Numidia was an ancient Berber kingdom located in the region of North Africa that today comprises Algeria and parts of today Tunisia, Libya and Morocco. The kingdom existed from the 3rd to the 1st century BC. Rome established it as a client kingdom after the Second Punic War and annexed it, first in 46 BC and again in 25 BC after a brief period of restored independence under King Juba II (30 BC–25 BC).
List of kings
editKings of the Massylii (Eastern Numidia)
editThe last ruler of the Massylii conquered the Masaesyli and created the unified Numidian kingdom.
| Name | Reign | Notes | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Atlas | 12th Century BC | King of Libya [1][2][3] |  |
| Iarbas | 9th Century BC | King that welcomed Queen dido of Carthage and allowed establishment of the city of carthage |  |
| Madghis | 4th Century BC | King of Numidia of which the mosoleum of Medghacen was named after [4][5] |  |
| Zelalsen | 3rd early Century BC | Unknown, possibly shuphet[6] | |
| Gala | late 3rd Century BC | father of Massinissa ,died 207 BCE[7] | |
| Ozalces | 207-206 BCE | Took over the throne of Gala after his death. | |
| Capussa | 206–206 BCE[8] | Took over Numidia in a coup d'état against Ozalces |  |
| Lacumazes | 206–206 BCE | Took over Numidia in a coup d'état against Capussa | |
| Masinissa | 206–148 BCE [9] | Unifier of Numidia, He Unified Massylia and Masaessylia, his kingdom starts east from the Emporia in Libya and ended west on the shores of the atlantic. |  |
Kings of the Masaesyli (Western Numidia)
editKings of Numidia
edit
The three sons of Massinissa originally shared the kingdom, dividing responsibility. Micipsa later tried the same thing with his three heirs, but the result was a civil war. The Roman Republic defeated Numidia during the Jugurthine War. Gauda thus succeeded to a reduced Numidian kingdom. He divided the kingdom geographically between his two sons, establishing two different lines of Numidian kings. They were briefly displaced by a certain Hiarbas, but Roman intervention restored them.
- Massinissa I (202–148)
- Micipsa (148–118), son of Massinissa
- Gulussa (148–145), son of Massinissa
- Mastanabal (148–14?), son of Massinissa
- Hiempsal I (118–117), son of Micipsa
- Adherbal (118–112), son of Micipsa
- Jugurtha (118–105), son of Mastanabal
- Gauda (105–88), son of Mastanabal
- Hiarbas (??–81)
Eastern Numidia
editThis was the main Numidian kingdom after 81.
- Hiempsal II (88–60), son of Gauda
- Juba I (60–46), son of Hiempsal II
Annexed to Rome as province Africa Nova (46–30).
- Juba II (30–25), son of Juba I
Annexed to Rome as province Africa Proconsularis (25 BCE - 193 CE).
Western Numidia
editThis was a much smaller chiefdom than Eastern Numidia
- Masteabar (88–81)
- Massinissa II (81–46)
- Sittius (46–44), a Roman mercenary leader
- Arabio (44–40)
Annexed to Rome as part of province Africa Nova (40–30).
- Juba II (30–25), son of Juba I
Annexed to the Kingdom of Mauretania (25 BCE - 40 CE).
References
editThis article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2021) |
- ^ Rabasa, José (1993). Inventing America: Spanish Historiography and the Formation of Eurocentrism. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2539-8.
- ^ Graves, Robert (1992). The Greek myths. London New York: Penguin Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-14-017199-0.
Atlas was believed to be a king of Libya
- ^ "Atlas | Titan, Mount Olympus & Constellations | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-09-08.
The ancient mythological tradition often portrays Atlas as the ruler of a distant kingdom located in North Africa
- ^ Khelifa, A. (2010-12-29). "Madghis ou Madghès". Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (30): 4482–4483. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.404. ISSN 1015-7344.
- ^ Gautier, Émile Félix (1952). Le passé de l'Afrique du Nord: les siècles obscurs (in French). Payot.
- ^ Koch, John T. (2013). Tartessian: Celtic in the South-west at the Dawn of History. Celtic Studies Publications. p. 218. ISBN 9781891271199.
- ^ Mark, Joshua J. (27 February 2018). "The Masaesyli and Massylii of Numidia". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
- ^ Walsh, P. G. (1965). "Massinissa". The Journal of Roman Studies. 55 (1/2): 149–160. doi:10.2307/297437. JSTOR 297437.
- ^ Oyeniyi, Bukola A. (22 March 2019). "Traders, Merchants, and Invaders". The History of Libya. ABC-CLIO. p. 25. ISBN 9781440856075.
- ^ Warden, Michael (2019). Remember To Rule. Book Four. Personalities of the Republic. Lulu.com. p. 217. ISBN 9780244777333.
- ^ Astin, A. E.; Walbank, F. W.; Frederiksen, M. W.; Ogilvie, R. M. (1970). "Rome and Chartage". The Cambridge Ancient History. Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 143. ISBN 9780521234481.
- ^ Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archélologique de la Province de Constantine (in French). Vol. 7. Bibliothèque nationale de France. 1863.