Wikipedia

Narita International Airport

(Redirected from Narita Airport)

Narita International Airport (成田国際空港, Narita Kokusai Kūkō) (IATA: NRT, ICAO: RJAA), also known as Tokyo-Narita International Airport or simply Narita Airport, formerly and originally known as New Tokyo International Airport (新東京国際空港, Shin Tōkyō Kokusai Kūkō), is one of two international airports serving the Greater Tokyo Area, the other one being Haneda Airport (HND). It is about 60 km (37 mi) east of central Tokyo in Narita, Chiba.[2] The facility, since July 2019, covers 1,137 hectares (2,810 acres) of land and construction to expand to nearly 2,300 ha (5,700 acres) is under way.[3]

Tokyo-Narita International Airport

成田国際空港

Narita Kokusai Kūkō
Aerial view of NRT in 2008
Summary
Airport typePublic
Owner/OperatorNarita International Airport Corporation (NAA)
ServesGreater Tokyo Area
LocationNarita, Chiba Prefecture, Japan
OpenedMay 20, 1978; 46 years ago (1978-05-20)
Hub for
Operating base for
Elevation AMSL41 m / 135 ft
Coordinates35°45′55″N 140°23′08″E / 35.76528°N 140.38556°E / 35.76528; 140.38556
Websitewww.narita-airport.jp/en
Maps
NRT/RJAA is located in Chiba Prefecture
NRT/RJAA
NRT/RJAA
Location in Chiba Prefecture
NRT/RJAA is located in Japan
NRT/RJAA
NRT/RJAA
Location in Japan
NRT/RJAA is located in Asia
NRT/RJAA
NRT/RJAA
Location in Asia
Map
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
16R/34L 4,000 13,123 Asphalt
16L/34R 2,500 8,202 Asphalt
Runway C Planned
Statistics (2023)
Passengers32,705,995
Cargo (metric tonnes)2,356,119
Aircraft movements165,264

The conceptualization of Narita was highly controversial and remains so to the present day, especially among local residents in the area. This has led to the Sanrizuka Struggle, stemming from the government's decision to construct the airport without consulting most residents in the area, as well as expropriating their lands in the process. Even after the airport was eventually completed, air traffic movements have been controlled under various noise related operating restrictions due to its direct proximity with residential neighborhoods, including a house with a farm that is located right in between the runways.[4] As a result, the airport must be closed from 00:00 (12:00am) to 06:00 (6:00am) the next day to minimize the noise pollution impact around the airport.[5]

Narita is the busiest airport in Japan by international passenger and international cargo traffic.[6] In 2018, Narita had 33.4 million international passengers and 2.2 million tonnes of international cargo.[7] In 2018, Narita was also the second-busiest airport in Japan in terms of aircraft movements (after Haneda Airport in Tokyo)[7] and the tenth-busiest air freight hub in the world.[8] Its 4,000-meter (13,123 ft) main runway shares the record for longest runway in Japan with the second runway at Kansai International Airport in Osaka.[9] Narita serves as the main international hub of Japan Airlines, All Nippon Airways and Nippon Cargo Airlines, United Airlines, and as an operating base for low-cost carriers Air Japan, Jetstar Japan, Peach Aviation, Spring Airlines Japan, and Zipair Tokyo.

In 2022, Narita was named the fourth-best airport in the world after Hamad International Airport in Doha, Haneda Airport in Tokyo, and Changi Airport in Singapore, by Skytrax’s World’s Top 100 airports.

History

edit

Construction and local resistance

edit
 
Anti-airport protesters' equipment and weapons
 
Steel tower built by protesters adjacent to Narita Airport
 
Riot squad vehicles patrolling the outskirts of Tokyo Narita Airport
See also: Sanrizuka Struggle

Before Narita opened, Tokyo International Airport (also known as Haneda Airport) was Tokyo's main international airport. Haneda, located in Tokyo Bay was surrounded by densely populated residential and industrial areas, and began to suffer capacity and noise issues in the early 1960s as jet aircraft became common. The Japanese transport ministry commissioned a study of alternate airport locations in 1963, and in 1965 selected a plan to build a five-runway airport in the village of Tomisato.[10] The site was later moved 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast to the villages of Sanrizuka and Shibayama, where the Imperial Household had a large farming estate. This development plan was made public in 1966.[11]

The government argued that one merit of the site was the relative ease of expropriation of land [ja]. However, local residents were not consulted during the initial planning phase, and learned of the selection of the airport site through the news. This led to shock and anger among the local community, which continued for many years. Though the Japanese government had eminent domain power by law, such power was rarely used due to a preference to resolve land disputes consensually.[12]

At the time, the socialist movement still had considerable strength in Japan, evidenced by the large-scale student riots in Tokyo in 1960.[13] Many in the "new left" such as Chūkaku-ha opposed building Narita, reasoning that the real purpose for the new airport was to promote capitalism and to provide additional facilities for US military aircraft in the event of war with the Soviet Union. These individuals sought to ally with the more conservative local farmers who simply did not want to give up their land for the airport.[14]

About 1966, a group of local residents combined with student activists and left-wing political parties formed a popular resistance group, the Sanrizuka-Shibayama Union to Oppose the Airport [ja] (三里塚芝山連合空港反対同盟; Sanrizuka-Shibayama Rengo Kūkō Hantai Dōmei), which remained active until fracturing in 1983 and they started protest activity called Sanrizuka Struggle (三里塚闘争; Sanrizuka TōSō).[14] Similar strategies had already been employed during the postwar era to block the expansion of Tachikawa Air Base and other US military facilities in Japan.[14] In June and July 1966, the Union sent formal protests to the mayor of Narita, the governor and vice-governor of Chiba Prefecture and the prefectural office of the Liberal Democratic Party.[14] In November 1967, when the Transport Ministry began surveying the perimeter of the airport, Union members set up roadblocks. The Zengakuren radical student union then began sending students to Narita to help the local farmers.[14] During eminent domain, three policemen were killed by activists.[citation needed]

Takenaka Corporation constructed the first terminal building, which was completed in 1972. The first runway took several more years due to constant fights with the Union and sympathizers, who occupied several pieces of land necessary to complete the runway and temporarily built large towers in the runway's path.[13] In 1977, the government had finally destroyed the towers, but one activist [ja] and one policeman were killed [ja].

The runway was completed and the airport scheduled to open on March 30, 1978, but this plan was disrupted when, on March 26, 1978, a group of protestors broke into the control tower [ja] and destroyed much of its equipment, causing about $500,000 in damage and delaying the opening until May 20.[15][16][circular reference]

The airport opened under a high level of security; the airfield was surrounded by opaque metal fencing and overlooked by guard towers staffed with riot police. 14,000 security police were at the airport's opening and were met by 6,000 protesters; a Japanese newscaster remarked at the time that "Narita resembles nothing so much as Saigon Airport during the Vietnam War."[17] Protestors attacked police on the opening day with rocks and firebombs while police responded with water cannons; on the other side of Tokyo, a separate group of protestors claimed responsibility for cutting the power supply to an air traffic control facility at Tokorozawa, which shut down most air traffic in the Tokyo area for several hours.[15] The National Diet passed a special statute, the Emergency Measures Act Relating to the Preservation of Security at New Tokyo International Airport [ja], specifically banning the construction and use of buildings for violent and coercive purposes relating to the new airport.[18] Nevertheless, several people have been killed by terrorist acts, including in arson incidents against Totetsu Kogyo [ja] and Nippi Corp. employees [ja] in 1983 and 1990, respectively, as well as an attack on a Chiba Prefecture official [ja] in 1988.

The conflicts at Narita were a major factor in the decision to build Kansai International Airport in Osaka offshore on reclaimed land, instead of again trying to expropriate land in heavily-populated areas.[19]

Japan's international flag carrier, Japan Airlines, moved its main international hub from Haneda to Narita, and Northwest and Pan American also moved their Asian regional hubs from Haneda to Narita. Those two U.S. carriers operate fifth-freedom routes to other Asian countries under bilateral agreement.[20] Pan American transferred its Pacific Division, including its Narita hub, to United Airlines in February 1986.[21] Japanese domestic carrier All Nippon Airways began scheduled international flights from Narita to Guam in 1986.[22]

Security

edit

From 1978 to 2015, Narita Airport was the only airport in Japan where visitors were required to show ID upon entry, due to the tumultuous history of the airport's construction and the violent protests before, during, and after its opening. By 2012, Narita's operator was considering dispensing with the security checks. Given that the number of flight slots at Narita are also increasing, the anti-airport struggles were decades in the past, and Haneda Airport began to re-instate international flights, a council headed by Chiba governor Kensaku Morita consisting of prefectural government officials, the Narita International Airport Corporation and business groups in Narita, proposed scrapping the ID checks. The Chiba prefectural police objected, stating that the checks were necessary to detect extremists and terrorists.[23]

NAA experimented with a new threat detection system for two months in 2013, using a combination of cameras, explosive detectors, dogs and other measures in lieu of passport and baggage checks upon entering the terminal. In March 2015, NAA announced that the ID checks would cease and the new system would be used for terminal building security, effective as of the end of that month.[24]

Narita Airport was the first Japanese airport to house millimeter wave scanners. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport announced in March 2010 that trials would be carried out at Narita from July 5 through September 10, 2010. Five types of machines were to be tested sequentially outside the Terminal 1 South Wing security checkpoint; the subjects were Japanese nationals who volunteered for trial screening, as well as airport security staff during hours when the checkpoint is closed.[25]

Privatization

edit
 
Headquarters of NAA
See also: Narita International Airport Corporation

In 2003, a Narita International Airport Corporation Act (成田国際空港株式会社法) was passed to provide for the privatization of the airport. As part of this change, on April 1, 2004, New Tokyo International Airport was officially renamed Narita International Airport, reflecting its popular designation since its opening. The airport was also moved from government control to the authority of a new Narita International Airport Corporation, usually abbreviated to "NAA."[26]

The headquarters is on the airport grounds. The authority previously had its head office in Tokyo with some offices in and around Narita; the head office moved and the Narita offices consolidated according to the decision by the Japanese Cabinet in July 1988 making it a special corporation.[27] The NAA head office started operations at the airport on July 1, 1996,[28] in the former Japan Airlines operations center, acquired by NAA in July 1994. Renovations occurred from September 1995 to March 1996. After the move, the Kishimoto Building in Marunouchi, Chiyoda, Tokyo housed the NAA's Tokyo functions.[27]

To assist in the relationship with the local community, NAA operates the Community Consultation Center (地域相談センター) and the Airport Information Center (空港情報センター).[29] The Community Consultation Center is in the Chiyoda Branch of Shibayama-machi Community Center in Osato, Shibayama,[30] while the Airport Information Center is located in Sanrizuka, Narita.[31]

Expansion and increased capacity

edit
 
Airport layout (before the opening of Terminal 3)

New Tokyo International Airport was originally envisioned to have five runways, but the initial protests in 1965 led to a down-scaling of the plan to three runways: two parallel northwest–southeast runways 4,000 m (13,123 ft) in length and an intersecting northeast–southwest runway 3,200 m (10,499 ft) in length. Upon the airport's opening in 1978, only one of the parallel runways was completed (16R/34L, also known as "Runway A"); the other two runways were delayed to avoid aggravating the already tense situation surrounding the airport. The original plan also called for a high-speed rail line, the Narita Shinkansen, to connect the airport to central Tokyo, but this project was also cancelled with only some of the necessary land obtained.[14]

By 1986, the strengthening Japanese yen was causing a surge of foreign business and leisure travel from Japan, which made Narita's capacity shortage more apparent. However, eight families continued to own slightly less than 53 acres (21 ha) of land on the site that would need to be expropriated in order to complete the other two runways. Although the government could legally force a sale of the land, it elected not to do so "because of fears of more violence."[32] By 1991, Narita was handling 22 million passengers a year, despite only having a design capacity of 13 million.[33]

Terminal 2 and the second runway "B"

edit
 
The exterior of Terminal 2
 
Panorama from inside the Yahoo! Internet Cafe showing the Terminal 2 satellite, ramp control tower and airport shuttle (removed in 2013)
 
During certain times of the day, Mt. Fuji and Tokyo Skytree are visible when approaching the runway.

On November 26, 1986, the airport authority began work on Phase II, a new terminal and runway north of the airport's original main runway.[citation needed] To avoid the problems that plagued the first phase, the Minister of Transport promised in 1991 that the expansion would not involve expropriation.[citation needed] Residents in surrounding regions were compensated for the increased noise-pollution with home upgrades and soundproofing.[citation needed]

Terminal 2 opened on December 4, 1992,[34] at a cost of $1.36 billion. The new terminal had approximately 1.5 times the space of the older terminal, but its anti-congestion benefits were delayed because of the need to close and renovate much of the older terminal. The airport's land situation also meant that the taxiway to the new terminal was one-way for much of its length, and that taxi times between the terminal and runway were up to 30 minutes.[33]

The Runway B (16L/34R) opened on April 17, 2002, in time for the World Cup events held in Korea and Japan that year. However, its final length of 2,180 m (7,152 ft), much shorter than its original plan length of 2,500 m (8,202 ft), left it too short to accommodate Boeing 747s.[35] The runway was further impeded by a three-story concrete building in the path of its taxiway, which the Union had constructed in 1966, forcing the taxiway to bend inward toward the runway. This imposed restrictions on the number of aircraft that could use the runway, since it was impossible for an aircraft to safely pass through the curve in the taxiway while another aircraft was using the runway.[36] Runway B's limitations were made particularly apparent following the 2009 crash of FedEx Express Flight 80, which shut down Runway A and forced some heavy aircraft to divert to other airports such as nearby Tokyo Haneda Airport.

The Runway B was extended northward to 2,500 meters (8,202 ft) on October 22, 2009,[37] allowing an additional 20,000 flights per year.[38][39] In 2008, the Supreme Court of Japan ruled in favor of the airport authority regarding ownership of Union-occupied land in the path of the taxiway, allowing the taxiway to be modified to provide enough room for safe passing.[36] The building remained in place until August 2011, when authorities removed it under a court order; 500 police officers were dispatched to provide security for the operation while 30 airport opponents protested.[40] Beginning on October 20, 2011, the airport was approved to allow simultaneous landings and take-offs from the A and B runways. The approval allowed the airport to increase annual take offs from 220,000 to 235,000 and increase hourly departure capacity from 32 to 46. The parallel runways are 2.5 km (1.6 mi) apart.[41]

Transit upgrades

edit
 
Railway routes between Tokyo and NRT. Narita Express of JR East is in gray. New Skyliner route is in purple. The Keisei Main Line is in green.

Since its construction, Narita has been criticized for its distance from central Tokyo, with journeys taking an hour by the fastest train and often longer by road due to traffic jams. Narita's distance is even more problematic for residents and businesses in west Tokyo and Kanagawa Prefecture, both of which are much closer to Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport).[citation needed]

Through the end of the 1980s, Narita Airport's railway station was located fairly far from the terminal, and passengers faced either a long walk or a bus ride (at an additional charge and subject to random security screenings). Transport Minister Shintaro Ishihara, who later served as governor of Tokyo, pressed airport train operators JR East and Keisei Electric Railway to connect their lines directly to the airport's terminals, and opened up the underground station that would have accommodated the Shinkansen for regular train service. Direct train service to Terminal 1 began on March 19, 1991, and the old Narita Airport Station was renamed Higashi-Narita Station.

The Narita Sky Access Line opened on July 17, 2010, cutting 20 minutes off the travel time. The line's new Skyliner airport limited express services with a maximum speed of 160 km/h (99 mph) are scheduled between Tokyo's Nippori Station and Narita Airport Terminal 2·3 Station in 36 minutes, which compares favorably with other major airports worldwide. A new expressway, the North Chiba Road, is also under construction along the Narita Rapid Railway corridor. Improvements such as the Wangan Expressway also shaved off travel time to Kanagawa Prefecture by bypassing Tokyo.

The Japanese government has also invested in several local infrastructure projects in order to address the demands of airport neighbors. The largest of these is the Shibayama Railway, a short railway connection between the Keisei Main Line and the area immediately east of Narita Airport. This line opened in 2002 with government and NAA support after extensive demands from Shibayama residents, and provides a direct rail link from Shibayama to Narita City, Chiba City and central Tokyo. Another such project is the Museum of Aeronautical Sciences in Shibayama Town, which draws tourists and student groups to the area.[42]

Future developments

edit

Runway B extension

edit

A further extension of the Runway B to 3,500 meters (11,483 ft) has been under official consideration since 2014.[43] Permitting for the extension was approved in January 2020.[44] The final plan calls for the runway to be extended to the northwest, and requires a 430-meter (1,410 ft) section of the Higashi-Kanto Expressway to be replaced with a tunnel beneath the runway; construction is scheduled to be complete in fiscal year 2028.[44]

Runway C

edit

The airport's original master plan also included a planned 3,200 meters (10,499 ft) third "C" runway, which would be a crossing runway south of the passenger terminals. Although the majority of the land and equipment required in order to build the runway are under NAA's ownership, small portions of land needed to be accessed in order to build the runway are still blocked by airport protesters, and areas south of the South Wing of the terminal are being used as aircraft parking and storage. Noise abatement would also be an issue, especially since there are major towns such as Yachimata on the planned departure/arrival routes. Noise abatement negotiations would have to be worked through in order to use the runway, otherwise a Kai-Tak style approach would be necessary, which is less than favourable. For these following reasons, building work on the third "C" runway was finally aborted.[45]

In March 2018, NAA released a new masterplan for expansion, which included a third "Runway C" on the east side of the airport to be completed by 2028. The new runway will increase the airport's annual slot capacity from 300,000 to 460,000. The runway project will enable the airport to extend the airport's operating hours to cover the period between 0:30 and 5:00 local time. Local authorities agreed to the expansion plan after an 18-month process due to the need for further local revitalization.[46] The final plan, approved in January 2020 and published in December 2021, calls for a 3,500-meter (11,483 ft) runway on the east side of the airport, built over two underground road tunnels, with completion by fiscal year 2028.[44]

Terminals

edit

In September 2022, NAA announced a conceptual plan to consolidate the three existing terminals into a single facility called "One Terminal."[47] Plans had previously called for a fourth terminal building to be added in conjunction with the construction of Runway C, but due to the aging of the older terminals, NAA opted to plan for the replacement of the older terminals with new structures.[48] The plans also call for a new cargo facility and upgraded transit links to central Tokyo.[49][50]

Terminals

edit

Narita was among the first airports in the world to align its terminals around the three major international airline alliances. Since 2006, the airport has arranged for SkyTeam carriers to use the North Wing of Terminal 1, Star Alliance carriers to use the South Wing of Terminal 1, and Oneworld carriers to use Terminal 2.[51]

Terminal 1

edit

Terminal 1 uses a satellite terminal design divided into a North Wing (北ウイング, kita-uingu), Central Building (中央ビル, chūō-biru), and a South Wing (南ウイング, minami-uingu). Two circular satellites, Satellites 1 (gates 11–18) and 2 (gates 21–24), are connected to the North Wing. Satellites 3 and 4 (gates 26–38 and gates 41–47) compose a linear concourse connected to the Central Building. Satellite 5 (gates 51–58) is connected to the South Wing. The terminal building has a floorspace of 463,000 m2 (4,980,000 sq ft) and equipped with 40 gates.[52]

Check-in is processed on the fourth floor, and departures and immigration control are on the third floor. Arriving passengers clear immigration on the second floor, then claim their baggage and clear customs on the first floor. Most shops and restaurants are located on the fourth floor of the Central Building. The South Wing includes a duty-free mall called "Narita Nakamise", one of the largest airport duty-free brand boutique malls in Japan.

The North Wing has served as an alliance hub for SkyTeam since 2007,[53] and previously housed the Northwest Airlines hub, which was acquired by Delta Air Lines in 2010. Delta shifted its Asian transit hub to Incheon International Airport in collaboration with Korean Air, and transferred all of its Tokyo operations from Narita to Haneda in March 2020.[54][55] Other carriers in the North Wing are Aero Mongolia, Aircalin, Aurora Airlines, China Southern Airlines, El Al, Etihad Airways, Hong Kong Airlines, Jin Air, Peach Aviation international flights, Royal Brunei Airlines, Sichuan Airlines, WestJet and Zipair Tokyo.[56]

The South Wing and Satellite 5 opened in June 2006 as a terminal for Star Alliance carriers. The construction of the South Wing took nearly a decade and more than doubled the floor area of Terminal 1.[51] Today, almost all Star Alliance members, including Japan's All Nippon Airways, use this wing, along with non-members Air Busan, Air Seoul, Scoot, Shandong Airlines, and Uzbekistan Airways.[56]

ANA and Peach domestic flights use a separate area of the terminal accessed from the arrivals floor of the South Wing.[56]

Terminal 1
  •  
    Terminal exterior
  •  
    Terminal 1 departures hall entrance
  •  
    Terminal 1 departure hall
  •  
    A corridor located in a concourse of Terminal 1
  •  
    Terminal 1 international arrivals corridor
  •  
    Terminal 1 arrivals hall

Terminal 2

edit

Terminal 2, which opened in 1992, is divided into a main building (本館, honkan) and satellite (サテライト, sateraito), both of which are designed around linear concourses. The two were connected by the Terminal 2 Shuttle System, which was designed by Japan Otis Elevator and was the first cable-driven people mover in Japan. A new walkway between the main and satellite buildings began operation on September 27, 2013, and the shuttle system was discontinued.[57] Terminal 2 can handle large aircraft like the Airbus A380 (operated by Emirates) and the Boeing 747-8. Terminal 2 has an area of 391,000 m2 (4,210,000 sq ft) and 32 boarding gates.[52]

Terminal 2 includes a duty-free mall called "Narita 5th Avenue [ja]", the largest duty-free mall in Japan.

For domestic flights, three gates (65, 66, and 67) in the main building are connected to both the main departures concourse and to a separate domestic check-in facility. Passengers connecting between domestic and international flights must exit the gate area, walk to the other check-in area, and then check in for their connecting flight.

Japan Airlines is currently the main operator in T2. The terminal has served as a hub for all Oneworld alliance carriers at NRT since 2010, when British Airways moved from Terminal 1.[58] Several other airlines also use the terminal, these are SkyTeam carriers China Airlines and China Eastern Airlines, as well as Star Alliance carrier Air India and connecting partner Juneyao Air and non-affiliated carriers Air Macau, Air Premia, Bamboo Airways, Batik Air Malaysia, Cebu Pacific, Eastar Jet, Emirates, Fly Gangwon, Greater Bay Airlines, Hainan Airlines, MIAT, Nepal Airlines, Pakistan International Airlines, Philippine Airlines, Starlux Airlines, Thai AirAsia X, Tigerair Taiwan, T'way Air, and VietJet.[56] All Nippon Airways and several other Star Alliance carriers used Terminal 2 prior to the expansion of the Terminal 1 South Wing in 2006.[51]

Terminal 2
  •  
    Terminal 2 departure hall
  •  
    Rest area
  •  
    Departure concourse
  •  
    Terminal 2 arrivals hall
  •  
    The observation deck of Terminal 2

Terminal 3

edit
 
Interior of Terminal 3

Terminal 3, a terminal for low-cost carriers, opened on April 8, 2015. It is located 500 metres (1,640 ft) north of Terminal 2, where a cargo building used to sit, and has a capacity of 50,000 flights per year. The new terminal incorporates several cost-cutting measures, including using decals instead of lighted directional signs and using outdoor gates and airstairs instead of jet bridges, which are intended to reduce facility costs for airlines and their passengers by around 40% on international flights and 15% on domestic flights. Taisei Corporation was awarded a ¥11.2 billion contract to build the terminal in January 2013.[59] The airport also constructed a new LCC apron to the north of the terminal, with five additional parking slots for Airbus A320 and similarly sized aircraft.[60]

Aero K, Jeju Air, Jetstar, Jetstar Japan, Philippines AirAsia, Spring Airlines, and Spring Japan use Terminal 3.[56] The terminal also includes a 24-hour food court, which is the largest airport food court in Japan, and two multifaith prayer rooms. It was built at a cost of 15 billion yen and covers 66,000 m2 (710,000 sq ft) of floor space.[61][52]

Terminal 3 is voted 2024 best terminal for low-cost airlines in Asia and 2nd overall in the world by Skytrax.[62]

Airlines and destinations

edit

Passenger

edit
AirlinesDestinations
Aero K Cheongju, Seoul–Incheon[63]
Aeroméxico Mexico City
Seasonal: Monterrey[64]
Aero Mongolia Ulaanbaatar
Air Busan Busan,[65] Seoul–Incheon
Air Canada Montréal–Trudeau, Toronto–Pearson, Vancouver
Air China Beijing–Capital, Dalian,[66] Hangzhou, Shanghai–Pudong, Tianjin[66]
Air India Delhi
Air Japan Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi,[67] Seoul–Incheon,[68] Singapore[69]
Air Macau Macau
Air New Zealand Auckland
Air Niugini Koror, Port Moresby[70]
Air Premia Seoul–Incheon
Air Seoul Seoul–Incheon
Air Tahiti Nui Papeete[71]
All Nippon Airways Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Brussels, Chicago–O'Hare, Dalian, Hangzhou, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong,[72] Honolulu, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Kuala Lumpur–International, Los Angeles, Manila, Mexico City, Mumbai, Nagoya–Centrair, Perth[73][74], San Francisco, Sapporo–Chitose, Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore
American Airlines Dallas/Fort Worth
ANA Wings Nagoya–Centrair
Asiana Airlines Seoul–Incheon
Austrian Airlines Seasonal: Vienna[75]
Batik Air Malaysia Kuala Lumpur–International
Biman Bangladesh Airlines Dhaka[76]
Cathay Pacific Hong Kong, Taipei–Taoyuan
Cebu Pacific Cebu, Clark,[77] Manila
China Airlines Kaohsiung, Taipei–Taoyuan
China Eastern Airlines Harbin (begins 28 December 2024),[78] Kunming, Nanjing, Qingdao, Shanghai–Pudong, Wuhan,[79] Xi'an
China Southern Airlines Changchun, Changsha (resumes 10 January 2025),[80] Dalian, Guangzhou,[81] Harbin, Shanghai–Pudong, Shenyang, Wuhan,[82] Zhengzhou[82]
Eastar Jet Seoul–Incheon[83]
Egyptair Cairo[84]
El Al Tel Aviv[85]
Emirates Dubai–International
Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa, Seoul–Incheon
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi
EVA Air Kaohsiung, Taipei–Taoyuan
Fiji Airways Nadi
Finnair Helsinki
Garuda Indonesia Denpasar
Greater Bay Airlines Hong Kong
Hainan Airlines Beijing–Capital, Xi'an
Hawaiian Airlines Honolulu, Seattle/Tacoma (begins 13 May 2025)[86]
HK Express Hong Kong
Hong Kong Airlines Hong Kong
Iberia Madrid[87]
Japan Airlines Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Bengaluru, Boston, Frankfurt, Fukuoka, Guam, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Honolulu, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Kuala Lumpur–International, Los Angeles, Manila, Melbourne, Nagoya–Centrair, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle/Tacoma, Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore, Taipei–Taoyuan, Vancouver
Jeju Air Busan, Guam, Seoul–Incheon
Jetstar Brisbane,[88] Cairns
Jetstar Japan Asahikawa,[89] Fukuoka, Kagoshima, Kōchi, Kumamoto, Manila, Matsuyama, Miyazaki, Nagasaki, Naha, Ōita, Osaka–Kansai, Sapporo–Chitose, Shanghai–Pudong, Shimojishima, Shonai, Taipei–Taoyuan, Takamatsu
Jin Air Busan, Muan,[90] Seoul–Incheon
Juneyao Air Shanghai–Pudong, Wuxi[91]
KLM Amsterdam
Korean Air Busan, Jeju,[92] Seoul–Incheon
Loong Air Linyi,[93] Wenzhou[94]
LOT Polish Airlines Warsaw–Chopin
Malaysia Airlines Kuala Lumpur–International
MIAT Mongolian Airlines Ulaanbaatar
Nepal Airlines Kathmandu
Peach Amami Oshima, Fukuoka, Ishigaki, Kagoshima, Kaohsiung, Kushiro, Miyazaki, Nagasaki, Naha, Ōita, Osaka–Kansai, Sapporo–Chitose, Taipei–Taoyuan
Philippine Airlines Cebu, Manila
Philippines AirAsia Manila
Qantas Brisbane, Melbourne[95]
Qatar Airways Doha
Royal Brunei Airlines Bandar Seri Begawan
Scoot Singapore, Taipei–Taoyuan
Shenzhen Airlines Shenzhen
Sichuan Airlines Chengdu–Tianfu
Singapore Airlines Los Angeles, Singapore
Spring Airlines Hangzhou, Shanghai–Pudong, Shijiazhuang[96]
Spring Airlines Japan Beijing–Capital,[97] Dalian,[98] Harbin, Hiroshima, Ningbo,[99] Sapporo–Chitose, Shanghai–Pudong,[100] Tianjin
SriLankan Airlines Colombo–Bandaranaike
Starlux Airlines Taipei–Taoyuan[citation needed]
Swiss International Air Lines Zürich
Thai AirAsia Bangkok–Don Mueang, Kaohsiung[101]
Thai AirAsia X Bangkok–Don Mueang[102]
Thai Airways International Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi
Thai Lion Air Bangkok–Don Mueang, Taipei–Taoyuan[103]
Tigerair Taiwan Kaohsiung, Taichung,[104] Taipei–Taoyuan
Turkish Airlines Istanbul
T'way Air Daegu, Seoul–Incheon[105]
United Airlines Cebu,[106] Denver, Guam, Houston–Intercontinental, Kaohsiung (begins 11 July 2025),[107] Koror (begins 2 April 2025),[108] Los Angeles, Newark, Saipan, San Francisco
Seasonal: Ulaanbaatar (begins 1 May 2025)[107]
Uzbekistan Airways Tashkent[109]
VietJet Air Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City
Vietnam Airlines Da Nang, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City
WestJet Calgary
XiamenAir Fuzhou, Xiamen
Zipair Tokyo Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Honolulu,[110] Houston–Intercontinental (begins 4 March 2025),[111] Los Angeles, Manila, San Francisco, Seoul–Incheon, Singapore, Vancouver[112]
Seasonal: San Jose (CA)[113]

Cargo

edit
AirlinesDestinations
AeroLogic Hong Kong, Leipzig/Halle
Air China Cargo Beijing–Capital, Shanghai–Pudong
Air France Cargo Paris–Charles de Gaulle
Air Hong Kong Hong Kong[114]
Air Incheon Seoul–Incheon
ANA Cargo Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Beijing–Capital, Dalian, Frankfurt,[115] Guangzhou,[114] Hong Kong, Los Angeles, Manila,[116] Naha, Osaka–Kansai, Qingdao,[114] Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore, Taipei–Taoyuan, Xiamen
Asiana Cargo Seoul–Incheon
Atlas Air[117] Anchorage, Chicago–O'Hare, Cincinnati, Hong Kong, Los Angeles, Milan–Malpensa, Nagoya–Centrair, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Shenzhen, Taipei–Taoyuan, Xiamen
Cargojet Shanghai–Pudong, Vancouver
Cargolux Luxembourg,[114] Novosibirsk,[118] Seoul–Incheon[118]
Cargolux Italia Luxembourg,[114] Milan–Malpensa[114]
Cathay Cargo Hong Kong, Taipei–Taoyuan
Central Airlines Tianjin, Weihai, Yantai
China Airlines Cargo Taipei–Taoyuan
China Cargo Airlines Shanghai–Pudong
China Postal Airlines Guangzhou, Nanjing, Shanghai–Pudong, Shijiazhuang
DHL Aviation Anchorage, Chicago–O'Hare, Cincinnati, Hong Kong, Leipzig, Miami, Seoul–Incheon
Emirates SkyCargo Dubai–Al Maktoum
EVA Air Cargo Taipei–Taoyuan
FedEx Express Anchorage, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Indianapolis, Memphis, Oakland, Osaka–Kansai, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Taipei–Taoyuan
Garuda Cargo Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta
JAL Cargo Nagoya–Centrair, Shanghai–Pudong, Taipei–Taoyuan[119]
Jeju Air Cargo Seoul–Incheon[120]
Kalitta Air Cincinnati
KLM Cargo Amsterdam
Korean Air Cargo Bogotá, Seoul–Incheon
Longhao Airlines Zhengzhou
Lufthansa Cargo Frankfurt, Seoul–Incheon
MASkargo Johor Bahru, Kuala Lumpur–International, Penang
MSC Air Cargo Milan–Malpensa[121]
Nippon Cargo Airlines Amsterdam, Anchorage, Baku,[122] Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Beijing–Capital, Chicago–O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Edmonton,[123] Hahn,[114] Hong Kong, Los Angeles, Milan–Malpensa, Nagoya–Centrair, New York–JFK, Osaka–Kansai, San Francisco, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore, Tianjin
Polar Air Cargo Anchorage, Cincinnati, Hong Kong, Los Angeles,[114] Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Shenzhen, Sydney, Taipei–Taoyuan
Qatar Airways Cargo Doha
SF Airlines Wuhan,[124] Xi'an[125]
Silk Way West Airlines Baku[126]
Singapore Airlines Cargo Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Singapore
Spring Airlines Japan Kitakyushu, Naha, Sapporo–Chitose[127]
UPS Airlines Anchorage, Louisville, Newark, Ontario, Osaka–Kansai, Shanghai–Pudong, Shenzhen
Western Global Airlines Chicago–O'Hare
YTO Cargo Airlines Yantai,[114] Zhengzhou

Statistics

edit

Busiest routes

edit
 
Tokyo-Narita International airport passenger destinations (as of December 2022)
 
Swiss Air Lines, United Airlines, Thai Airways at Narita
 
Aerial photograph of Narita International Airport (September 2014)
Busiest domestic routes to and from NRT (2018)[128]
Rank Airport Passengers Carriers
1 Sapporo–Chitose 1,829,795 All Nippon Airways, Japan Airlines, Jetstar Japan, Peach, Spring Japan
2 Fukuoka 1,159,026 All Nippon Airways, Japan Airlines, Jetstar Japan, Peach
3 Osaka–Kansai 770,839 Jetstar Japan, Peach
4 Naha 732,588 All Nippon Airways, Jetstar Japan, Peach
5 Osaka–Itami 465,795 All Nippon Airways, Japan Airlines
Busiest international routes to Europe from NRT, excluding Russia (2017)[129]
Rank Airport Passengers Annual change Carriers
1 Helsinki 348,259   24.5% Finnair, Japan Airlines
2 Paris–Charles de Gaulle 286,345   2.7% Air France
3 Amsterdam 251,852   7.9% KLM
4 Rome–Fiumicino 196,884   2.9% Alitalia
5 Zurich 144,410   1.6% Swiss International Air Lines
6 Copenhagen 144,374   0.8% Scandinavian
7 London–Heathrow 137,030   7.1% British Airways
8 Frankfurt 129,796   33.2% Japan Airlines
9 Milan–Malpensa 128,467   3.5% Alitalia
10 Düsseldorf 117,887   21.2% All Nippon Airways

Airport operation statistics

edit

Number of passengers

edit
Annual passenger traffic at NRT airport. See Wikidata query.

Cargo volume (tons)

edit
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
  •   Domestic
  •   International

Source: Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism[130][131]

Other facilities

edit

Air traffic control towers

edit
 
Main control tower, old and new ramp control towers. The middle tower, which served as the airport's main control tower for 25 years from its opening in 1978 until 1993, was occupied and vandalized by protesters on March 26, 1978, contributing to the two-month delay. It was converted into a ramp control tower in 1993, following the construction and opening of a new control tower (left of photo) and was demolished in 2018, transferring ramp control to the new ramp tower (right of photo)

There are three air traffic control towers at Narita. The main control tower and one of the ramp control towers stand on the geographical center the airport, and another ramp tower is directly above Terminal 2. The main tower is used by Japan Civil Aviation Bureau's ATC, while the ramp towers are used by the NAA officers. The ramp control will be transferred to the new tower in 2020.[132]

Jet fuel supply pipelines

edit

The airport is connected by a 47 km (29 mi) pipeline to the port of Chiba City and to a fuel terminal in Yotsukaido.[133] The pipeline opened in 1983,[134] and had pumped 130 billion liters of fuel to Narita Airport by its thirtieth anniversary of operations in 2013.[133]

Corporate offices

edit

Nippon Cargo Airlines (NCA) has its headquarters on the grounds of Narita Airport,[135][136] in the NCA Line Maintenance Hangar (NCAライン整備ハンガー, NCA Rain Seibi Hangā).[137] Previously NCA had its headquarters on the fourth floor of the Cargo Administration Building (貨物管理ビル, Kamotsu Kanri Biru)).[138][139]

Japan Airlines operates the Japan Airlines Narita Operation Center (日本航空成田オペレーションセンター, Nihon Kōkū Narita Operēshon Sentā) at Narita Airport. The subsidiary airline JALways once had its headquarters in the building.[140] All Nippon Airways also has a dedicated "Sky Center" operations building adjacent to Terminal 1, which serves as the headquarters of ANA Air Service Tokyo, a ground handling provider that is a joint venture between ANA and the airport authority.

Airport hotels

edit

NRT has one on-site hotel, the Airport Rest House adjacent to Terminal 1. The hotel is operated by TFK, a company that also provides in-flight catering services from an adjacent flight kitchen facility. A capsule hotel opened adjacent to Terminal 2 in July 2014, in order to serve both transit passengers and passengers on early-morning low-cost carrier flights.[141]

Museums

edit

The Museum of Aeronautical Science is located on the south side of Narita Airport and has a number of aircraft on exhibit, including a NAMC YS-11 and several small piston aircraft. A small annex on the museum's parking lot is home to the Narita Airport and Community Historical Museum [ja], whose exhibits detail the airport's controversial history and its turbulent relationship with the local community.

Ground transportation

edit
 
A corridor in Narita Airport Terminal 1 Station

Rail

edit
 
Komaino Junction outside Narita Airport. The tunnel to the left leads to the airport terminal stations; the tunnel to the right leads to Higashi-Narita Station and the Shibayama Railway.
 
JR Narita Express train
 
Keisei Skyliner train

Narita Airport has two rail connections, with airport express trains as well as commuter trains running on various routes to Tokyo and beyond. Two operators serve the airport: East Japan Railway Company (JR East), and Keisei Electric Railway. Trains to and from the airport stop at Narita Airport Terminal 1 Station in Terminal 1 and Narita Airport Terminal 2·3 Station in Terminal 2.

JR trains

edit
Further information: Narita Express

Narita Express runs from the airport via the Narita and Sōbu lines to Tokyo Station.[142] The trainsets divide at Tokyo, with one set looping clockwise around central Tokyo to the Shōnan–Shinjuku Line, stopping at Shibuya and Shinjuku, while the other set proceeds south to Shinagawa, Yokohama and Ōfuna through the Yokosuka Line. Trains normally run non-stop between Narita Airport and Tokyo, but during rush hours they also stop at Narita, Sakura, Yotsukaidō and Chiba to accommodate commuters.

A rapid service train is the suburban JR service to the airport. It follows the same route to Tokyo Station but makes 15 intermediate stops en route, taking 80 min as opposed to the non-stop 55-min Narita Express. From Tokyo Station, most trains continue through the Yokosuka Line to Ōfuna, Zushi, Yokosuka and Kurihama in Kanagawa Prefecture.

"Green Car" (first class) seats are available on both trains for an additional surcharge, with both services free of charge with the Japan Rail Pass.

Keisei trains

edit

Keisei operates two lines between Narita Airport and central Tokyo. The newer Keisei Narita Airport Line follows an almost straight path across northern Chiba Prefecture, while the older Keisei Main Line passes through the cities of Narita, Sakura and Funabashi. The lines converge at Keisei-Takasago Station in northeast Tokyo and then follow a common right-of-way to Nippori Station and Keisei Ueno Station, both located on the northeast side of the Yamanote Line that loops around central Tokyo.

Keisei operates a number of trains between the airport and Tokyo: Skyliner is the fastest train between the airport and the Yamanote Line.[143] Travel time is 36 min to Nippori and 41 min to Keisei Ueno. Tokyo Station can be reached in 50 min with a transfer to the Yamanote Line. The Skyliner one of the cheapest limited express train options between the airport and Tokyo.

Morningliner and Eveningliner trains respectively operate toward Tokyo in the morning and away from Tokyo in the evening, and make intermediate stops at Keisei Narita, Keisei Sakura, Yachiyodai, Keisei Funabashi and Aoto to accommodate commuters.[144]

Access Express suburban trains run through the Narita Sky Access Line but with intermediate stops en route. A single trip from the airport to Nihombashi Station (on the Toei Asakusa Line) costs ¥1,330. Most Access Express trains run to Haneda Airport via the Toei Asakusa Line and Keikyu Main Line before 5pm, while after that most services run to Nippori and Keisei Ueno.

Limited Express suburban trains run through the Keisei Main Line. These are the cheapest and slowest trains between Narita and central Tokyo, reaching Nippori in 70–75 min and Keisei Ueno in 75–80 min.

All seats are reserved on the express "Liner" services, while the suburban "Express" services use open seating.

Bus

edit
 
Airport limousine bus

There are regular bus (limousine) services to the Tokyo City Air Terminal in 55 minutes, and major hotels and railway stations in the greater Tokyo area in 35–120 minutes. These are often slower than the trains because of traffic jams. The chief operator of these services is Airport Transport Service under the "Friendly Airport Limousine" brand. Other operators include Keisei Bus, Chiba Kotsu and Narita Airport Transport.[145]

There is also an overnight bus service to Kyoto and Osaka. Buses also travel to nearby US military bases, including Yokosuka Navy Base and Yokota Air Base.

Taxi

edit

Fixed rate taxi service to Tokyo, Kawasaki, Yokohama, Yokosuka, and Miura is available. Operated by Narita International Airport Taxi Council Members.[146]

The main road link to Narita Airport connects to the Shuto Expressway network at Ichikawa, Chiba.

Helicopter

edit

Mori Building City Air Service offered a helicopter charter service between Narita and the Ark Hills complex in Roppongi, taking 35 minute and costing 280,000 yen each way for up to five passengers; however, the service was discontinued on December 1, 2015.[147]

Transfer to/from Haneda Airport

edit

Haneda Airport is approximately 1.5–2 hours from Narita Airport by rail or bus. By rail, the Keisei Electric Railway runs direct trains between Narita and Haneda in 101 minutes.[148] The Tokyo Monorail runs from Haneda to Hamamatsuchō Station in 15–20 minutes. A short transfer to a JR line train (e.g. Yamanote Line) to Tōkyō Station is required to connect to the Narita Express train to Narita airport.[149] There are also direct buses between the airports operated by Airport Limousine Bus. The journey takes 65–85 minutes or longer depending on traffic.[150]

Accidents and incidents

edit
  • 1985: On June 22, a piece of luggage exploded while being transferred to Air India Flight 301, killing two baggage handlers and injuring four other staff.[151] The luggage had originated at Vancouver International Airport. Fifty-five minutes later, another piece of luggage, also originating from Vancouver, exploded on Air India Flight 182, killing all on board.
  • 1997: United Airlines Flight 826 experienced severe turbulence after leaving Narita en route for Honolulu. Due to injuries sustained by passengers, the aircraft made an emergency landing at Narita. One woman on the flight died of her injuries.[152]
  • 2003: January 27: All Nippon Airways Flight 908 (operated by Air Japan), a Boeing 767 aircraft arriving from Incheon International Airport, South Korea, overshot on Runway 16L/34R after landing. The runway was closed overnight due to necessary investigations and repairs. This was the first such incident of overrunning at Narita and an overnight closing to occur at the airport since its opening in 1978.[153]
  • 2008: On 21 September, Air India Flight 307, a Boeing 747-300M (registered VT-EPW nicknamed Shivaji), flying from Tokyo-Narita to Delhi carrying 168 passengers and 14 crew, shut down engine No. 3 after abnormal indication in the instruments. The plane dumped fuel and landed at Tokyo-Narita after declaring emergency. Upon investigation, it was discovered that nozzle guide vanes of the No. 3 engine LPT STG-2 separated and scattered after fracturing due to intergranular corrosion, and this caused the breakage of the nozzle guide vanes and turbine blades of the downstream stages and eventually damaged the engine.[154] The aircraft was repaired and returned to service, but it was withdrawn from use by the end of 2008 and stored.[citation needed]
  • 2009: On March 23, FedEx Express Flight 80, an MD-11 aircraft from Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, China, crashed on Runway 16R/34L during landing, killing both the pilot and co-pilot. Runway 16R/34L, which is required for long-distance flights and heavier aircraft, was closed for a full day due to necessary investigations, repairs and removal of wreckage. This was the first fatal airplane crash to occur at the airport since its opening in 1978.[155]
  • 2018: On 5 June, Korean Air Flight 703 suffered damage to the right landing gear after a flight from Incheon International Airport.[156] On July 31, Air Canada Flight 5, a Boeing 787–8 (reg: C-GHPV) aircraft from Montréal-Trudeau International Airport, entered a closed taxiway upon landing on Runway 16L/34R. No injuries were reported on this incident, but the aircraft was stuck for over five hours, as well as the incident resulting in Runway 16L/34R being closed for over 6 hours.[157][158]

Current issues

edit
 
An aerial view of the airport, showing the busy operations that take place on a daily basis
 
At Narita, simultaneous landing is performed to process busy traffic. Here, an ANA Boeing 767-300ER is landing on the closer runway while a Skymark Airlines Boeing 737-800 lands in the background.

Competitiveness

edit

Complaints over slots and landing fees have plagued the busy airport. Because so many airlines want to use it, the Japanese aviation authorities extend use time for Narita International Airport until midnight, and cut cost by denationalization. In 2004, New Tokyo International Airport Authority (NAA) was privatized and turned into Narita International Airport Corporation (NIAC). Narita's landing fees were once more than double of those of Incheon International Airport (¥195,000 in November 2012), Changi Airport, and Shanghai Pudong International Airport (¥170,000 in November 2012). In 2014, the policy of Open skies was implemented. Airlines can increase or decrease the number of its flights freely, and Narita's landing fees were cut by up to 50%.

LCC service

edit

In October 2010, Narita announced plans to build a new terminal for low-cost carriers (LCCs) and to offer reduced landing fees for new airline service, in an attempt to maintain its competitiveness against Haneda Airport.

In July 2011, ANA and AirAsia announced that they would form a low-cost carrier subsidiary, AirAsia Japan, based at Narita. Later in 2011, JAL and Jetstar Asia announced a similar low-cost joint venture, Jetstar Japan, to be based at Narita. Skymark Airlines opened a domestic base at Narita in November 2011, and by February 2012 was operating 70 departures per week from NRT. Skymark cited the lower fees at NRT as a key reason for this move. Spring Airlines Japan, an LCC partly owned by Spring Airlines, plans to begin service in 2014 with NRT as its primary base.

Narita's restricted hours, congestion and landing fees have caused difficulties for LCCs operating at the airport. On Jetstar Japan's first day of operations in July 2012, a departing flight was delayed on the tarmac for one hour, forcing a cancellation. Less than two weeks later, a departing Jetstar Japan flight from Narita to New Chitose Airport was significantly delayed such that the return flight to Narita using the same aircraft could not arrive before the 11 PM curfew, forcing another cancellation. LCCs at Narita currently use the corner of Terminal 2, which is farthest from Runway A, often requiring a long taxi time.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "NARITA AIRPORT TRAFFIC STATISTICS -2022(JAN-DEC)" (PDF; 578 KB). naa.jp. Narita International Airport Corporation. 2023-01-26. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
  2. ^ "Location". Narita International Airport Corporation. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  3. ^ "Layout, Main Facilities at Narita Airport". naa.jp. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
  4. ^ Craft, Lucy; Novak, Analisa (2023-08-22). "Japanese farmer has fought for decades to stay on his ancestral land in the middle of Narita airport - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  5. ^ "Relaxations of operating restrictions on Noise and resident's reaction at Narita International Airport" (PDF). Saburo Ogata (Narita International Airport Corporation), Naoaki Shinohara (Narita International Airport Promotion Foundation). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-13. Retrieved 2019-07-21.
  6. ^ "Narita International Airport". Japan Civil Aviation Bureau. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  7. ^ a b "平成30年（暦年）空港別順位表" (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  8. ^ "ACI reveals top 20 airports for passenger traffic, cargo, and aircraft movements". Airports Council International. March 19, 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-05-25. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
  9. ^ "Narita and Haneda: Two Airports in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area". Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  10. ^ "Evolution of Metropolitan Airports in Japan" (PDF). OECD International Transport Forum Discussion Paper No. 2013-3: 10–14. February 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  11. ^ Brasor, Philip, "Fight or flight: Narita’s history of conflict Archived 2014-12-13 at the Wayback Machine", Japan Times, 14 December 2014, p. 19
  12. ^ Lum, Marissa L.L. (2007). "Analysis of Eminent Domain in Japan and America" (PDF). Asian-Pacific Law and Policy Journal. 8 (2): 459–464. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  13. ^ a b Duncan McCargo, Contemporary Japan, pp. 152–155 (Google link Archived 2016-01-29 at the Wayback Machine)
  14. ^ a b c d e f David Apter and Nagayo Sawa, Against the State: Politics and Social Protest in Japan (Google link Archived 2016-01-29 at the Wayback Machine)
  15. ^ a b Fighting Rages over Tokyo Airport Archived 2016-01-29 at the Wayback Machine, Nashua Telegraph, May 20, 1978.
  16. ^ See the Japanese Wikipedia article on this incident.
  17. ^ Japan: Open But Still Embattled, TIME, June 5, 1978.
  18. ^ 成田国際空港の安全確保に関する緊急措置法. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
  19. ^ Japan to Open Costly But Convenient Airport Archived 2016-11-06 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, August 21, 1994.
  20. ^ Matthews, Robert (1998). "New US-Japan Bilateral Aviation Agreement: Airline Competition Through the Political Process" (PDF). Journal of Air Transportation World Wide. BTS.gov.
  21. ^ " United taking Pacific routes of Pan American[permanent dead link‍], Miami News, Feb. 11, 1986.
  22. ^ All Nippon Airways Decides to Go High Profile Japanese Carrier Kicks Off Major Campaign in U.S. Archived 2012-11-07 at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times, Dec 7, 1987
  23. ^ Daily Yomiuri Narita Airport's ID checks could be grounded October 23, 2012
  24. ^ Kohase, Yusuke (26 March 2015). 成田空港、30日に検問廃止 ノンストップゲート実施へ. Aviation Wire. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  25. ^ "Unknown" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
  26. ^ 成田国際空港株式会社法. Narita International Airport Corporation. Archived from the original on 2010-07-30. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
  27. ^ a b "A Member of the Community". Narita Airport. 2000-09-10. Archived from the original on 2000-09-01. Retrieved 2019-01-07.
  28. ^ "Towards the Solution of Narita Airport Issues." Narita Airport. September 1, 2000. Retrieved on January 7, 2019.
  29. ^ "mado_e.html." Narita Airport. September 1, 2000. Retrieved on January 7, 2019. Japanese version (page has black background but text can be selected for viewing).
  30. ^ "Community Consultation Center." Narita Airport. October 12, 2000. Retrieved on January 7, 2019. Japanese version (page has black background but text can be selected for viewing).
  31. ^ "Airport Information Center." Narita Airport. October 12, 2000. Retrieved on January 7, 2019. Japanese version (page has black background but text can be selected for viewing).
  32. ^ Narita Journal; An Airport Is Being Strangled by Relentless Foes Archived 2016-11-06 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, September 26, 1989.
  33. ^ a b Brull, Steven. New $1.36 Billion Terminal Is No Cure-All: Tokyo's Troubled Airport, New York Times, December 3, 1992.
  34. ^ "Second Passenger Terminal Opened on December 4, 1992." Narita Airport. September 1, 2000. Retrieved on January 7, 2019.
  35. ^ Japan opens second runway ahead of World Cup finals, ABC News, April 17, 2002.
  36. ^ a b 航空機誘導路の制限撤廃 成田空港「への字」改修 発着回数増可能に. Sankei Shimbun. 2011-03-09. Archived from the original on 2011-08-21. Retrieved 2011-08-09.
  37. ^ [1][permanent dead link‍]; Kyodo News, "Runway extension at Narita finally opens Archived 2009-10-26 at the Wayback Machine", Japan Times, October 23, 2009.
  38. ^ Narita airport — worth long struggle to build? Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine, The Japan Times, June 9, 2009.
  39. ^ Kyodo News, "Narita's second runway marks 10 contentious years Archived 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine", Japan Times, 24 April 2012, p. 3.
  40. ^ 成田空港内の団結小屋、強制撤去に着手. Yomiuri Shimbun. 2011-08-06.
  41. ^ Jiji Press, "Narita runways OK'd for concurrent use", Japan Times, 26 August 2011, p. 6.
  42. ^ 地域振興. Narita Airport Authority. Archived from the original on 2010-12-25. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
  43. ^ "Protester to sell land to Narita airport operator". Mainichi Japan. 5 May 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-05-07. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  44. ^ a b c 日経クロステック（xTECH） (12 January 2022). "成田空港の滑走路延伸が本格化、22年秋に東関道切り回しへ". 日経クロステック（xTECH） (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-09-19.
  45. ^ 八街市に予想される航空公害. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-08-09.
  46. ^ "Narita Airport to get 3rd runway to meet demand, operate longer：The Asahi Shimbun". The Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 2018-03-14. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
  47. ^ "Japan's Narita airport mulling consolidating 3 terminals". Mainichi Daily News. 2022-09-15. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
  48. ^ "第４ターミナル新設がささやかれた成田空港、いっそ「ワンターミナル」に". 読売新聞オンライン (in Japanese). 2022-09-16. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
  49. ^ 日本放送協会. "成田空港 滑走路新設による利用客増に対応 旅客施設集約構想 | NHK". NHKニュース. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
  50. ^ "summary" (PDF) (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-12-05.
  51. ^ a b c Shimizu, Kaho (3 June 2006). "Narita South Wing open". The Japan Times. Tokyo. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  52. ^ a b c "成田空港の施設" (PDF) (in Japanese). Narita International Airport Corporation. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  53. ^ "Delta Air Lines Will Move to Terminal 1 at Narita Airport". Delta Air Lines. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  54. ^ "Delta to become largest U.S. carrier serving Tokyo-Haneda in 2020". Delta News Hub. 2019-08-13. Retrieved 2022-12-29.
  55. ^ "Delta moves Japan hub to Haneda from Narita for Tokyo access". Nikkei Asia. 2019-08-11.
  56. ^ a b c d e "Airline information". NARITA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT OFFICIAL WEBSITE. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  57. ^ 成田空港に新連絡通路が完成. Nikkei.com (in Japanese). 21 September 2013. Archived from the original on 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
  58. ^ "British Airways' Narita Move Brings All Oneworld Airlines Together in T2". Airlines and Destinations. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  59. ^ Narita International Airport Corporation awards contracts for LCC terminal | CAPA Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine. Centre for Aviation. Retrieved on 2013-12-01.
  60. ^ Yoshikawa, Tadayuki (3 February 2014). 成田空港、LCC専用駐機場整備 17年3月完成目指す. Aviation Wire. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  61. ^ 成田空港、新ターミナル公開 ４月８日利用開始. Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 25 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  62. ^ "World's Best Low-Cost Airline Terminals 2024". SKYTRAX. Retrieved 2024-11-27.
  63. ^ "AERO K SCHEDULES SEOUL INCHEON – TOKYO NARITA LATE-MAY 2024 LAUNCH". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  64. ^ "Aeromexico Strengthens Connectivity Between Monterrey and Asia" (in Mexican Spanish). El Financiero. June 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  65. ^ "Air Busan NS23 Busan International Operations". AeroRoutes. 17 February 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  66. ^ a b "Air China Resumes Dalian – Tokyo Service From Jan 2024". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  67. ^ "Air Japan Schedules Bangkok Launch in Feb 2024". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  68. ^ "AIR JAPAN ADDS TOKYO - SEOUL SERVICE FROM LATE-FEB 2024". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  69. ^ "AIR JAPAN SCHEDULES LATE-APRIL 2024 SINGAPORE LAUNCH". Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  70. ^ "Air Niugini Intends to Resume Palau / Tokyo Service in 4Q24". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  71. ^ "Air Tahiti Nui Moves Japan Service Resumption to late-Oct 2023". Aeroroutes. 2022-11-25. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  72. ^ "ANA NS24 Asia Service Changes – 24JAN24". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  73. ^ "Say sayonara to seasonal: ANA makes Perth-Tokyo a permanent fixture". karryon.com.au. 6 December 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  74. ^ "ANA Will Return To Perth In October 2023". Flight Hacks. 18 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  75. ^ "All Nippon Airways returned to Vienna". Aviacionline.com. 3 August 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  76. ^ "Biman to start operating flights to Japan from September 1". 21 May 2023.
  77. ^ "CEBU PACIFIC RESUMES ADDITIONAL TOKYO ROUTES IN NS23". AeroRoutes. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
  78. ^ "China Eastern Adds Harbin – Tokyo From late-Dec 2024".
  79. ^ "China Eastern Resumes Wuhan – Tokyo Service From July 2023". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  80. ^ "China Southern 1Q25 Changsha International Routes Resumption". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  81. ^ "China Southern Resumes Guangzhou – Tokyo Narita Service in NS24". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  82. ^ a b "China Southern Resumes 2 Tokyo Routes in late-Sep 2024". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  83. ^ "'국제선 재개' 이스타항공, 9월 20일 도쿄·오사카 노선 취항" ['Resuming international route' Eastar Jet, launches Tokyo·Osaka in 20 September] (in Korean). Yonhap News Agency. 18 July 2023.
  84. ^ "EGYPTAIR Resumes Tokyo Flights From Sep 2023". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  85. ^ "El Al Maintains Tokyo March 2024 Service Resumption". AeroRoutes. 8 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  86. ^ "Alaska Airlines adds nonstop flights from Seattle to Tokyo and Seoul". King5. December 10, 2024. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
  87. ^ "Iberia Resumes Tokyo Service From late-Oct 2024". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  88. ^ "Grab Your Suitcases: Jetstar Will Soon Fly Direct From Brisbane to Tokyo, Osaka and Seoul". 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  89. ^ "JETSTAR JAPAN ADDS TOKYO – ASAHIKAWA SERVICE FROM DEC 2023". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  90. ^ "Jin Air expands Muan international network in NW24". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  91. ^ "Juneyao Airlines schedules Wuxi – Tokyo in June 2024". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  92. ^ "Korean Air resumes Jeju – Tokyo service from July 2024". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  93. ^ "Loong Air Dec 2024 International / Regional Routes Addition". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  94. ^ "LOONG AIR ADDS WENZHOU – TOKYO SERVICE IN SEP 2024". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  95. ^ "Qantas boosts international network: restoring capacity, adding more aircraft, launching new routes". Qantas News Room. 19 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  96. ^ "Spring Airlines NS24 Japan Service Changes – 05MAR24". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  97. ^ "Spring Japan Begins JAL Codeshare and Expands China Service From August 2024". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  98. ^ "Spring Japan Sep 2024 Tokyo – Dalian Service Addition". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  99. ^ "Spring Japan International Service Increases From late-June 2023". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  100. ^ "Spring Japan Resumes Tokyo – Shanghai Service From Dec 2023". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  101. ^ "Thai AirAsia Schedules Kaohsiung – Tokyo Service From mid-June 2024". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  102. ^ "Thai AirAsia X to move all flight operations back to Don Mueang Airport from 1 October 2024". newsroom.airasia.com. 16 July 2024.
  103. ^ "Thai Lion Air Adds Taipei – Tokyo Service From mid-Sep 2023". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  104. ^ "tigerair Taiwan Adds Taichung – Northeast Asia Service in 3Q24". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  105. ^ "T'Way Air 3Q24 A330-200 Japan Operations - 13JUN24". AeroRoutes. 13 June 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  106. ^ "UNITED REMOVES 2 NEW INTERNATIONAL ROUTES SCHEDULED IN NS24". AeroRoutes. Retrieved April 8, 2024.
  107. ^ a b "United Airlines Bets on Offbeat Destinations, Adds Mongolia and Greenland for 2025". Skift. 10 October 2024. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
  108. ^ "United announced 13 new international routes and 3 'fifth freedom' flights to far-flung destinations". Archived from the original on 2024-10-10. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
  109. ^ Liu, Jim (4 December 2024). "Uzbekistan Airways NS25 Tokyo Service Changes". AeroRoutes. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  110. ^ "JApan LCC Zipair to add 2 aircraft and routes every year, CEO says". Nikkei Asia. 25 June 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  111. ^ "ZIPAIR to Launch Flights between Houston and Tokyo Narita Expanding International Network in North America". newsfile. October 10, 2024. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
  112. ^ "ZIPAIR TOKYO BEGINS VANCOUVER SERVICE FROM MID-MARCH 2024". AeroRoutes. December 26, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  113. ^ "ZIPAIR NS25 San Francisco Bay Area Operations - 5NOV24". AeroRoutes. 6 November 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  114. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Cargo Flight Schedule (2020.01.01 – 2020.01.31)" (PDF). Narita International Airport. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
  115. ^ "All Nippon Airways launches scheduled freighter flights to Frankfurt". www.stattimes.com. October 28, 2020.
  116. ^ "Manila｜ANA Cargo".
  117. ^ "Atlas Air Schedule". Atlas Air. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  118. ^ a b "Cargolux plans new Tokyo / Seoul routing from late-March 2018access-date=2018-03-19". Archived from the original on 2018-03-19.
  119. ^ "JAL resumes freighter operations from late-Feb 2024". AeroRoutes. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  120. ^ "인천공항공사, 국내 최초로 저비용 항공사 화물기 유치" [Incheon International Airport Corporation Will Be the First Low-Cost Cargo Carrier in Korea] (in Korean). Segye News. 21 June 2022.
  121. ^ "MSC Air Cargo launches inaugural weekly flight to Tokyo". Airline Geeks. 8 October 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  122. ^ "NCA – Nippon Cargo Airlines | Global Network". www.nca.aero.
  123. ^ "Edmonton adds to cargo load with a regular flight to Tokyo". 2017-08-14. Archived from the original on 2017-08-19. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  124. ^ "SF Airlines launches Frankfurt freighter link". November 9, 2020.
  125. ^ "SF Airlines launches Xi'an-Tokyo cargo route". www.macaubusiness.com. Macau Business. 16 January 2021.
  126. ^ "StackPath". www.aviationpros.com. 28 January 2021.
  127. ^ "SPRING JAPAN NS24 A321 FREIGHTER OPERATIONS". 28 May 2024.
  128. ^ "航空輸送統計年報 平成３０年". e-stat.go.jp. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  129. ^ "Database – Eurostat". ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2015-09-16. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
  130. ^ For 2006 to 2015: 暦年・年度別空港管理状況調書 [Yearly airport management statistics report] (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. 17 August 2016. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  131. ^ For 2003 to 2012: 暦年・年度別空港管理状況調書 (PDF). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  132. ^ "千葉）成田空港の新ランプコントロールタワーお目見え". Asahi Shimbun. 2020-01-21. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  133. ^ a b Yoshikawa, Tadayuki (8 August 2013). 成田空港、千葉港とのパイプライン30周年. Aviation Wire. Archived from the original on 12 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  134. ^ "Long-Awaited Pipeline." Narita Airport. September 1, 2000. Retrieved on January 7, 2019.
  135. ^ "Relocation of NCA Cargo Handling Facilities in Narita, Japan Archived 2012-01-10 at the Wayback Machine." Nippon Cargo Airlines. May 6, 2011. Retrieved on February 17, 2012. Japanese version Archived 2012-01-06 at the Wayback Machine
  136. ^ 会社概要. Nippon Cargo Airlines. Archived from the original on March 10, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2012. 本社（成田事務所）〒282-0011 千葉県成田市成田国際空港内　NCAライン整備ハンガー
  137. ^ "Corporate Profile Archived 2008-06-28 at the Wayback Machine." Nippon Cargo Airlines. Retrieved on February 17, 2012. "Narita Office NCA Line Maintenance Hangar Narita International Airport Narita-shi, Chiba 282-0011, Japan" and "Tokyo OFfice: Onarimon Yusen Bldg. 11F 3-23-5 Nishi-Shimbashi Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan"
  138. ^ "Corporate Profile." Nippon Cargo Airlines. June 28, 2008. Retrieved on February 17, 2012. "Narita Office: Cargo Administration Bldg. 4F Narita International Airport Narita-shi, Chiba 282-0021, Japan"
  139. ^ 会社概要. Nippon Cargo Airlines. Archived from the original on 2008-03-10. Retrieved February 17, 2012. "本社（成田事務所） 〒282-0021 千葉県成田市成田国際空港内　貨物管理ビル4階
  140. ^ "Company Profile". JALways. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved December 12, 2009. Registered Office 4–11, Higashi-Shinagawa 2-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Head Office Japan Airlines Narita Operation Center 3F, Narita International Airport, Narita, Chiba, Japan 282-8610; "Japanese address". Archived from the original on 2009-08-30. Retrieved 2010-10-05. Head office: 本店所在地 東京都品川区東品川2丁目4番11号; Headquarters: 〒282-8610 千葉県成田市成田国際空港内　日本航空成田オペレーションセンター3階
  141. ^ 成田にカプセルホテル 空港会社、ＬＣＣ客らに照準. Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 24 April 2014. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  142. ^ "特急「成田エクスプレス」の運転再開について" [About the resumption of operation of the limited express "Narita Express"] (PDF). jreast.co.jp. 22 September 2022.
  143. ^ "Skyliner Overview". Japan: Keisei Electric Railway Co., Ltd. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  144. ^ イブニング・モーニングライナーのご案内 (in Japanese). Japan: Keisei Electric Railway Co., Ltd. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  145. ^ "Airport Access Information : Buses & Taxis – Narita International Airport Official Website". Archived from the original on 2010-03-05. Retrieved 2010-03-05.
  146. ^ "Japan National Tourism Organization – Plan Your Trip – > Transportation – International Airport Access – Narita Airport (Tokyo)". Archived from the original on 2010-08-01. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
  147. ^ "Mori Building City Air Service". Archived from the original on 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
  148. ^ "How do I get to...? Haneda Airport". Keisei Electric Railway. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  149. ^ "Narita to Haneda: How to travel between Tokyo airports". JR Rail Pass. 25 September 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  150. ^ "Haneda-Narita timetable". Airport Limousine Bus. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  151. ^ Rae, Bob. "Lessons To Be Learned" (PDF). p. 10.
  152. ^ Aircraft Accident Investigation: United Airlines flight 826, Pacific Ocean Archived 2009-09-02 at the Wayback Machine, NTSB, December 28, 1997.
  153. ^ Today's Information [dead link‍]
  154. ^ "VT-EPW at Tokyo-Narita". Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  155. ^ "Wind shear eyed in deadly crash of FedEx cargo jet". Archived from the original on 26 March 2009.
  156. ^ "Serious incident Boeing 777-3B5 HL7573, Friday 29 June 2018".
  157. ^ Tadayuki, Yoshikawa (2018-07-31). "成田のエア・カナダ機、5時間以上立ち往生" [Air Canada flight at Narita stuck for over 5 hours]. Aviation Wire (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2018-07-31. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
  158. ^ "Narita International Airport shuts runway after Air Canada plane enters wrong taxiway". The Japan Times. 2018-07-31. Archived from the original on 2018-07-31. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narita_International_Airport&oldid=1263251976"