  46. ^ "My husband was tricked and taken away by his orderly – Late Tafawa Balewa's wife - Daily Trust". dailytrust.com. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  47. ^ "Six must-see places in Bauchi | Premium Times Nigeria". 21 March 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  • Kalu Ezera;, Constitutional Developments in Nigeria: An Analytical Study of Nigeria's Constitution-Making Developments and the Historical and Political Factors That Affected Constitutional Change, 1960
  • James S. Olson, Robert S. Shadle; Historical Dictionary of the British Empire, Greenwood Press, 1996
  • B. I. C. Ijomah, The Enigma of Nigerian Nationalism, Edo State University Publishing House, 1996, ISBN 9789782100139
  • Alh. Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa official visit to USA in 25–28 July 1961, YouTube.
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