By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, the Canadian monarchy operates in Newfoundland and Labrador as the core of the province's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy.[1] As such, the Crown within Newfoundland and Labrador's jurisdiction is referred to as the Crown in Right of Newfoundland and Labrador,[2] His Majesty in Right of Newfoundland and Labrador,[3] or the King in Right of Newfoundland and Labrador.[4] The Constitution Act, 1867, however, leaves many royal duties in the province specifically assigned to the sovereign's viceroy, the lieutenant governor of Newfoundland and Labrador,[1] whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy.[5]
| King in Right of Newfoundland and Labrador | |
|---|---|
Provincial | |
 | |
| Incumbent | |
 | |
| Charles III King in Right of Newfoundland and Labrador since 8 September 2022 | |
| Details | |
| Style | His Majesty |
| First monarch | George VI |
| Formation | 31 March 1949 |
Constitutional role
editThe role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions in Newfoundland and Labrador in the same way it does in all of Canada's other provinces, being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole.[6] It is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the province's government.[7] The Canadian monarch—since 8 September 2022, King Charles III—is represented and his duties carried out by the lieutenant governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected parliamentarians, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from among them, and the judges and justices of the peace.[5] The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power.[5][8][9]
This arrangement began with the granting in 1949 of royal assent to the Newfoundland Act[10] and continued an unbroken line of monarchical government extending back to the late 15th century. However, though it has a separate government headed by the King, as a province, Newfoundland and Labrador is not itself a kingdom.[11]
Government House in St. John's is owned by the sovereign in his capacity as King in Right of Newfoundland and Labrador and is used as an official residence by the lieutenant governor, and the sovereign when in Newfoundland and Labrador.[citation needed]
Royal associations
edit
Those in the royal family perform ceremonial duties when on a tour of the province; the royal persons do not receive any personal income for their service, only the costs associated with the exercise of these obligations are funded by both the Canadian and Newfoundland and Labrador Crowns in their respective councils.[12] Monuments around Newfoundland and Labrador mark some of those visits, while others honour a royal personage or event. Further, Newfoundland and Labrador's monarchical status is illustrated by royal names applied regions, communities, schools, and buildings, many of which may also have a specific history with a member or members of the royal family. Associations also exist between the Crown and many private organizations within the province; these may have been founded by a royal charter, received a royal prefix, and/or been honoured with the patronage of a member of the royal family. Examples include the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary, which received its royal prefix from Queen Elizabeth II in 1979, and the Royal St. John's Regatta, which had the Queen as its patron and received its royal prefix from her in 1993.
The main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign himself, his image (in portrait or effigy) thus being used to signify government authority.[13] A royal cypher or crown may also illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, without referring to any specific monarch. Further, though the monarch does not form a part of the constitutions of Newfoundland and Labrador's honours, they do stem from the Crown as the fount of honour and, so, bear on the insignia symbols of the sovereign.
History
editEstablishment of the Crown in Newfoundland
edit
By commission under the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed the island of Newfoundland on 5 August 1583. By the mid-1660s, however, the French Crown had also laid claim to nearly half of the same area. Disputes over the island were ended as the French kings ceded Terre Neuve to the British Crown via the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 and later the Treaty of Paris in 1763, in-between which, in 1729, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was established.
In 1615, Richard Whitbourne was sent to Newfoundland to oversee the fisheries and wrote A Discourse and Discovery of Newfoundland to induce Englishmen to settle the island. King James VI and I approved of the book so highly that he ordered copies sent to every parish in England.[14]
David Kirke, an adventurer, privateer, and friend of King Charles I, was installed by the King as proprietary governor in 1638, also granting Kirke a coat of arms, which, in a twist of fate, are today the arms of King Charles III in Right of Newfoundland and Labrador.[15] The year prior, Kirke and his partners had also been given, by way of a royal charter from Charles, co-proprietorship of the entire island.[15]
When the English Civil War between the King and parliament in England ended in 1651 with Charles I's execution, Kirke lost the protection of the Crown and Newfoundland was taken by the Commonwealth of England, headed by Oliver Cromwell. Kirke died in prison in 1654, awaiting trial over his title to the lands around Ferryland.[16] John Treworgie thereafter served as governor of Newfoundland until the restoration of the English monarchy in 1660.[17] The Lord Baltimore was granted the Avalon Peninsula by royal patent from King Charles II, but never took up residence. Lady Kirke, the wife of David's brother, Sir Lewis Kirke, petitioned the King to make David's son, George Kirke, the governor of Newfoundland; an arrangement that had been suggested by Newfoundlanders. But, Charles demurred from appointing a resident governor.[16]
Royalty in the colony
edit
As an officer in the Royal Navy, in command of HMS Pegasus, Prince William Henry (later King William IV) was the first member of the royal family to visit the Newfoundland Colony, arriving on 10 April 1786.[18] His first impressions of the land were not positive: he stated of St John's, "truly deplorable [...] a most dreadful, inhospitable, and barren country"; though, he later changed his opinion after meeting the local women, commenting on the region's "inexhaustible supply of women of the most obliging kind."[19]
While in Newfoundland, William found himself involved in civil affairs, in addition to naval ones, as there were no permanent civil authorities on the island and the Prince was the senior naval officer in the colony.[20] As such, the Prince broke up a riot in Placentia, presided over a court, and commissioned the construction of St. Luke's Anglican Church in Newtown,[21] toward which he contributed his own money, as well as a silver communion set, consisting of a chalice, paten, plate, and flagon, all of which are still in the church's possession.[20] On 21 August 1786, he celebrated his 21st birthday on his ship in the waters off Newfoundland.[22] William wrote to his father, King George III,
"During the last fortnight of our stay at Placentia, I read divine service in the courthouse for an example to the magistrates to perform that duty every Sunday 'til the arrival of the missionary from England. I twice led prayers and my congregation consisted of all the Protestants and many of the Catholicks [sic]."[20]
Thirty-five years after the colony's status was elevated to that of a province of the Crown, Queen Victoria's eldest son and the grand-nephew of King William IV, Prince Albert Edward (the future King Edward VII) arrived at Newfoundland on 24 July 1860, aboard HMS Hero,[23] receiving the standard welcome from Governor Alexander Bannerman, in the form of an official address,[23] followed by a reply from the Prince. In the evening, there was a formal ball held in Albert Edward's honour.[23] While on the island, the Prince took in the St. John's Regatta, offering £100 to the winner,[24] and was gifted a Newfoundland dog, on behalf of Newfoundlanders.[23][25]
The early 20th century
editPrince George (later King George V) and Princess Mary (later Queen Mary), with Mary's brother, Prince Alexander (later a governor general of Canada), visited Newfoundland in 1901 (George's second visit to the island[26]), arriving at St. John's on 25 October, aboard HMS Ophir, escorted by HMS Crescent, HMS Niobe, HMS Proserpine, and HMS Diadem. The ships were greeted by a flotilla of thousands of decorated vessels; of the arrival, M. Harvey wrote, "from that moment until the departure of the Ophir, it was one continuous carnival." This was the royal party's last port on an eight month long tour of the British Empire and immediately followed a coast-to-coast-and-back-again tour of Canada.[27]
The Prince and Princess' first event in Newfoundland was hosting a formal dinner for Governor Cavendish Boyle and his cabinet on board Ophir. The following morning, the royal party landed and toured St. John's by carriage, stopping at Government House, to meet again with the Governor and his ministers; the then-new courthouse,[28] where the Duke laid the cornerstone;[29] and the Prince's Rink, to hear 6,000 schoolchildren sing a specially-composed anthem.[30] There, echoing the visit of George's father, King Edward VII, in 1860, the royal couple were given a nine-month old Newfoundland dog named Bouncer, to pass on to their then-seven year old son, Prince Edward (later King Edward VIII).[31][32] The Duke and Duchess then returned to Government House for a reception in the throne room.[31]
Following the Imperial Conference in 1907, at which it was resolved to confer dominion status on all self-governing colonies in attendance,[33] King Edward VII, on the advice of his imperial Privy Council in London, made Newfoundland a Dominion of the British Empire. Seven years later, the country, with the United Kingdom's declaration of war on Germany, entered the First World War and, in recognition for its service with distinction in several battles, the 1st Newfoundland Regiment was granted the prefix royal from the King, becoming the Royal Newfoundland Regiment[34]
George and Mary's other son, Prince Albert (later King George VI), arrived in Newfoundland in 1913, while serving as a midshipman aboard the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Cumberland,[35] spending some leisure time salmon fishing.[36] His uncle, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, visited the island the following year, while he was serving as governor general of Canada.[37]
Prince Edward visited Topsail on 5 August 1919,[38][39] aboard HMS Renown, which anchored in Conception Bay because the ship had been deemed too large to turn around in St. John's Harbour.[40] When he stepped ashore, the Prince received "not a second glance from the locals, who [had] no idea who he [was]".[40] After a few hours touring the town,[39] Edward travelled on to St John's for formal events[40] and took in a race at the Royal St. John's Regatta.[41] The Prince departed Newfoundland for Canada on HMS Dauntless.[40]
After the Balfour Declaration of 1926 established that the Dominions were "autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs",[42] Newfoundland gave its assent to the enactment of Statute of Westminster 1931.[43] With that, the monarchy in Newfoundland ceased to be an exclusively British institution and became a Newfounlandian, or "domesticated", establishment, the sovereign's role as monarch of Newfoundland becoming distinct from his position as monarch of any other realm and only Newfoundlandian ministers of the Crown, thereafter, being able to advise the sovereign on any and all matters of the Newfoundland state. However, only three years later, the country suspended its legislature[44] and self-governing status and the Commission of Government took control,[45] putting Newfoundland under the authority of a governor who reported to the British Cabinet that adivised the monarch of the UK.[44] This left Newfoundland as a dominion in name only.[45]
King George VI and Queen Elizabeth visited Newfoundland on 17 June 1939 and,[46] accompanied by Governor Sir Humphrey Walwyn, undertook an hour-long drive from Conception Bay to St. John's and attended a garden party and other official events.[47] The city's population of 50,000 doubled, as visitors came in to see the royal couple; though, a "lack of cheering and of visible enthusiasm” in the crowd was noted; the country remained downtrodden and demoralized after the loss of self-government and the Great Depression.[48] Still, to bid the King and Queen farewell, the residents of St John's built a large bonfire on Signal Hill, visible to the monarch and his consort as they sailed away on the Canadian Pacific liner RMS Empress of Britain.[49]
Confederation
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Following two referenda in 1948, the island joined Canadian Confederation the next year, making it the only province to do so by authority of the Canadian monarch.
Since Confederation, there have been a number of royal visits to the province. Some notable visits have included Princess Mary, Princess Royal, marking in 1964 the 50th anniversary of the departure of the first contingent of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment from St. John's to the battlefields of the First World War; Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, along with his wife Diana, Princess of Wales, visiting Newfoundland in 1983 to mark the 400th anniversary of the island becoming an English, and later British, colony;[50] and, during her 1997 tour of Canada, Queen Elizabeth II, along with her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, travelling to Bonavista to see the arrival of the Matthew, as part of the re-enactment of John Cabot's arrival on the island 500 years before.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Victoria (29 March 1867), Constitution Act, 1867, III.9, V.58, Westminster: Queen's Printer, retrieved 15 January 2009
- ^ Elizabeth II (4 June 2004), Loan Guarantee Act, 1957, 4.1, Saint John's: Queen's Printer for Newfoundland and Labrador, retrieved 12 July 2009
- ^ Elizabeth II (28 February 2009), Copper-in-Concentrate Exemption Order, 2009, 2.b, Saint John's: Queen's Printer for Newfoundland and Labrador, retrieved 12 July 2009
- ^ Elizabeth II, Land Claims Agreement Between the Inuit of Labrador and Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Newfoundland and Labrador and Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada (PDF), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 1, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2010, retrieved 12 July 2009
- ^ a b c MacLeod, Kevin S. (2008). A Crown of Maples (PDF) (1 ed.). Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-662-46012-1. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
- ^ Cox, Noel (September 2002). "Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence". Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law. 9 (3). Perth: Murdoch University: 12. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
- ^ Privy Council Office (2008), Accountable Government: A Guide for Ministers and Ministers of State – 2008, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 49, ISBN 978-1-100-11096-7, archived from the original on 24 September 2009, retrieved 17 May 2009
- ^ Roberts, Edward (2009). "Ensuring Constitutional Wisdom During Unconventional Times" (PDF). Canadian Parliamentary Review. 23 (1). Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association: 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
- ^ MacLeod 2008, p. 20
- ^ George VI (23 March 1949), Newfoundland Act, 8.1, Ottawa: King's Printer for Canada, retrieved 16 June 2009
- ^ Forsey, Eugene (31 December 1974), "Crown and Cabinet", in Forsey, Eugene (ed.), Freedom and Order: Collected Essays, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Ltd., ISBN 978-0-7710-9773-7
- ^ Palmer, Sean; Aimers, John (2002), The Cost of Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: $1.10 per Canadian (2 ed.), Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada, archived from the original on 19 June 2008, retrieved 15 May 2009
- ^ MacKinnon, Frank (1976), The Crown in Canada, Calgary: Glenbow-Alberta Institute, p. 69, ISBN 978-0-7712-1016-7
- ^ McGrath, P.T. (1911), Newfoundland in 1911, London: Whitehead, Morris, & Co., p. 42, retrieved 1 March 2024
- ^ a b The Arms, Seals, and Emblems of Newfoundland and Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage, retrieved 18 October 2019
- ^ a b Moir, John S. (1979) [1966]. "Kirke, Sir David". In Brown, George Williams (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- ^ Cell, Gillian T. (1979) [1966]. "Treworgie, John". In Brown, George Williams (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- ^ Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Garry (2010). Royal Tours 1786-2010: Home to Canada. Dundurn Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4597-1165-5.
- ^ Hall, Trevor. "Canada: A History of Royal Visits for Canada since 1786". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2007-09-13. Retrieved 8 May 2007.
- ^ a b c Bousfield & Toffoli 2010, p. 26
- ^ "At Home in Canada": Royalty at Canada's Historic Places, Canad's Historic Places, retrieved 30 April 2023
- ^ Department of Canadian Heritage. "Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The Canadian Monarchy > The Royal Presence in Canada > A Historical Overview". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
- ^ a b c d Bousfield & Toffoli 2010, p. 44
- ^ Marsh, James H. (4 March 2015), "Royal St John's Regatta", The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, retrieved 11 March 2024
- ^ Department of Canadian Heritage, Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The Canadian Monarchy > The Royal Presence in Canada > A Historical Overview, Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from the original on 4 July 2007, retrieved 14 July 2008
- ^ McGrath 1911, p. 5
- ^ Harvey, M (1902), Newfoundland at the beginning of the 20th Century, New York: The South Publishing Co., pp. 51–52, retrieved 10 March 2024
- ^ Harvey 1902, p. 55
- ^ St. John's—History of the Court, Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador, retrieved 17 February 2019
- ^ Harvey 1902, p. 57
- ^ a b Harvey 1902, p. 59
- ^ Bousfield & Toffoli 2010, p. 75
- ^ Minutes of Proceedings of the Colonial Conference, 1907, Cd. 3523, London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1907, p. v
- ^ First World War and the Economy, Heritage Newfoundland and Labrador, retrieved 11 March 2024
- ^ Bousfield & Toffoli 2010, p. 107
- ^ Harris, Carolyn (13 September 2022), "King George VI", The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, retrieved 12 March 2024
- ^ Bousfield & Toffoli 2010, p. 86
- ^ Newton, Wilfrid Douglas (1920). Westward with the Prince of Wales. New York: Appleton. p. 372. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
- ^ a b "Prince of Wales Reaches Newfoundland", The Barrier Miner, 14 August 1919, retrieved 11 March 2024
- ^ a b c d Sweet, Barb (30 December 2019), That time a prince visited Topsail, unnoticed, Saltwire, retrieved 11 March 2024
- ^ Fitzgerald, Jack (11 July 2012), "Recalling accidents of past regattas", The Telegraph, retrieved 11 March 2024 – via PressReader
- ^ Inter-Imperial Rlations Committee (November 1926), Rport, Proceedings, and Memoranda (PDF), King's Printer, retrieved 10 March 2024
- ^ Address to the King, SN 1931, c. 1
- ^ a b Neary, Peter (1988). Newfoundland in the North Atlantic World, 1929–1949. Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-6180-9.
- ^ a b Webb, Jeff A. (January 2003), The Commission of Government, 1934–1949, Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage, retrieved 10 August 2007
- ^ Royal Collection Trust, Their Majesties' visit to Canada, the United States, and Newfoundland: a chronological record of the speeches and broadcast addresses delivered by Their Majesties King George VI and Queen Elizabeth during their tour ... May 17-June 17, 1939, Royal Collection Trust, retrieved 10 March 2024
- ^ CBC Radio (15 May 2014), The Royal Tour of 1939, CBC, retrieved 12 March 2024
- ^ Neary, Peter, The History of Newfoundland and Labrador During the Second World War, Canadian War Museum, retrieved 12 March 2024
- ^ "Society > The Monarchy > A fond farewell". CBC. 15 June 1939. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
- ^ "1983: Charles and Diana charm Newfoundlanders". CBC. 23 June 1983. Retrieved 11 April 2021.