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List of sovereign states in the 1860s

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This is a list of sovereign states in the 1860s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1860 and 31 December 1869. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes widely recognized sovereign states, entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.

Sovereign states

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A

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Name and capital city Information on status and recognition of sovereignty

A

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 Abuja – Abuja Emirate
Capital: Abuja 		Widely recognized state.
  Afghanistan – Emirate of Afghanistan
Capital: Kabul 		Widely recognized independent state.
 Agadez – Tenere Sultanate of Aïr[1]
Capital: Agadez 		Widely recognized state.
  →   Andorra – Principality of Andorra[2]
Capital: Andorra la Vella 		Widely recognized independent state. The President of France and Bishop of Urgell were ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra. The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain.
  Anhalt – Duchy of Anhalt (from 1863 to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Dessau 		Widely recognized independent state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
  Anhalt-Bernburg – Duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg (to 1863)
Capital: Bernburg 		Widely recognized independent state to 1863. Member of the German Confederation. Merged into the re-unified Duchy of Anhalt in 1863.
  Anhalt-Dessau – Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau (to 1863)
Capital: Dessau 		Widely recognized independent state to 1863. Member of the German Confederation. Merged into the re-unified Duchy of Anhalt in 1863.
 Angoche – Angoche Sultanate[3]
Capital: Angoche 		Widely recognized independent state.
  Ankole – Kingdom of Ankole[4]
Capital: Mbarara 		Widely recognized state.
 Annam – Empire of Annam
Capital: Phú Xuân 		Widely recognized state. Internal imperial system within Chinese tributary.
 Anziku – Anziku Kingdom
Capital: Monsol 		Widely recognized state.
  →   Argentina[5]
Capital: Paraná (to 12 December 1861), Buenos Aires (from 12 December 1861) 		Widely recognized state.
  Aro – Aro Confederacy
Capital: Arochukwu 		Widely recognized state.
  Ashanti – Asante Union[6]
Capital: Kumasi 		Widely recognized state.
  Aussa – Sultanate of Aussa[7]
Capital: Aussa 		Widely recognized state.
  →   Austria (to 29 May 1867), Austria-Hungary (from 29 May 1867)
Capital: Vienna (Cisleithania), Budapest (Transleithania)
  • Austrian Empire (to 29 May 1867)
  • Austro-Hungarian Empire (29 May 1867)
 Widely recognized state.

B

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  Baden – Grand Duchy of Baden[8]
Capital: Karlsruhe 		Widely recognized state. Member of the German Confederation.
 Baguirmi – Kingdom of Baguirmi[9]
Capital: Massenya 		Tributary state of the Bornu Empire.
  Bali – Kingdom of Bali
Capital: Klungkung 		Widely recognized state. Bali was a series of kingdoms that ruled the island of Bali.
 Bamana – Bamana Empire (to 1861)
Capital: Ségou 		Widely recognized state to 1861. Annexed by the Toucouleur Empire in 1861.
  Baol – Kingdom of Baol[10]
Capital: Diourbel 		Widely recognized state.
  Barotseland – Kingdom of Barotseland[11][12]
Capital: Mongu 		Widely recognized state.
 Basutoland – Kingdom of Basutoland (to 1868)
Capital: Maseru 		Widely recognized state to 1868. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1868.
  Bavaria – Kingdom of Bavaria
Capital: Munich 		Widely recognized state. Member of the German Confederation.
  Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium[13]
Capital: Brussels 		Widely recognized state. Belgium has sovereignty over 1 condominium:
  Beni Abbas – Kingdom of Beni Abbas
Capital: Kalâa of Ait Abbas 		Widely recognized state.
  Benin – Kingdom of Benin[14]
Capital: Edo 		Widely recognized state.
 Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan
Capital: Punakha 		Widely recognized state.
 Biu – Biu Kingdom
Capital: Biu 		Widely recognized state.
  Bolivia – Bolivian Republic
Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative) 		Widely recognized state.
  Bora Bora – Kingdom of Bora Bora[15]
Capital: Nunue, Vaitape 		Widely recognized state.
  Bornu – Bornu Empire[16]
Capital: Ngazargamu 		Widely recognized state.
 Brakna – Brakna Emirate
Capital: Aleg 		Widely recognized state.
  Brazil – Empire of Brazil
Capital: Rio de Janeiro 		Brazil was a federation of 20 states and one federal district.[a]
  Bremen – Free Hanseatic City of Bremen
Capital: Bremen 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
  Brunei – Sultanate of Brunei
Capital: Kampong Ayer 		Widely recognized state.
  Brunswick – Duchy of Brunswick
Capital: Brunswick 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
  Buganda – Kingdom of Buganda
Capital: Mengo 		Widely recognized state.
  Bukhara – Emirate of Bukhara[17]
Capital: Bukhara 		Widely recognized state.
  Bulungan – Sultanate of Bulungan
Capital: Tanjung Palas 		Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Sulu.
  Bunyoro – Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom
Capital: Hoima 		Widely recognized state.
  Burma – Kingdom of Burma[18]
Capital: Mandalay 		Widely recognized state.
 Burundi – Kingdom of Burundi
Capital: Gitega 		Widely recognized state.
  Busoga – Kingdom of Busoga
Capital: Bugembe 		Widely recognized state.

C

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  Cambodia – Kingdom of Cambodia (to 11 August 1863)
Capital: Oudong 		Widely recognized state to 11 August 1863. Annexed by France from 11 August 1863.
  →   Canada – Dominion of Canada (from 1 July 1867)
Capital: Ottawa 		Widely recognized state from 1 July 1867. Commonwealth realm.
  Cayor – Kingdom of Cayor
Capital: Mboul 		Widely recognized state.
  Central Italy – United Provinces of Central Italy (to 22 March 1860)
Capital: Modena 		Widely recognized state to 22 March 1860. Client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia to 22 March 1860. Annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia on 22 March 1860.
  Champasak – Kingdom of Champasak[19]
Capital: Champasak 		Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Siam.
  Chile
Capital: Santiago 		Widely recognized state.
  China – Great Qing Empire
Capital: Beijing 		Widely recognized state. China had sovereignty over the following territories:
  Colombia – United States of Colombia (from 20 September 1861)
Capital: Bogota 		Widely recognized state from 20 September 1861.
  Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica
Capital: San Jose 		Widely recognized state.

D

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 Dagbon – Kingdom of Dagbon
Capital: Yendi 		Widely recognized state.
  Dahomey – Kingdom of Dahomey[20]
Capital: Abomey 		Widely recognized state.
  Dai Nam – Dai Nam Realm
Capital: Phú Xuân 		Widely recognized state. Tributary state of China.
 Damagaram – Sultanate of Damagaram
Capital: Zinder 		Widely recognized state.
 Dar al Kuti – Sultanate of Dar Al Kuti[21]
Capital: N'Délé 		Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Dar Runga.
 Darfur – Sultanate of Darfur
Capital: Al Fashir 		Widely recognized state to 1874.
  Denmark
Capital: Copenhagen 		Widely recognized state. Denmark had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
  Dhala – Emirate of Dhala
Capital: Dhale 		Widely recognized state.
  Dominican Republic – Second Republic (from 16 August 1865)
Capital: Santo Domingo 		Widely recognized state from 16 August 1865.
 Dosso – Dosso Kingdom
Capital: Dosso 		Widely recognized state.


E

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F

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  •  Fante – Fante Confederacy (from 1868)
  •  Fiji – Tui Viti
  •   France – Empire of the French
  •   Frankfurt – Free City of Frankfurt (to October 8, 1866)
  •  Futa Jallon – Imamate of Futa Jallon
  •  Futa Toro – Imamate of Futa Toro

G

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H

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  •   Ha'il – Emirate of Ha'il
  •   Haiti – Republic of Haiti
  •   Hamburg – Free City of Hamburg (to 1867)
  •   Hanover – Kingdom of Hanover (to September 20, 1866)
  •   Hawaii – Kingdom of Hawaii
  •   Hesse-Darmstadt – Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine
  •   Hesse-Homburg – Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg (to 1866)
  •   Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) – Electorate of Hesse (to 1866)
  •   Holstein – Duchy of Holstein (to 1866)
  •   →   Honduras – Republic of Honduras
  •   Huahine – Kingdom of Huahine

I

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  •   Italy – Kingdom of Italy (from March 17, 1861)

J

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K

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of Khiva

  •  Kokand – Khanate of Kokand
  •  Kong – Kong Empire
  •   Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo
  •   Korea – Kingdom of Great Joseon
  •  Koya Temne – Kingdom of Koya

L

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  •   Liberia – Republic of Liberia
  •   Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
  •   Limburg – Duchy of Limburg (to 1866)
  •  Limmu-Ennarea – Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea
  •   Lippe – Principality of Lippe (to July 1, 1867)
  •  Loango – Kingdom of Loango
  •  Luba – Luba Empire
  •   Lübeck – Free City of Lübeck (Lubeck) (to 1867)
  •  Lunda – Lunda Empire
  •   Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

M

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N

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O

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P

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R

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  •   Raiatea – Kingdom of Raiatea
  •  Rapa Nui – Kingdom of Rapa Nui
  •   Rarotonga – Kingdom of Rarotonga
  •   Reuss Elder Line – Principality of Reuss Elder Line (to July 1, 1867)
  •   Reuss Junior Line – Principality of Reuss Junior Line (to July 1, 1867)
  •   →   Romania - United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia
  •   Russia – Russian Empire
  •  Rwanda – Kingdom of Rwanda
  •   Ryukyu – Kingdom of Ryūkyū

S

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T

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  •   Tahiti – Kingdom of Tahiti
  •  Tonga
    • Tu'i Tonga (to 1865)
    • Kingdom of Tonga (from 1865)
  •   Toro – Toro Kingdom
  •  Toucouleur – Toucouleur Empire
  •   Transvaal – South African Republic
  •   →   Two Sicilies – Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (to February 12, 1861)

U

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  •   United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
  •   →   →   →   →   United States – United States of America
  •   Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay

V

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W

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Y

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  •  Yeke – Yeke Kingdom
  •  Yamma – Kingdom of Yamma

Z

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Non-sovereign territories

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United Kingdom

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States claiming sovereignty

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  •   Aceh – Sultanate of Aceh
  •   Alabama – Republic of Alabama (from January 11 to February 4, 1861)[29][30][31][32]
  •   Araucanía and Patagonia – Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia (from November 17, 1860 to January 5, 1862)
  •  Arkansas – Republic of Arkansas (from May 6 to May 18, 1861)
  •   Buenos Aires – State of Buenos Aires
  •   →   →   →   →   →   Confederate States – Confederate States of America (from February 4, 1861 to May 5, 1865)
  •   Couto Misto (to June 23, 1868)
  •   Cuba – Republic of Cuba (from October 10, 1868)
  •  Ezo – Republic of Ezo (from December 15, 1868 to June 27, 1869)
  •   Florida – Republic of Florida (from January 10 to February 4, 1861)
  •  Goust – Republic of Goust
  •   Ionian Islands – United States of the Ionian Islands
  •   Louisiana – Republic of Louisiana (from January 26 to February 4, 1861)[33][34][35][36]
  •  Manitobah – Republic of Manitobah (from June 1867 to 1868)
  •   Mississippi – Republic of Mississippi (from January 9 to February 1, 1861)
  •   North Carolina – Republic of North Carolina (from May 20 to May 21, 1861)
  •   Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth (from January 22, 1863 to June 18, 1864)
  •   →   South Carolina – Republic of South Carolina (from December 20, 1860 to February 8, 1861)[37][38][39][40][41]
  •  Taiping Heavenly Kingdom - Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (to July 1864)
  •   Tennessee - Republic of Tennessee (from June 8 to July 2, 1861)
  •   Tavolara – Kingdom of Tavolara
  •   Texas – Republic of Texas (from February 1 to March 2, 1861)
  •   Virginia – Republic of Virginia (from April 17 to May 7, 1861)

Notes

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  1. ^ 20 States: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe. 1 Federal District: Federal District.

References

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  1. ^ James B. Minahan (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
  2. ^ "Andorra". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. November 3, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  3. ^ Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (14 September 2011). Concise History of Islam. New Delhi, India: Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 162. ISBN 978-93-82573-47-0. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  4. ^ Briggs, Philip; Roberts, Andrew (5 November 2016). Uganda. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 534. ISBN 9781784770228. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  5. ^ "Argentina". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  6. ^ "Asante empire". Britannica. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  7. ^ Thesiger, Wilfred (1935). "The Awash River and the Aussa Sultanate". The Geographical Journal. 85 (1): 1–19. Bibcode:1935GeogJ..85....1T. doi:10.2307/1787031. JSTOR 1787031.
  8. ^   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Baden, Grand Duchy of". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  9. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bagirmi" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 201.
  10. ^ Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Bulletin: Sciences humaines, Volume 38 (1976), pp. 452-458
  11. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Barotse and Barotseland" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Unknown parameter |ages= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Caplan, Gerald L. (October 1968). "Barotseland: the secessionist challenge to Zambia". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 6 (3): 343–360. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00017456. ISSN 1469-7777. S2CID 153463371.
  13. ^ "Belgium". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  14. ^ Bradbury, R. E. (16 August 2018). "Continuities and Discontinuities in Pre-colonial and Colonial Benin Politics (1897–1951)". Benin Studies. Routledge. pp. 76–128. doi:10.4324/9781351031264-4. ISBN 978-1-351-03126-4. S2CID 159119713. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  15. ^ "Bora-Bora". Britannica. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  16. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bornu" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 265.
  17. ^ Golden, Peter B. (2011). Central Asia in World History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 115.
  18. ^ Ni, Lee Bih (2013). Brief History of Myanmar and Thailand. Universiti Malaysi Sabah. p. 7. ISBN 9781229124791.
  19. ^ Murdoch, John B. (1974). "The 1901-1902 Holy Man's Rebellion" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol.62.1 (digital image). Siam Heritage Trust: 2–9. Archived from the original (free) on July 13, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2013. Furthest afield were Vientiane and Bassac....
  20. ^ Newbury, C. W. (1959). "A Note on the Abomey Protectorate". Africa. 29 (2): 146–155. doi:10.2307/1157517. JSTOR 1157517. S2CID 145105979.
  21. ^ Garbou, Henri (1912). "La région du Tchad et du Oudaï; études ethnographiques, dialecte Toubou". Bulletin de Correspondence Africaine. XLVII1.
  22. ^ Jansen, Marius; Hall, John Whitney; Kanai, Madoka; Twitchett, Denis (1989). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22352-0. One can date the 'restoration' of imperial rule from the edict of January 3, 1868.
  23. ^ Mathews, George D. (December 31, 1884). Alliance of the Reformed Churches Holding the Presbyterian System: Minutes and Proceedings of the Third General Council : Belfast 1884. Assembly's office – via Google Books. Republic of Orange Free State
  24. ^ Kerr, Robert Pollok (December 31, 1888). The People's History of Presbyterianism in All Ages. Presbyterian Committee of Publication – via Google Books.
  25. ^ Churches, World alliance of reformed (December 31, 1884). Report of proceedings [afterw.] Minutes and proceedings [afterw.] Proceedings of the first (-fifteenth) General Presbyterian council [afterw.] general council of the Presbyterian alliance [afterw.] Alliance of the reformed Churches holding the Presbyterian system – via Google Books. Republic of Orange Free State
  26. ^ Royal Blue Book: Fashionable Directory and Parliamentary Guide. December 31, 1899 – via Google Books. Republic of Orange Free State
  27. ^ The Gospel in All Lands. proprietor. December 31, 1895 – via Google Books. Republic of Orange Free State
  28. ^ The country had a provisional government beginning in 1868.
  29. ^ Smith, William Russell (1861). The History and Debates of the Convention of the People of Alabama, Begun and Held in the City of Montgomery, on the Seventh Day of January 1861: In which is Preserved the Speeches of the Secret Sessions and Many Valuable State Papers. White, Pfister & Company – via Google Books. Republic of Alabama
  30. ^ Virginia (1861). Annual Reports of Officers, Boards and Institutions of the Commonwealth of Virginia – via Google Books. Republic of Alabama
  31. ^ Journal of the House of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky... State Journal Company. 1861 – via Google Books. Republic of Alabama
  32. ^ Congress, United States (1858). The Congressional Globe. Blair & Rives – via Google Books. Republic of Alabama
  33. ^ Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton. 1864 – via Google Books. Republic of Louisiana
  34. ^ Congress, United States (1859). Abridgment of the Debates of Congress, from 1789 to 1856. D. Appleton – via Google Books. Republic of Louisiana
  35. ^ Lossing, Benson John (1866). Origins of rebellion to the Battle of Bull's Run. G. W. Childs – via Google Books. Republic of Louisiana
  36. ^ The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year. 1864 – via Google Books. Republic of Louisiana
  37. ^ The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year. D. Appleton and Company. 1868 – via Google Books. Republic of South Carolina
  38. ^ Appletons' Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton. 1870 – via Google Books. Republic of South Carolina
  39. ^ Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton. 1864 – via Google Books. Republic of South Carolina
  40. ^ The American Annual Cyclopædia and Register of Important Events ...: Embracing Political, Civil, Military, and Social Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton. 1863 – via Google Books. Republic of South Carolina
  41. ^ The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Civil, Military, and Social Affairs: Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton & Company. 1870 – via Google Books. Republic of South Carolina
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