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Sivaji Ganesan

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Villupuram Chinnaiya Manrayar Ganesamoorthy,[a] better known by his stage name Sivaji Ganesan, (1 October 1928 – 21 July 2001)[4][5] was an Indian actor and film producer. He was mainly active in Tamil cinema during the latter half of the 20th century. Sivaji Ganesan is acknowledged as one of the greatest Indian actors of all time and among the most imitated one by other actors. He was known for his versatility and the variety of roles he depicted on screen,[9] which also gave him the Tamil nickname Nadigar Thilagam (transl. the pride of actors).[10] In a career that spanned close to five decades, he had acted in 288 films in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Hindi. Sivaji Ganesan is the only actor in Tamil cinema to have played the lead role in over 250 films.[11][12]

Sivaji Ganesan
Sivaji Ganesan in 1970
Born
Villupuram Chinnaiya Manrayar Ganesamoorthy

(1928-10-01)1 October 1928[1][2][3][4][5]
Villupuram,[6] Madras Presidency, British India
Died21 July 2001(2001-07-21) (aged 72)
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Other namesNadigar Thilagam
Simmakuralon
Occupations
WorksFull list
Political partyTamizhaga Munnetra Munnani (1988–1989)
Other political
affiliations
Spouse
Kamala
​
(m. 1952)​
Children4, including Ramkumar and Prabhu
RelativesDushyanth Ramkumar (grandson)
Vikram Prabhu (grandson)
Awards

Ganesan was the first Indian actor to win a "Best Actor" award in an International film festival, the Afro-Asian Film Festival held in Cairo, Egypt in 1960. Many leading South Indian actors have stated that their acting was influenced by Ganesan. In 1997, Ganesan was conferred the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, the highest honour for films in India.[13][14] He was also the first Indian actor to be made a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.[15][16][17][18] In addition, he received National Film Award (Special Jury), four Filmfare Awards South and three Tamil Nadu State Film Awards.

Ganesan is remembered as an iconic figure of Tamil cinema.[19][20] Upon his death, The Los Angeles Times described him as "the Marlon Brando of south India's film industry".[21][22]

Early life

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Ganesan was born on 1 October 1928,[1][2][3][4] as the fourth son of Chinnaiya Manrayar and Rajamani Ammal in Villupuram,[6] India in a Kallar family.[23] Early in his career, Ganesan acted under the name V. C. Ganesan. Media outlets said that the initial 'V' stood for Villupuram, though one of Ganesan's sons stated that it stands for Vettaithidal, a village from which their family originates.[8] Without his father's consent,[24] Ganesan decided to join a touring stage drama company at the age of seven.[11] At the age of 10, he moved to Tiruchirappalli and joined a drama troupe in Sangiliyandapuram and began to perform in stage plays.[25] From the drama troupe trainers, he was fortunate enough to learn acting and dancing. He was trained in Bharatanatyam, Kathak and Manipuri dance forms.

Ganesan exhibited the ability to remember lengthy lines easily. The group favoured Ganesan to play the lead and he would continue to do so. His portrayal of Shivaji in the stage play Shivaji Kanda Hindu Rajyam written by C. N. Annadurai earned him the monicker "Sivaji",[11] which was conferred on him at a public function presided over by social reformer Periyar. Since then, he was referred to by the name of "Sivaji".[26]

Film career

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See also: Sivaji Ganesan filmography

Early career: 1952–1959

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The male lead cast of Parasakthi, left to right: SV Sahasranamam, Sivaji Ganesan and SS Rajendran

Ganesan made his acting debut in the 1952 Tamil film Parasakthi, which was directed by the Krishnan–Panju duo and co-starred actress Pandari Bai.[27] The film became an instant commercial success, running for over 175 days in several theatres, and ran for over 50 days in all the 62 centres it was released, and at the Sri Lanka–based Mailan Theatre, it ran for nearly 40 weeks.[28] Film distributor P. A. Perumal Mudaliar of National Pictures, with the patronage of A. V. Meiyappan of AVM Productions, bought the film rights of Parasakthi. P.A. Perumal cast Ganesan after being impressed with his performance as Nur Jahan in the Sakthi Nadaga Sabha play of the same name.[29] It was he who, in 1950, gave Ganesan a flight ticket to Madras for the screen test for Parasakthi.[30] Ganesan had simultaneously shot for the Telugu-Tamil bilingual film Paradesi / Poongothai, which was supposed to be his actual film to release first,[31][32] but released much later after Perumal requested its co-producer Anjali Devi to let Parasakthi release first, and she agreed.[33]

 
The shooting of Parasakthi at AVM Studios

Parasakthi did not begin well for Ganesan. When shooting began and 2000 feet of the film was shot, Meiyappan was dissatisfied with Ganesan's "thin" physique, and wanted him replaced with K. R. Ramasamy. Perumal refused, and Ganesan was retained. Meiyappan was also satisfied with the final results of the film. The initial scenes of Ganesan which he earlier disliked were reshot.[34] Ganesan was paid a monthly salary of ₹250 (valued at about US$52.5 in 1952[b]) for acting in the film.[36]The script was written by later Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M. Karunanidhi.[26][27][37] Since actors who are well-trained in classical dance can effectively showcase expressions called Nava Rasa on their faces, Ganesan went on to become one of the popular actors in Tamil cinema in the 1950s. His unique voice had a greater appeal. His style of dialogue delivery with a long spell of dialogues—like a poetry recitation with much clarity—earned him critical recognition.

Two factors can be attributed the entry of Ganesan into films: The principal artists in Tamil films during the 1940s and 1950s were Telugus, whose acting was not matched by their dialogue delivery in Tamil. (In fact, Sivaji Ganesan lent his voice to Mukkamala Krishna Murthy, a Telugu actor, for a Tamil film Niraparathi. The film was well received by the Tamil audience.) Secondly, the 1950s saw the growth of the Dravidian movement in Tamil Nadu, under the leadership of C. N. Annadurai, and M. Karunanidhi. Their transformation of language skills to films through script writing ensured their instant acceptance.[38] Ganesan's entry into films at this stage of popularity was easy and inevitable, and he could establish himself in a better position.

Andha Naal (1954) was a trendsetter in Tamil cinema because it had no songs[39] and Ganesan played an anti-hero. The film won the president's silver medal the following year. The same year, he co-starred with his competitor M. G. Ramachandran in Koondukkili, where he played the antagonist.[40]

Donning versatile roles: 1954–1968

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His role in the film Veerapandiya Kattabomman won him the Best Actor Award at the Afro-Asian Film Festival held in March 1960 at Cairo.[26][41] Incidentally, Ganesan was also the first Indian actor to get an award for Best Actor abroad.[42] Often considered to be a landmark film in Tamil cinema, Pasamalar is arguably one of the best films of Sivaji Ganesan and Savitri together. Once again directed by A Bhimsingh, the film has a cult following and rightly so. When it released in 1961, it became a trendsetter of sorts and was a money spinner at the box-office. Post its release, several films based on a similar theme were made, for example, Mullum Malarum.[43] It also won the National Award that year and was remade in several languages.

Uthama Puthiran is the first film to feature Ganesan in dual roles and the first Indian film to have the shots with zoom technique.[44] Sivaji Ganesan has acted in many Tamil movies co-starring with many popular and talented Tamil actresses of his time.[45] He gave many commercial success films such as Palum Pazhamum, Irumbu Thirai, Padikkadha Medhai, Paava Mannippu, Padithal Mattum Podhuma, Aalayamani, Iruvar Ullam, Annai Illam, Aandavan Kattalai, Kappalottiya Thamizhan, Mahabharata (1965), Kai Koduttha Dheivam, Puthiya Paravai and his 100th film, Navarathri whereby ganesan acted nine distinct roles in the film. It is arguably one of Sivaji Ganesan's best films in its tribute to the actor.[46]

He had comedic roles in several movies, such as Kalyanam Panniyum Brahmachari (1954), Sabaash Meena (1958), Ooty Varai Uravu (1967), and Galatta Kalyanam (1968).

Puranic and historical roles: 1965–1969

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His portrayal of Lord Shiva in the movie Thiruvilayadal (1965) won him many accolades.[47][48] Ganesan could strike a balance between commercial cinema, Mythological cinema and experimental cinema. His epical portrayals in films such as Thiruvilayaadal, Thiruvarutselvar, Saraswati Sabatham, Thirumal Perumai and Thillana Mohanambal won him critical acclaim.[49] He played a variety of roles such as freedom fighters, like Tiruppur Kumaran, Bhagat Singh[26] and epic characters like Karna, Bharatha, Narada, Appar, Nayanmars and Alwars.[50] Spanning genres like epics to Crime thrillers; from romantic escapades to comic flicks and action flicks, Ganesan has covered it all.

Superstardom – varied roles: 1970–1979

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Sivaji Ganesan With V. Rajeshwaran

Ganesan played supporting role to Rajendra Kumar in the Hindi film Dharti in 1970, which was a remake of his 1969 Tamil film Sivandha Mann, in which he played the lead role. In the Hindi version, Ganesan played the role which Muthuraman had played in the original. Several directors such as Krishnan–Panju, T. R. Sundaram, T. R. Ramanna, A. P. Nagarajan, L. V. Prasad, B. R. Panthulu, T. Prakash Rao, D. Yoganand, A. Bhim Singh, K. Shankar, C. V. Sridhar, A. C. Tirulokchandar, P. Madhavan, K. S. Gopalakrishnan, Muktha V.Srinivasan, C. V. Rajendran, and K. Vijayan directed Ganesan in different roles.[49] Jaggayya offered his voice to Sivaji when his movies were dubbed into Telugu.

In the 1960s and 1970s his films have been well received and he was able to deliver constant hits. Some of his famous hits during this period are Vasantha Maligai, Gauravam, Thanga Pathakkam and Sathyam.[51] Many of his films inspired remakes in Sinhalese. Films such as Pilot Premnath and Mohana Punnagai were shot in Sri Lanka, with Sri Lankan actors such as Malini Fonseka and Geetha Kumarasinghe playing the female lead.[49] In 1979, he appeared in the biggest blockbuster of his career, Thirisoolam his 200th film, an adaptation of the Kannada film Shankar Guru in which Rajkumar had played the lead role.

Later and final career: 1980–1999

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Muthal Mariyathai (1985) won him a Filmfare Award under Best Actor – Tamil category. The 1990s was a period in which Ganesan started enacting matured roles. In 1992, he acted with Kamal Haasan in the critically acclaimed Thevar Magan, which won him a Special Mention Award at the 40th National Film Awards.[47] His other films released during this period are Pasumpon, Once More, En Aasai Rasave and Mannavaru Chinnavaru, where he was cast in prominent roles. He acted with Mohanlal in the movie Oru Yathramozhi (1997). He worked in Pooparika Varugirom, which released as his last film before his death, however the penultimate film he worked in before his death was Padayappa (1999).[52]

Mentor

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Chinna Ponnusamy Padayatchi is the teacher of theatrical arts who trained Ganesan in his troupe. During an interview with V.S. Srinivasan, Ganesan said: "Theatre has taught me everything. My teacher (Chinna Ponnuswamy Padayachi of Chidambaram) taught me Bharatnatyam, acting, body movements & practically everything. Padayachi, was himself an outstanding stage actor and I learnt in an atmosphere that was reminiscent of an ashram school."[53]

Philanthropic work

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Sivaji Ganesan has made many financial contributions during natural disasters and for the educational development. In 1960, K. Kamaraj introduced the Midday Meal Scheme for which Sivaji Ganesan donated one lakh rupees. Sivaji Ganesan presented a 80 gram gold chain to P. Kakkan, who was living in poverty, and also he donated the entire proceeds from the play 'Thanga Padhakkam' which is held at the Salem Nehru Auditorium.[54] He also donated a large amount of money during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Sivaji ganesan bought the place where Veerapandiya Kattabomman was hanged in Kayatharu and placed a statue of Veerapandiya Kattabomman at his expense which is still remain a monument.[54][55] He has donated elephants to many temples like Venkateswara Temple, Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur.[56]

Political career

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See also: Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani

Ganesan started his political career as an activist of the Dravidar Kazhagam.[57] Ganesan joined the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam after it was founded by C. N. Annadurai in 1949.[58] Until 1956, Ganesan was a staunch supporter of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK).[59] In the 1950s, however, Sivaji Ganesan was criticized for going "against the stated values of rationalism" during a visit to Tirupathi. In 1956 he left the DMK.[60]

 
Sivaji Ganesan with Kamarajar

Due to his popularity, he was requested to be part of the Indian National Congress Tamil Nadu. His respect for Kamaraj made him support Congress.

From 1964, Ganesan became a strong supporter of the Indian National Congress. He embraced Congress leader Kamarajar's leadership. He was made the Rajya Sabha Member of Parliament by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Indira Gandhi's death in 1984 also brought Ganesan's political career to an end.[61]

 
Sivaji Ganesan (far left) with M. Karunanidhi next to him.

After the death of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) founder and Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. G. Ramachandran in 1987,[62][58] AIADMK broke into two, one headed by his wife V. N. Janaki Ramachandran and other by another Tamil movie star J. Jayalalithaa.[63] Election Commission of India refused to accept either of them as the original AIADMK.[63] Tamil Nadu Congress decided to ally with Jayalalitha's fragment of AIADMK.[64] This move was opposed by Sivaji Ganesan and hence he left the party along with his supporters to form the new party Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani[64] on 10 February 1988.[65] To popularise the party Ganesan produce a movie titled En Thamizh En Makkal (My Tamil language and my people).[66] At the time the party was created it was considered to be pro-Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.[67] The party opposed the presence of Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka stating that the force was trying to wipe out the LTTE and its leader V. Prabhakaran.[68] The party also urged the Government of India to hold talks with the LTTE without any pre- condition.[68] In the 1989 elections, his party lost all of its seats in favor of V. N. Janaki Ramachandran. Sivaji himself was defeated by DMK candidate Durai Chandrasekaran in the Tiruvayaru seat by a difference of 10,643 votes.[69]

He later joined the Janata Dal under VP Singh and rose through the ranks to become the party's state president, but his political career came to an end in 1993.[69]

Political parties

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S.No Party's Leader Party's Year's Active
1 Periyar E. V. Ramasamy Dravidar Kazhagam (1944–1949)
2 C. N. Annadurai Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (1949–1956)
3 None Independent

(1956-1961)

4 E. V. K. Sampath Tamil National Party (1961–1964)
5 Kamarajar/Jawaharlal Nehru/Gulzarilal Nanda/Lal Bahadur Shastri/Indira Gandhi/Rajiv Gandhi Indian National Congress (1964–1969) & (1977–1988)
6 Kamarajar Congress (O) (1969–1975)
7 Indira Gandhi Congress (R) (1975–1977)
8 Sivaji Ganesan Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani (1988–1989)
9 V. P. Singh Janata Dal (1989–1993)

Family

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Ganesan was the fourth son of his family. He had three brothers and one sister.[70] Ganesan married Kamala on May 1, 1952[71] and had four children.[70] His younger son Prabhu is a notable Tamil actor.[72] Ganesan established a film production company in the late 1950s, now called Sivaji Productions, which is now being looked after by his elder son Ramkumar.[73] He has two daughters Shanthi and Thenmozhi. Two of his grandsons namely Vikram Prabhu and Dushyant Ramkumar have also appeared in films, with Ramkumar's son Dushyanth Ramkumar having the stage name of Junior Sivaji. Moreover, Prabhu's son Vikram Prabhu debuted in the critically acclaimed film Kumki in 2012.

Death

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Suffering from respiratory problems, Ganesan was admitted to the Apollo Hospital in Chennai on 1 July 2001.[11] He also had been suffering from a prolonged heart ailment for about 10 years.[74] He died at 7:45 pm (IST) on 21 July 2001 at the age of 72 just three months prior to his 73rd birthday for which he had special plans. A documentary Parasakthi Muthal Padayappa Varai was made to commemorate Sivaji Ganesan's legacy. He was given a State funeral.[75] His funeral the next day was telecast live on Sun TV and was attended by thousands of viewers, politicians and personalities from the South Indian film fraternity.[76] Ramkumar, performed his last rites at the Besant Nagar Crematorium, Chennai.[77]

International recognition

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Ganesan Statue on Kamarajar Road in Chennai

When President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt visited India, Sivaji Ganesan was the only individual granted permission by the then-Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, to host a party for Nasser. Nasser was given a number of valuable mementos depicting the civilisation and culture of South India.[78] Sivaji Ganesan was the first artist from India to visit the United States in a cultural exchange programme by the US government. In 1962, Ganesan was invited by the then-US President John F. Kennedy, where he took the role of India's cultural ambassador. During his visit there, he was honoured by being made the honorary mayor of Niagara Falls, New York, for one day and was presented the golden key to the city. The only other Indian who has had this honour before Ganesan was Jawaharlal Nehru. Upon returning to India from both Egypt and the US, massive crowds of fans were present at Madras Airport to celebrate his arrival. On 22 March 1976, he travelled to Mauritius on an invitation from Prime Minister Ramagoolam and took part in their independence day celebrations and stayed as their government guest for four days.[78]

During his visit to the United States in June 1995, he visited Columbus, Ohio. Participating in the dinner hosted to honour Ganesan, the mayor of the city, Greg Lashutka honoured him by announcing him as an honorary citizen of Columbus. On the same occasion, the mayor of Mount Vernon read out and gave him a special welcome citation. The Columbus Tamil Sangam was formulated on that day and Ganesan was made the honorary president of that association.[78]

Although Sivaji appeared less in leading roles after the 1980s, his supporting roles were received positively, as in Thevar Magan, which won him the National Awards Jury's Special Jury award in 1993. Sivaji, incidentally, declined the award.[79]

Acclaim

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A commemorative postage stamp of Sivaji Ganesan.

Sivaji Ganesan is considered one of the best Indian actors of all time.[11] He was also acknowledged as a consummate actor and one of the most imitated ones. He was praised for his body language and his resounding voice and dialogue delivery. Ganesan is known for his versatility and has acted as a blind man in Palum Pazhamum, a physically handicapped person in Bhaaga Pirivinai, enacting Nine numbers of totally different personas from various social strata and the corresponding body language (gait, voice, facial expression, etc.) in " Navarathiri", thereby becoming probably the first-time in Indian cinema history as an actor reprising Nine roles in a single film and in extension, inspiring subsequent films (at least) in Tamil like "Navarathinam" (the great MGR – starred), "Dasavatharam" (featuring Kamal Haasan), a man with a scared face as in Deiva Magan, a murderer in Pudhiya Paravai, or a traitor as in Andha Naal, the first movie that had no songs at all.[38][39]

On 1 October 2021, Google commemorated Ganesan's 93rd birth anniversary with a Google Doodle on their Indian homepage.[80][81]

Filmography

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Main article: Sivaji Ganesan filmography

Sivaji Ganesan's most critically and commercially successful films include:

Awards and honours

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Civilian honours: national and international

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Year Award Honouring body Outcome Ref
1966

Padma Shri

Government of India

Won [49][82]

1984

Padma Bhushan

Government of India

Won [49][82]

1995

Chevalier National Order of the Legion of Honour

Government of France

Won [13][49][26][83]

International awards

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Year Award Honouring body Outcome Ref

1960

Best Actor in Asia

Veerapandiya Kattabomman

Won [26][49][82]

National Film Awards

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Year Award Honouring body Outcome Ref

1992

National Film Award – Special Jury Award

Thevar Magan

Won [47]

1996

Dadasaheb Phalke Award

Won [26][49][82]

Filmfare Awards South

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Year Award Honouring body Outcome Ref

1972

Filmfare Best Tamil Actor Award

Gnana Oli

Won [84]

1973

Filmfare Best Tamil Actor Award

Gauravam

Won [84]

1985

Filmfare Best Tamil Actor Award

Muthal Mariyathai

Won [85]

1985

Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South

Won [86]

Tamil Nadu State Film Awards

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Year Award Honouring body Outcome Ref

1969

Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor

Deiva Magan

Won

1970

Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film

Vietnam Veedu

Won

1989

Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award

MGR Award

Won

Other honours

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Year Award Honouring body Outcome Ref

1986

Honorary doctorate

Annamalai University

Won

1962

Kalaimamani

Government of Tamil Nadu

Won

1998

NTR National Award

Government of Andhra Pradesh

Won [87]

Posthumous honours

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Pondicherry (Puducherry) was the first state to erect a statue of Sivaji Ganesan in honour of his acting skills and his huge fan base in the state and it was unveiled by the then Puducherry Chief Minister N. Rangasamy.[88] A statue of Ganesan was erected on Kamarajar Road in Chennai, Tamil Nadu to honour the actor and was unveiled by the then Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi in 2006.[37][78][89]

Memorial

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Main article: Sivaji Ganesan Memorial

In 2017, a memorial built at a cost of ₹ 28 million was opened in Chennai.[90] Located in Adyar, a southern neighbourhood of the city, it is built in the Tamil style of architecture, adorned with domes, and houses a statue of the actor, which was previously erected on the Marina Beach in 2006.[91][92]

Bibliography

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  • Ganesan, Sivaji (2007) [2002]. Enathu Suya Sarithai [Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928 – July 2001]. Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust.

Notes

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  1. ^ Although the V is widely considered to stand for Villupuram,[7] Ganesan's son Ramkumar says it stands for Vettaithidal, their ancestral village.[8]
  2. ^ The exchange rate between 1948 and 1966 was 4.79 Indian rupees (₹) per 1 US dollar (US$).[35]

References

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  2. ^ a b "A doyen among actors". Frontline. 2001. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  3. ^ a b "The stamp is been[sic] issued, honouring Sivaji Ganesan". Maharashtrapost. 2001. Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  4. ^ a b c "Deputy CM Panneerselvam inaugurates Sivaji Ganesan's memorial". thehindu.com. 1 October 2017. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  5. ^ a b "Autobiography of an actor : Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928 – July 2002". Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust, 2007. 2007. Archived from the original on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  6. ^ a b "'Sivaji' Ganesan remembered on 88th birth anniversary". October 2016.
  7. ^ "He played 300 different roles". The Hindu. 4 November 2002. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  8. ^ a b Raman, Mohan V. (25 November 2013). "All's in a letter". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  9. ^ "Sivaji: The legend lives on". The Hindu Business Line. 24 July 2001. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  10. ^ NK, Jarshad (6 February 2013). "The Economic Times". Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
  11. ^ a b c d e "An actor and a gentleman". The Hindu. 11 July 2004. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  12. ^ "1-288". Nadigarthilagam.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  13. ^ a b "Padmabushan Chevalier Sivaji V.C.Ganesan". Sivajiprabhu.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  14. ^ "Nadigar Thilagam Sivaji Ganesan, South Indian Cinema Photo, Nadigar Thilagam Sivaji Ganesa". Timescontent.com. 19 July 1997. Archived from the original on 17 January 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  15. ^ "Tamil film actor Sivaji Ganesan dead". Rediff. 21 July 2001. Archived from the original on 23 January 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  16. ^ "Shivaji Ganesan Biography – Sivaji Ganesan Childhood, Profile & Filmography". Lifestyle.iloveindia.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
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  18. ^ "Tamil Nadu News : "Stage artistes don't get due regard"". The Hindu. 20 July 2010. Archived from the original on 23 December 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  19. ^ "India's first and finest music e-zine". The Music Magazine. 23 July 2001. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  20. ^ "Sivaji Ganesan – Nadigar Thilakam". Sivaji.org. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  21. ^ "Marlon Brando Sivaji Ganesan | Sivaji Ganesan; the Brando of South India – Los Angeles Times". Articles.latimes.com. 23 July 2001. Archived from the original on 6 June 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  22. ^ "Did Sivaji Ganesan overact? – Behindwoods.com – Andha Naal negative role". Behindwoods. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  23. ^ "Sivaji Ganesan was a World class Actor". dailymirror. 31 July 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  24. ^ Raman, Mohan V. (8 November 2014). "unique naming convention in Tamil cinema| Thehindu". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  25. ^ "Friday Review Chennai / Interview: Into realms of the past". The Hindu. 19 January 2007. Archived from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g "Sivaji: The curtain drops". The Times of India. 24 July 2001. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  27. ^ a b "Literary Review / Book Review: The making of an actor". The Hindu. 3 August 2008. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  28. ^ "Lights, camera, politics". Business Line. 5 April 2015. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  29. ^ Raman, Mohan V. (8 April 2013). "The power of the pen". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  30. ^ Menon, Nitya (23 July 2014). "Bearing a legend's name". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  31. ^ Gopalakrishnan, Anu (24 August 2012). "Glamour or Grammar, he has it right!". Miindia.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  32. ^ Rangarajan, Malathi (17 February 2011). "Saga of success". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  33. ^ Narasimhan, M. L. (16 November 2013). "Paradesi (1953)". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 November 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  34. ^ Pillai 2015, p. 136.
  35. ^ "Rupee's journey since Independence: Down by 65 times against dollar". The Economic Times. 24 August 2013. Archived from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  36. ^ Kannan 2010, p. 195.
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