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Swedish People's Party of Finland

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The Swedish People's Party of Finland (SPP; Swedish: Svenska folkpartiet i Finland, SFP; Finnish: Suomen ruotsalainen kansanpuolue, RKP) is a Finnish political party founded in 1906. Its primary aim is to represent the interests of the minority Swedish-speaking population of Finland.[3][4][5] The party is currently a participant in the Government of Petteri Orpo, holding the posts of Minister of Education, Minister for European Affairs, and Minister of Youth, Sport and Physical Activity.

Swedish People's Party of Finland
Svenska folkpartiet i Finland (Swedish)
Suomen ruotsalainen kansanpuolue (Finnish)
AbbreviationSwedish: SFP
Finnish: RKP, R
ChairpersonAnders Adlercreutz
SecretaryFredrik Guseff [fi]
General SecretaryHanna Seppä
Parliamentary group leaderOtto Andersson (Member of the Finnish Parliament) [fi]
Deputy chairsRamieza Mahdi [fi]
Silja Borgarsdóttir Sandelin [fi]
Sandra Bergqvist
Chair of the party councilEva Biaudet
Founded1906
HeadquartersSimonkatu 8A,
00100 Helsinki, Finland
NewspaperMedborgarbladet [fi]
Student wingLiberala Studerande LSK [sv][1]
Youth wingSvensk Ungdom
Women's wingSvenska Kvinnoförbundet[1]
Membership (2016)Increase 30,000[2]
Ideology
Political positionCentre to centre-right
European affiliationAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
European Parliament groupRenew Europe
International affiliationLiberal International
Nordic affiliationCentre Group
Colours
  •   Blue (official)
  •   Red
  •   Black
  •   Light yellow
Eduskunta[a]
10 / 200
European Parliament
1 / 15
Municipalities
463 / 8,859
County seats
76 / 1,379
Website
www.sfp.fi Edit this at Wikidata

An ethnic catch-all party,[6] its main election issue since its inception has been the Swedish-speaking Finns' right to their own language while maintaining the official position of the Swedish language in Finland.[7] Ideologically, it is liberal,[8][9][10] social-liberal,[11] centrist,[12][13] and pro-European.[14] The party has been in a governmental position from 1979 to 2015 and again since 2019, with one or two seats in government, and has collaborated with both centre-right and centre-left parties in parliament.

The fact that both the Finnish centre-right and centre-left have needed the support from the party has meant that they have been able to affect politics of Finland on a larger scale than the party's actual size would suggest. The position of the Swedish language as one of two official languages in Finland and the Swedish-speaking minority's right to Swedish culture are two of the results of the party's influence in Finnish politics. The party is a member of the Liberal International, the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe, and Renew Europe. The youth organisation of the party is called Svensk Ungdom (Swedish Youth).

History and electorate

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Swedish People's Party election poster from 1907, with ”the man with the flag”, that after this was used as party emblem for over 50 years.[15] Designed by Alex Federley.

The Swedish Party (1870–1906), a parliamentary elite party based on members in the Diet of Finland, is the historical predecessor of the Swedish People's Party of Finland. It was a part of the Svecoman movement and its main policy was opposition of the Fennoman movement.

Unlike Fennomans, who were largely liberal on other matters than the language question, the Svecoman were conservative. Axel Lille and Axel Olof Freudenthal are often considered as some of the main "founding fathers" of the movement. Most members of the Liberal Party joined the Swedish Party in the 1880s, after the Liberals ceased to exist as a distinct party. The Swedish People's Party of Finland was founded in the 1906 party congress of the Swedish Party, making it one of the oldest parties in Finland. The first leader of Swedish People's Party was Axel Lille.

The current leader of the party is Anders Adlercreutz.[16] In the Parliament of Finland the representative for Åland is usually included in SPP's parliamentary group, regardless of his/her party affiliation; parties on Åland are separate from those on the mainland, but their common interest in Swedish-language issues gives them much in common with the Swedish People's Party group as regards national politics.

The party receives its main electoral support from the Swedish speaking minority, which makes up about 5.5% of Finland's population.[17] During its history, the party has suffered slow but steady decline in adherence, following the decline of the percentage of Swedish-speaking population. In 1907, the party received 12% of national votes; after World War II, it received 7% of the vote; and in the 2011 parliamentary election, it received 4.3% of the votes (and nine MPs). In municipal elections, it holds large majorities in municipalities with a Swedish-speaking majority.

Despite its position as one of the minor political parties in the Finnish parliament, it has frequently been one of the partners forming the governing coalition cabinets. Since 1956, the year when Urho Kekkonen was elected President, the party has been nearly continuously in the government. It has been part of all coalitions with the significant exception of Paasio's first cabinet (1966–68), which included only socialists (Social Democratic Party (SDP), the split SDP faction Social Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders and Finnish People's Democratic League) and the Centre Party.

 
Chairman of the Swedish People’s Party of Finland Jan-Magnus Jansson from 1966 to 1973.

Short periods of rule by single-party minority governments, Miettunen cabinet (1961–62, Centre) and Paasio's second government (1972, SDP) and of nonpartisan caretaker governments have also interrupted its stay in the government. For this reason, the SPP is often criticized for being a single-issue party that allegedly accepts nearly all other policies as long as its own vital interest, the status of the Swedish language is maintained.

However, although Vanhanen's first cabinet made Swedish a voluntary subject in the upper secondary schools' matriculation exam, the SPP remained in the government. In contrast, the Greens left the previous government after a new nuclear power plant was decided in 2002.

The SPP's long continuous participation in the Finnish cabinets came to an end in following the 2015 parliamentary election when it was left out of the Sipilä Cabinet.[18] In June 2019, the SPP returned to government with two ministerial positions in the Rinne Cabinet, the Minister of Justice and the Minister for Nordic Cooperation and Equality.[19]

Recently, the SPP has emphasized the liberal part of its programme, attempting to woo voters outside its traditional Swedish-speaking electorate. In 2010, the party added the word Suomen ("of Finland") to its official Finnish name.

Election results

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Parliament of Finland

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Election Votes % Seats +/- Government
1907 112,267 12.60
24 / 200
 Opposition
1908 103,146 12.74
24 / 200
   Opposition
1909 104,191 12.31
25 / 200
   1 Opposition
1910 107,121 13.53
26 / 200
   1 Opposition
1911 106,810 13.31
26 / 200
   Opposition
1913 94,672 13.07
25 / 200
   1 Opposition
1916 93,555 11.76
21 / 200
   4 Opposition
1917 108,190 10.90
21 / 200
   Coalition
1919 116,582 12.13
22 / 200
   1 Coalition (1919)
Opposition (1919-1920)
Coalition (1920-1921)
Opposition (1921-1922)
1922 107,414 12.41
25 / 200
   3 Opposition
1924 105,733 12.03
23 / 200
   2 Coalition (1924-1925)
Opposition (1925-1927)
1927 111,005 12.20
24 / 200
   1 Opposition
1929 108,886 11.45
23 / 200
   1 Opposition
1930 113,318 10.03
20 / 200
   3 Coalition
1933 115,433 10.42
21 / 200
   1 Coalition
1936 131,440 11.20
21 / 200
   Opposition (1936-1937)
Coalition (1937-1939)
1939 124,720 9.61
18 / 200
   3 Coalition
1945 134,106 7.90
14 / 200
   4 Coalition
1948 137,981 7.34
13 / 200
   1 Opposition (1948-1950)
Coalition (1950-1951)
1951 130,524 7.20
14 / 200
   1 Coalition
1954 135,768 6.76
12 / 200
   2 Coalition (1954)
Opposition (1954-1956)
Coalition (1956-1958)
1958 126,365 6.50
13 / 200
   1 Coalition (1958-1961)
Opposition (1961-1962)
1962 140,689 6.11
13 / 200
   Coalition
1966 134,832 5.69
11 / 200
   2 Coalition
1970 135,465 5.34
11 / 200
   Coalition
1972 130,407 5.06
9 / 200
   2 Opposition (1972)
Coalition (1972-1975)
1975 128,211 4.66
9 / 200
   Coalition
1979 122,418 4.23
9 / 200
   Coalition
1983 137,423 4.61
10 / 200
   1 Coalition
1987 152,597 5.30
12 / 200
   2 Coalition
1991 149,476 5.48
11 / 200
   1 Coalition
1995 142,874 5.14
11 / 200
   Coalition
1999 137,330 5.12
11 / 200
   Coalition
2003 128,824 4.61
8 / 200
   3 Coalition
2007 126,520 4.57
9 / 200
   1 Coalition
2011 125,785 4.28
9 / 200
   Coalition
2015 144,802 4.88
9 / 200
   Opposition
2019 139,640 4.53
9 / 200
   Coalition
2023 133,318 4.31
9 / 200
   Coalition

European Parliament

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Election Votes % Seats +/– EP Group
1996 129,425 5.75 (#6)
1 / 16
 New ELDR
1999 84,153 6.77 (#6)
1 / 16
   0
2004 94,421 5.70 (#6)
1 / 14
   0 ALDE
2009 101,453 6.09 (#6)
1 / 13
   0
2014 116,747 6.76 (#7)
1 / 13
   0
2019 116,033 6.34 (#7)
1 / 13
   0 RE
2024 112,245 6.14 (#7)
1 / 15
   0

Presidential elections

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Election Candidate 1st round 2nd round Result
Votes % Votes %
1994 Elisabeth Rehn 702,211 22.0 (#2) 1,476,294 46.1 (#2) Lost
2000 241,877 7.9 (#4) Lost
2006 Henrik Lax 48,703 1.6 (#7) Lost
2012 Eva Biaudet 82,598 2.7 (#7) Lost
2018[20] Nils Torvalds 44,776 1.5 (#8) Lost
2024[21] Did not contest

Political positions

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The Swedish language is one of the two official languages of Finland. The SPP has as its main purpose the protection and strengthening of the position of the Swedish language in Finland.

The Swedish People's Party of Finland has the most eclectic profile of any of the political parties in Finland. Its members and supporters chiefly include:

  • Fishermen and farmers from the Swedish-speaking coastal areas.
  • Small-town dwellers from the adjacent Swedish-speaking and bilingual towns.
  • A significant part of the Swedish-speaking population of Finland.
  • Left-leaning middle class people.
  • Liberals in general, who currently have no representation of their own in the Parliament of Finland, and who as such benefit from the predominantly liberal values of the SPP.

Although the SPP represents a small minority of Finland, having Swedish as a mother tongue is not much of a political handicap in and of itself. Several times, Swedish speaking presidential candidates have gathered considerable support, although not necessarily as candidates for the Swedish People's Party of Finland:

The SPP supported Finland's accession bid to NATO.[22]

List of party leaders

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The current party chairperson, Anders Adlercreutz.

See also

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1960 municipal elections poster: "Choose Swedish".

Notes

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  1. ^ Including the Åland Coalition representative, who sits with the SFP group

References

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  1. ^ a b "Markus Blomquist ny ordförande för SFP i Åbo". Åbo Underrättelser (in Swedish). 30 November 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  2. ^ http://www.sfp.fi/sv/content/verksamhet SFP website|access date 2016-08-04
  3. ^ Arter, David (1999). Scandinavian Politics Today. Manchester University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-7190-5133-3.
  4. ^ Bondeson, Ulla (2003). Nordic Moral Climates: Value Continuities and Discontinuities in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Transaction Publishers. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-7658-0203-3.
  5. ^ Hans van den Brandhof (2004). "The Republic of Finland". In Lucas Prakke; Constantijn Kortmann (eds.). Constitutional Law of 15 EU Member States. Kluwer. p. 183. ISBN 978-90-13-01255-2.
  6. ^ K. Beyme (1996). Transition to Democracy in Eastern Europe. Springer. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-230-37433-1.
  7. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Finland". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  8. ^ Bergqvist, Christina (1999). Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries. Nordic Council of Ministers. p. 319. ISBN 978-82-00-12799-4.
  9. ^ Juvonen, Tuula (2016-05-01). "Out and Elected: Political Careers of Openly Gay and Lesbian Politicians in Germany and Finland". Redescriptions: Political Thought, Conceptual History and Feminist Theory. 19 (1): 49. doi:10.7227/R.19.1.4. ISSN 2308-0914.
  10. ^ Bale, Tim (2021). Riding the populist wave: Europe's mainstream right in crisis. Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-009-00686-6. OCLC 1256593260.
  11. ^ Vít Hloušek; Lubomír Kopeček (2010). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-7546-7840-3.
  12. ^ Lane, Jan-Erik; Ersson, Svante (2008). "Political Institutions in Europe". In Josep M. Colomer (ed.). The Nordic Countries: Compromise and Corporatism in the Welfare State. Routledge. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-134-07354-2.
  13. ^ "Finland MPs vote to keep Swedish in schools". The Local Sweden. 2015-03-06. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
  14. ^ RKP, SFP (2019). "SFP:s Riksdag ValsProgram 2019". SFP. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  15. ^ Biografiskt lexikon för Finland: Federley, Alex (in Swedish). Retreieved 10 November 2016.
  16. ^ "Swedish People's Party elects Adlercreutz as new chair after Wickström drops out of race". yle. yle.fi. 16 June 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  17. ^ Finland in Figures. "Tilastokeskus - Population". Stat.fi. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  18. ^ "Perusporvarihallitus on Juha Sipilän valinta". 8 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  19. ^ "Government of Prime Minister Rinne appointed".
  20. ^ "Presidential election 2018 / Results / Whole country". Ministry of Justice. 2018-04-04. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
  21. ^ "SFP ställer inte upp kandidat i presidentvalet – men stöder inte heller Stubb" (in Swedish). 2023-09-07. Retrieved 2023-09-07.
  22. ^ "RKP on nyt virallisesti Nato-puolue". Yle. 12 June 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
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