In human anatomy, the supinator is a broad muscle in the posterior compartment of the forearm, curved around the upper third of the radius. Its function is to supinate the forearm.[1]
| Supinator muscle | |
|---|---|
 Posterior view of the supinator. (Right arm.) | |
| Details | |
| Origin | Lateral epicondyle of humerus, supinator crest of ulna, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament |
| Insertion | Lateral proximal radial shaft |
| Artery | Radial recurrent artery |
| Nerve | Deep branch of the radial nerve |
| Actions | Supinates forearm |
| Antagonist | Pronator teres, pronator quadratus |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | musculus supinator |
| TA98 | A04.6.02.048 |
| TA2 | 2512 |
| FMA | 38512 |
| Anatomical terms of muscle | |
Structure
editThe supinator consists of two planes of fibers, between which passes the deep branch of the radial nerve. The two planes arise in common—the superficial one originating as tendons and the deeper by muscular fibers[2]—from the supinator crest of the ulna, the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, the radial collateral ligament, and the annular radial ligament.[1]
The superficial fibers (pars superficialis) surround the upper part of the radius, and are inserted into the lateral edge of the radial tuberosity[3] and the oblique line of the radius, as low down as the insertion of the pronator teres. The upper fibers (pars profunda) of the deeper plane form a sling-like fasciculus, which encircles the neck of the radius above the tuberosity and is attached to the back part of its medial surface; the greater part of this portion of the muscle is inserted into the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the body of the radius, midway between the oblique line and the head of the bone.[2]
The proximal aspect of the superficial head is known as the arcade of Frohse or the supinator arch.
Innervation
editIt is innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve. The deep branch then becomes the posterior interosseous nerve upon exiting the supinator muscle. Its nerve roots are primarily from C6, with some C5 involvement. There is also possible additional C7 innervation.
The radial nerve divides into deep and sensory superficial branches just proximal to the supinator muscle—an arrangement that can lead to entrapment and compression of the deep part, potentially resulting in selective paralysis of the muscles served by this nerve (the extensor muscles and the abductor pollicis longus.)[4] Many possible causes are known for this nerve syndrome, known as supinator entrapment syndrome, including compression by various soft-tissued masses surrounding the nerve, and stress caused by repetitive supination and pronation.[5]
Variation
editThe deep radial nerve passes through the belly of supinator in 70% of cases and via the arcade of Frohse in remaining cases.[6]
Function
editEncircling the radius, supinator brings the hand into the supinated position. In contrast to the biceps brachii, it is able to do this in all positions of elbow flexion and extension.[1]
Supinator always acts together with biceps, except when the elbow joint is extended.[7] It is the most active muscle in forearm supination during unresisted supination, while biceps becomes increasingly active with heavy loading.[8] Supination strength decreases by 64% if supinator is disabled by, for example, injury.[9]
History
editEtymology
editThe term "supinator" can also refer more generally to a muscle that causes supination of a part of the body. In older texts, the term "supinator longus" was used to refer to the brachioradialis, and "supinator brevis" was used to describe the muscle now known as the supinator.
Additional images
edit-
Bones of left forearm. Anterior aspect. -
Bones of left forearm. Posterior aspect. -
Front of the left forearm. Deep muscles. -
Posterior surface of the forearm. Deep muscles. -
Ulnar and radial arteries. Deep view. -
Arteries of the back of the forearm and hand. -
Supinator muscle -
Muscles of upper limb. Cross section. -
Elbow joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view.
Notes
edit
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 454 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
- ^ a b c Platzer 2004, p. 168
- ^ a b Gray, Henry (2010) [1858]. Gray's Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-61640-469-7.
- ^ Yost, William A. (2006-01-01), "Neural Anatomy and Physiology", Fundamentals of Hearing: An Introduction, BRILL, pp. 281–286, ISBN 978-90-04-50193-5, retrieved 2024-08-22
- ^ Ross & Lamperti 2006, p. 345
- ^ Chien et al. 2003, Discussion
- ^ Boles, Kannam & Cardwell 2000, p. 153
- ^ "Supinator". Loyola University Medical Education Network. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ EDWARDS, R (1992). "Anatomy and human movement: Structure and functionNigel Palastanga, Derek Field and Roger Soames. Published 1991 by Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. ISBN 0 7506 0134 5, 891 pp. Price £35". Neuromuscular Disorders. 2 (4): 293–293. doi:10.1016/0960-8966(92)90063-c. ISSN 0960-8966.
- ^ Duqion, Chavan & Bisson 2010, p. 414
References
edit- Boles, CA; Kannam, S; Cardwell, AB (2000). "The Forearm: Anatomy of Muscle Compartments and Nerves". Am. J. Roentgenol. 174 (1): 151–159. doi:10.2214/ajr.174.1.1740151. PMID 10628472.
- Chien, A; Jamadar, DA; Jacobson, JA; Hayes, CW; Louis DS (2003). "Sonography and MR Imaging of Posterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome with Surgical Correlation". Am. J. Roentgenol. 181 (1): 219–221. doi:10.2214/ajr.181.1.1810219. PMID 12818863.
- Duqion, TR; Chavan, RC; Bisson, LJ (2010). "Innervation of the Supinator Muscle and Its Relationship to Two-Incision Distal Biceps Tendon Repair: An Anatomic Study" (PDF). Clinical Anatomy. 23 (4): 413–419. doi:10.1002/ca.20982. PMID 20432378. S2CID 21578840.
- Platzer, W (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System (5th ed.). Thieme. ISBN 1-58890-159-9.
- Ross, Lawrence M.; Lamperti, Edward D., eds. (2006). Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System. Thieme. ISBN 1-58890-419-9.
