Wikipedia

Women's boxing

(Redirected from Female boxer)

Although women have participated in boxing for almost as long as the sport has existed, female fights have been effectively outlawed for most of boxing's history until recently, with athletic commissioners refusing to sanction or issue licenses to women boxers, and most nations officially banning the sport.[1][2][3] Reports of women entering the ring go back to the 18th century.[4]

Boxing
Anne-Sophie Da Costa and Tina Rupprecht boxing, 2017
Also known asPugilism
FocusPunching, Striking
Olympic sportYes, as of the 2012 Olympics

Historical overview

edit
 
Bennett sisters boxing, c.1910–1915
 
Louise Adler, female lightweight world boxing champion of the 1920s, training for her title defense

One of the earliest mentions of women's boxing is in the travelogue of a German man who visited London in 1710. While taking in a men's boxing match, he met a woman in the audience who claimed to have previously boxed another woman in the same venue.[5]

One of the earliest known women's boxing matches to have been advertised in print was in London between Elizabeth Wilkinson and Hannah Hyfield in 1722. Billing herself as the "European Championess", Wilkinson and her husband would also fight other mixed couples as a pair, with Wilkinson fighting the other woman, and her husband fighting the other man. In those days, the rules of boxing allowed kicking, gouging and other methods of attack not part of today's arsenal.[6]

Women's boxing first appeared in the Olympic Games as a demonstration sport in 1904, in St. Louis.[7]

During the 1920s, Professor Andrew Newton formed a Women's Boxing Club in London.[8] However women's boxing was hugely controversial. In early 1926, Shoreditch borough council banned an arranged exhibition match between boxers Annie Newton and Madge Baker, a student of Digger Stanley.[9][10][11] An attempt to hold the match in nearby Hackney instead was defeated by a campaign led by the Mayor of Hackney, who wrote, "I regard this proposed exhibition of women boxers as a gratification of the sensual ideals of a crowd of vulgar men."[11] The Home Secretary Sir William Joynson-Hicks was among those opposing the match, claiming "the Legislature never imagined that such a disgraceful exhibition would have been staged in this country."[9] The story was reported across the country[12] and even internationally.[13]

In 1988 the Swedish Amateur Boxing Association sanctioned events for women.[14]

In 1997 the British Amateur Boxing Association sanctioned its first boxing competition for women. The first event was meant to be between two thirteen-year-olds, but one of the boxers dropped out because of hostile media attention. A month later, an event was held between two sixteen-year-olds.[14]

The British Boxing Board of Control refused to issue licenses to women until they issued one to Jane Couch in 1998.[15] By the end of the century, however, they had issued five such licenses. The first sanctioned professional bout between women in the U.K. was in November 1998 at Streatham in London, between Jane Couch and Simona Lukic. Couch won.[16][17]

 
Renata Cristina Dos Santos Ferreira punches Adriana Salles, São Paulo, Brazil (2006)

The International Boxing Association (amateur) accepted new rules for women's boxing at the end of the 20th century and approved the first European Cup for Women in 1999 and the first World Championship for women in 2001.[18] In October 2001 the first women's world amateur boxing championships,[19] called the 2001 Women's World Amateur Boxing Championships, were held in Scranton, in the United States.[20]

 
Lucia Rijker and Jane Couch boxing, 2003

Women's boxing was not featured at the 2008 Olympics; however, on 14 August 2009, it was announced that the International Olympic Committee's Executive Board (EB) had approved the inclusion of women's boxing for the Games in London in the 2012 Olympics,[21][22][23] contrary to the expectations of some observers. Around these (2009) hearings, in conjunction with AIBA (International Boxing Association), the International Olympic Committee agreed to include three additional women's weight classes to the 2012 London Olympic Games. A new "gender-appropriate" women's boxing uniform was being created at the time, which would have required women (under AIBA rules) to wear skirts during competition. The issue was widely ignored by the public until amateur boxer and London student Elizabeth Plank brought the issue to light. She created a petition at Change.com to end the gender-based mandatory uniforms.[24] It was eventually decided (before the 2012 Olympics) to give women boxers the option of wearing shorts or a skirt.[25]

Women were allowed to competitively box for the first time at the Olympics during the 2012 Summer Olympics, in London, producing the world's first 12 female Olympic medalist boxers.[26][27][28][29] Nicola Adams of Great Britain won the world's first Olympic women's boxing gold medal.[30]

On 14 September 2014, after defeating Croatian Ivana Habazin, Cecilia Brækhus became the first Norwegian and the first woman to hold all major world championship belts in her weight division (welterweight) in boxing history.[31]

In 2015 the World Boxing Federation unified various women's titles to have one title holder.[32]

In 2024, Cindy Ngamba became the first boxer chosen for the Refugee Olympic Team;[33] later that year she became the first medalist for the Refugee Olympic Team at the Olympics, having won bronze in women’s 75 kg boxing at the 2024 Summer Olympics.[34][35][36]

Argentina

edit

In Argentina, women's boxing has experienced a notable rise in popularity, due in part to the presence of boxers such as Alejandra Oliveras, Marcela Acuna, Yesica Bopp and Erica Farias.[37]

Australia

edit
Main article: Women's boxing in Australia

While not being urged to avoid competition, women had few opportunities to compete in sport in Australia until the 1880s. After that date, new sporting facilities were being built around the country and many new sport clubs were created.[38] Boxing classes were being offered to women in Australia by 1892, at locations such as the Brisbane Gymnasium on Turbot Street, close to the city's railway station.[39] While classes may have been offered for women, serious training was not permitted for women by the 1900s and women were banned from pursuing the sport in a competitive way. Women were also barred from attending boxing matches.[40] New South Wales banned women's boxing from 1986 to 2009.[41] Women's boxing was resumed in NSW with an exhibition fight between Kaye Scott and Ramona Stephenson in October 2009.[42] Women's boxing was legalized in Queensland in 2000.[43]

In 2002, Desi Kontos of South Australia became the first Australian woman to represent the country at the boxing world championships.[44]

Naomi Fischer-Rasmussen was the first female boxer to represent Australia at the Olympics when she competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics.[45][46]

Caitlin Parker became the first Australian female boxer to win an Olympic medal when she won bronze at the 2024 Summer Olympics.[47][48]

Canada

edit

In 2023, women competed in boxing at the Canada Games for the first time.[49] Talia Birch of Team Quebec and Emily Vigneault of Team Alberta won the first Canada Games gold medals for boxing in their divisions; Birch won in the 52-kg female division and Vigneault won in the 60-kg female division. Those were the only female divisions in boxing in the 2023 Canada Games.[50][51]

China

edit

In 2024, Ruru Yang Sheau-ru became Hong Kong’s first woman professional boxer to win a world title, due to winning the Women’s International Boxing Association super bantamweight belt by defeating Tanwarat Saengiamjit from Thailand. The match was held in Bangkok.[52]

Later that year, Chang Yuan defeated Turkish boxer Hatice Akbaş by 5-0 to win the gold medal in women's 54 kg boxing at the 2024 Summer Olympics, which made Chang the first Chinese female boxer to win a gold medal at any Olympics.[53]

Cuba

edit

In 2022 women became allowed to participate officially in the sport of boxing in Cuba, for the first time since they were banned from doing so during the Revolution of Fidel Castro in 1959.[54][55]

Czech Republic

edit

In 2018 Fabiana Bytyqi became the first female boxer from the Czech Republic to win a major world title, when she defeated Denise Castle to win the vacant WBC atomweight title. The fight took place at the Sportcentrum Sluneta in Ústí nad Labem, on 22 September 2018. She won the fight by unanimous decision, with two judges awarding her a 100–90 scorecard, while the third judge awarded her a 99–91 scorecard.[56][57][58]

Gaza Strip

edit

In 2019 the first female boxing club in the Gaza Strip, the Palestinian Center of Boxing for Women, opened.[59][60]

Ghana

edit

Sarah Lotus Asare, the first female boxing matchmaker licensed under the Ghana Boxing Authority, debuted as a matchmaker on August 26, 2023.[61]

India

edit

Mary Kom of India is a five-time World Amateur Boxing champion. She is the only woman boxer to have won a medal in each one of the six world championships.[62]

Three Indian female boxers, namely, Pinki Jangra, Mary Kom, and Kavita Chahal were placed in the world's top three in AIBA world rankings (1 March 2014) in their respective categories.[63]

Iran

edit

Sadaf Khadem defeated French boxer Anne Chauvin in a boxing match in France on April 14, 2019;[64] this made her the first Iranian woman to be part of an official boxing match.[65][66] However, the Iranian Boxing Federation distanced itself from the match and released a statement reading:

As women's boxing is not a sanctioned sport of the Islamic Republic of Iran Boxing Federation, the organization, training, and participation in this sport is not related to this federation and it is the organizer and participant's responsibilities.[67]

Following the match, Khadem had plans to return to Iran, but lingering rumors of potential arrest warrants kept her in France. Khadem's representative told Reuters that authorities had issued arrest warrants against her. Hossein Soori, the head of Iran's boxing federation, denied Khadem would be arrested, attributing the information to “media linked to Saudi Arabia”.[68]

Ireland

edit

In 1997, Deirdre Gogarty challenged Bonnie Canino for the Women's International Boxing Federation's Women's World Featherweight Championship.[69] Gogarty won, making her the first Irishwoman to win any boxing world title; the fight occurred in the United States.[70]

In February 1999, Deirdre Nelson, from County Antrim, was granted a professional boxing licence by the British Boxing Board of Control, which gave her the right to box anywhere within the European Boxing Union. However, the Boxing Union of Ireland forbid her to box until guidelines on women’s boxing were issued by the European Boxing Union in September 1999. In 2001 Nelson won a sex discrimination case against the Boxing Union of Ireland due to this; she was awarded £1,500 in compensation. The Employment Equality Authority (based in Dublin) stated that the Boxing Union of Ireland had discriminated against Nelson, violating the Employment Equality Act of 1977.[71][72]

In 2001, Irishwoman Katie Taylor[73] won the first officially sanctioned female boxing match in Ireland, at the National Stadium, defeating Alanna Audley from Belfast.[74][75] In 2012, the first year women competed in boxing at the Olympics,[27] Katie Taylor won an Olympic gold medal in boxing; she was the first ever Olympic female lightweight champion.[76][77]

In 2020 and 2024, Kellie Harrington won a gold medal in boxing at the Olympics; this made her the first Irish boxer to win consecutive Olympic gold medals.[78][79]

Mexico

edit

In 1998 Laura Serrano was supposed to fight in Mexico City, but the match was canceled due to a 1947 ban against women boxing in Mexico City.[80][81][82] The ban was eventually ended.[82][83] In 2015 Serrano became the first female Mexican boxer inducted into the International Women's Boxing Hall of Fame.[84]

In 2005 Mexican female boxer Jackie Nava became the first woman to win a female world title fight sanctioned by the WBC.[85][86][81][87][88]

Norway

edit

On September 14 2014, after defeating Croatian Ivana Habazin, Cecilia Brækhus became the first Norwegian and the first woman to hold all major world championship belts in her weight division (welterweight) in boxing history.[31]

Netherlands

edit

In 2019, Lucia Rijker became one of the first three women boxers (and the first Dutch woman boxer) elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame; 2019 was the first year that women were on the ballot.[89][90]

North Korea

edit

In 2024 Pang Chol-mi became the first Korean woman, and the first North Korean woman, to win any Olympic medal in boxing; she won a bronze medal.[91]

Puerto Rico

edit

In 2017, fighting on the Shawn Porter vs. Andre Berto undercard, Puerto Rican boxer Amanda Serrano dominated Dahiana Santana en route to an eighth-round KO victory to win the vacant World Boxing Organization bantamweight belt, which made her the first female boxer to win world titles in five weight divisions.[92][93]

Philippines

edit

Nesthy Petecio won a silver medal in the inaugural women's featherweight event at the 2020 Summer Olympics, making her the first Filipino woman to win an Olympic medal in boxing.[94]

Saudi Arabia

edit

In 2022, Somalian boxer Ramla Ali defeated Dominican boxer Crystal Garcia Nova in the first professional women’s boxing match held in Saudi Arabia.[95][96]

In 2023, Ragad Al-Naimi became the first Saudi female professional boxer, by having her first professional fight; she won against Perpetual Okaidah in a fight held in Diriyah.[97]

In 2024, Skye Nicolson of Australia defeated Raven Chapman of the United Kingdom in what was the first women's world title boxing fight held in Saudi Arabia[98] and the first women’s bout to be on a Riyadh Season show.[99] She won by unanimous decision.[100][101][102]

Somalia

edit

Ramla Ali was the first boxer to win an international gold medal while representing Somalia.[103] Later, in 2021, she competed in the women's featherweight event at the 2020 Summer Olympics. Although she lost her first fight, she became the first boxer ever to represent Somalia on the Olympic stage.[104] In 2022, she defeated Dominican boxer Crystal Garcia Nova in the first professional women's boxing match held in Saudi Arabia.[95][96]

South Korea

edit

In 2024 Im Ae-ji became the first South Korean woman to win any Olympic medal in boxing; she won a bronze medal.[91]

Sweden

edit

In 1988 the Swedish Amateur Boxing Association sanctioned events for women.[14]

United Kingdom

edit

One of the earliest mentions of women's boxing is in the travelogue of a German man who visited London in 1710. While taking in a men's boxing match, he met a woman in the audience who claimed to have previously boxed another woman in the same venue.[5]

One of the earliest known fights to have been advertised in print was in London between Elizabeth Wilkinson and Hannah Hyfield in 1722. Billing herself as the "European Championess", Wilkinson and her husband would also fight other mixed couples as a pair, with Wilkinson fighting the other woman and her husband, the other man. In those days, the rules of boxing allowed kicking, gouging and other methods of attack not part of today's arsenal.[6][105]

During the 1920s, Professor Andrew Newton formed a Women's Boxing Club in London.[8] However women's boxing was hugely controversial. In early 1926, Shoreditch borough council banned an arranged exhibition match between boxers Annie Newton and Madge Baker, a student of Digger Stanley.[9][10][11] An attempt to hold the match in nearby Hackney instead was defeated by a campaign led by the Mayor of Hackney, who wrote, "I regard this proposed exhibition of women boxers as a gratification of the sensual ideals of a crowd of vulgar men."[11] The Home Secretary Sir William Joynson-Hicks was among those opposing the match, claiming "the Legislature never imagined that such a disgraceful exhibition would have been staged in this country."[9] The story was reported across the country[12] and even internationally.[13]

In 1997 the British Amateur Boxing Association sanctioned its first boxing competition for women. The first event was meant to be between two thirteen-year-olds, but one of the boxers dropped out because of hostile media attention. A month later, an event was held between two sixteen-year-olds.[14]

Jane Couch became the first licensed female boxer in the United Kingdom in 1998.[106] The British Boxing Board of Control initially refused to grant Couch a professional licence on the sole ground that she was a woman, and argued that PMS made women too unstable to box.[15][107] Claiming sexual discrimination and supported by the Equal Opportunities Commission, Couch managed to have this decision overturned by a tribunal in March 1998.[108][109] However, some criticism followed; the British Medical Association called this result "a demented extension of equal opportunities".[110] The first sanctioned professional boxing match between women in the U.K. was in November 1998 at Streatham in London, between Couch and Simona Lukic. Couch won.[16][17]

In 2001, Nicola Adams became the first woman boxer ever to represent England, which she did in a fight against an Irish boxer.[111] In 2007 she became the first English female boxer to win a medal in a major boxing tournament, taking silver in the European Championships.[112] In 2008 she won a silver medal that was Britain’s first women’s world championship medal in women’s boxing.[113]

In 2009 Natasha Jonas became the first female boxer to compete for GB Boxing.[114]

Women were allowed to competitively box for the first time at the Olympics during the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, producing the world's first 12 female Olympic medalist boxers.[26][27][28][29] Representing Great Britain, Nicola Adams won the world’s first Olympic women's boxing gold medal.[30] This win also made her the first openly LGBT person to win an Olympic boxing gold medal.[115]

At the 2014 Commonwealth Games, Lauren Price became the first Welsh woman to win a boxing medal in the Commonwealth Games, winning a bronze.[116][117][118]

In 2019 English boxer Barbara Buttrick became one of the first three women boxers (and the first English woman boxer) elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame; 2019 was the first year that women were on the ballot.[89][90]

In 2021, Lauren Price became the first Welsh boxer of any gender to win an Olympic gold medal.[119][120]

In 2022 two female boxers headlined at a major venue in the United Kingdom for the first time, which occurred at the O2 Arena. That fight was a title unification bout between Claressa Shields and Savannah Marshall. Shields won via unanimous decision with two judges scoring the fight 97–93 and one scoring it 96–94, all in favor of Shields to become the undisputed middleweight world champion.[121][122][123][124] As well, the fight headlined the first all-female boxing card in the United Kingdom.[125] Later in the year, Chantelle Cameron defeated Jessica McCaskill in a match held in Abu Dhabi, making Cameron the undisputed world light-welterweight champion and the United Kingdom's first undisputed female boxing world champion.[126][127]

Natasha Jonas won the British Boxing Board of Control’s 2022 British Boxer of the Year award, which made her the first woman to win the British Boxing Board of Control's British Boxer of the Year Award.[128]

On 6 May 2023, Lauren Price won the first British women's title fight in professional boxing history, becoming the first female British welterweight champion and the first woman to receive a Lonsdale Belt, by defeating Kirstie Bavington by unanimous points victory.[129][130][131]

In October 2023, Natasha Jonas became the first black woman to receive a manager's license from the British Boxing Board of Control.[132][133]

On 14 March 2024 it was announced that Lauren Price would challenge Jessica McCaskill for her WBA, IBO, and Ring female welterweight World titles on 11 May 2024 in Cardiff, Wales.[134][135] Price won the contest by unanimous technical decision after an accidental clash of heads that took place in the fifth round caused an injury to McCaskill's eye and she was ruled unable to continue at the start of round nine. This win made Price Wales’ first female professional boxing world champion.[136][135]

United States

edit
Main article: Boxing in the United States

In 1876, the first women's boxing match was held in the United States. In this match Nell Saunders defeated Rose Harland. Her prize was a silver butter dish.[137]

Women's boxing first appeared in the Olympic Games as a demonstration sport in 1904, in St. Louis.[7]

In 1954, Barbara Buttrick was part of the first boxing match between two women on American national television.[138][139]

In 1975, Caroline Svendsen became the first woman to receive a boxing license in the United States when she was granted one in Nevada.[139]

Also in 1975, Jackie Tonawanda sued the New York State Athletic Commission (NYSAC) for denying her a boxing license because of her gender.[140] This resulted in the case Garrett v. New York State Athletic Commission (1975) at the New York Supreme Court (Tonawanda was also known as Jacqueline Garrett) which was decided in her favor.[141] However, this did not overturn the law in New York against women boxing.[142] But Cathy Davis sued the New York State Athletic Commission in 1977 because she was denied a boxing license because she was a woman, and the case was decided in her favor later that year, with the judge invalidating New York State rule number 205.15, which stated, “No woman may be licensed as a boxer or second or licensed to compete in any wrestling exhibition with men.”[143][144] In his opinion the judge cited the precedent set by Garrett v. New York State Athletic Commission (1975), which “found the regulation invalid under the equal protection clauses of the State and Federal Constitutions”. The NYSAC filed an appeal of the ruling, but later dropped it.[141][143] In August 1978 Cathy Davis became the first woman to be on the cover of The Ring.[145][146] On September 19, 1978, Davis received the NYSAC's first boxing license given to a female boxer.[147]

In 1976, Pat Pineda became the first female boxer to be licensed in California.[148]

In 1979, a lawsuit made California change its boxing regulations, which had limited women boxers to no more than four rounds.[139][149]

During the 1980s, women's boxing briefly resurfaced in public notice in California due to the twin sisters Dora and Cora Webber. They were world champions. Other women boxers went on hunger strikes to be noticed.[150]

But the boom of women's boxing came during the 1990s, coinciding with the boom in professional women sports leagues such as the WNBA and WUSA, and with boxers such as Stephanie Jaramillo, Delia 'Chikita' Gonzalez, Christy Martin, Laila Ali, Jackie Frazier-Lyde, Bonnie Canino and Sumya Anani, all world champions, jumping into the scene.[151][152][153][154][155]

On 16 April 1992, after eight years in court in Massachusetts, Gail Grandchamp won her battle to become a boxer, as a Massachusetts state Superior Court judge ruled it was illegal to deny someone a chance to box based on gender.[156] During her battle to win the right to box as an amateur, she passed the age of 36, the maximum age for amateur fighters. Even though she knew it would not help her as an amateur, Grandchamp continued her efforts, and eventually did box professionally for a time.[157][158][159][160]

Dallas Malloy was denied an application by USA Boxing due to being female. She sued and U.S. District Judge Barbara Rothstein allowed her to box by granting a preliminary injunction.[161] In October 1993, Malloy defeated Heather Poyner in the United States' first sanctioned amateur boxing match between two female boxers.[162][163] USA Boxing lifted its ban on women's boxing later in 1993.[161][164] When USA Boxing officially recognized women's boxing in 1993, it became the first organization to do so in the world.[165][166]

Also in 1993, Don King, the world-famous boxing promoter, signed American boxer Christy Martin in October,[167][168] making Martin the first female boxer to sign with King.[169][170]

In 1995, the New York Golden Gloves allowed women boxers to compete for the first time.[139][171]

On March 16, 1996, a boxing match took place that is often called the fight that "put women's boxing on the map",[172][173] or "the bout that made women's boxing".[174] It was held in Nevada between American Christy Martin and Irishwoman Deirdre Gogarty. The fight was won by Martin, in a six rounds unanimous decision, and led to her featuring as the first female boxer on the cover of Sports Illustrated on April 15, 1996;[175] the headline read, "The Lady Is a Champ".[176]

In October 2001 the first women's world amateur boxing championships,[19] called the 2001 Women's World Amateur Boxing Championships, were held in Scranton, in the United States.[20]

 
Wikinews has related news:

On April 2, 2005 Becky Zerlentes was participating in the Colorado State Boxing Senior Female Championships at the Denver Coliseum in Denver. She was knocked out in the third round by her opponent, Heather Schmitz, fell unconscious, and died without regaining consciousness. This made Zerlentes the first woman known to have died of injuries sustained during a sanctioned boxing match in the United States. According to the Denver County coroner the cause of death was blunt force trauma to the head.[177][178]

Women were allowed to competitively box for the first time at the Olympics during the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, producing the world's first 12 female Olympic medalist boxers.[26][27][28][29] At those Olympics, Claressa Shields became the first American woman to win a boxing gold medal.[179] As well, Marlen Esparza became the first American woman to qualify for the Olympics in women's boxing when she qualified for those Olympics.[180] She went on to defeat Karlha Magliocco, making her the first American woman winner of an Olympic boxing match,[181] and to win a bronze medal, making her the first American woman winner of any Olympic boxing medal.[182]

In 2014 the International Women's Boxing Hall of Fame, located in America, held its first induction.[183][184]

Claressa Shields won a gold medal in the women's middleweight division at the 2016 Olympics; as she had already won a gold medal (in the same division) at the 2012 Olympics, this made her the first American boxer of any gender to win consecutive Olympic medals.[185]

Also in 2016, Christy Martin became the first female boxer inducted into the Nevada Boxing Hall of Fame.[186][187][188]

American[189] major boxing broadcasting network HBO broadcast its first women's bout, between Norway's Cecilia Brækhus and America's Kali Reis, on May 5, 2018, which Brækhus won.[190][191]

In 2019 American boxer Christy Martin became one of the first three women boxers (and the first American woman boxer) elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame; 2019 was the first year that women were on the ballot.[89][90]

The first women's boxing match to headline Madison Square Garden, described as the 'biggest women's fight of all time',[192] was held on April 30, 2022, between Katie Taylor and Amanda Serrano, with Taylor's undisputed lightweight titles on the line.[193][194] Taylor defeated Serrano by split decision.[195]

In 2023, New York boxer Kathy “Wildcat” Collins became the first female boxer inducted into the New York State Boxing Hall of Fame.[196][197]

Also in 2023, American boxer Claressa Shields became the first woman to win the Best Boxer ESPY Award.[198]

Professional women's boxing has declined in popularity in the United States and struggles to get viewership and sponsorship. Many women boxers have to fight in Mexico or Europe in order to make a good living.[199][200][152][201] The sport has largely been supplanted by Women's MMA, which is increasingly popular in the USA.[152][202][203]

Differences between men and women's boxing rules

edit

Women’s boxing matches are usually ten rounds at most, with two minutes per round, while men's boxing matches are twelve rounds of three minutes each.[204][205] In 2017 the president of the World Boxing Council stated, “The WBC will not sanction any bout for women if rounds are scheduled for 3 minutes, and will not sanction any bout scheduled for 12 rounds.”[206]

As stated by the International Boxing Association Technical Rules and Competition Rules:

– head guards are necessary for female boxers of any age;

– a breast guard is advised for female fighters in addition to a pubic (crotch) guard;

– pregnant sportswomen are not allowed to engage in combat.

British rules require all female boxers to wear 10-ounce gloves, while male boxers are required to wear 8-ounce gloves for all divisions up to welterweight and 10-ounce gloves only above welterweight.[204]

Women's boxing in pop culture

edit

Until the 1990s, movies about female boxers were sparse and marketed as softcore X-rated films in order to cater to the mainstream male gaze. However, throughout the 1990s and 2000s, movies such as Blonde Fist, Shadow Boxers, and Girlfight were released and, according to scholar Camilla Fojas, changed boxing culture.[207]

Women's boxing has also been the topic of some books, for example Leah Hager Cohen's Without Apology: Girls, Women, and the Desire to Fight (2005).[208]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "The Martial Chronicles: Fighting Like a Girl". Bloody Elbow. November 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  2. ^ Jason Rodrigues. "Women boxers to make Olympic history in city that once shunned them | Sport". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  3. ^ Woodward, Kath (28 July 2010). "BBC Sport – Women in boxing over the years". BBC News. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  4. ^ Brown, Sarah (2014). "Against the Ropes". Bitch Magazine. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  5. ^ a b Smith 2014, p. 2
  6. ^ a b Jennings, L. A. (2014). She's a Knockout!: A History of Women in Fighting Sports. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 33–40. ISBN 9781442236448.
  7. ^ a b Conway, Laura. "USOEC welcomes first female boxers".
  8. ^ a b "Formation of the contemporary women's boxing". Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  9. ^ a b c d "WOMEN's BOXING BOUTS ABANDONED Promoter Yields to Public Opinion". Hackney and Kingsland Gazette. 1 February 1926.
  10. ^ a b Norris, H.C. (4 April 1926). "She Wants to FIGHT Jack Dempsey!". Zanesville Times Signal. Zanesville. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  11. ^ a b c d "WOMEN BOXERS Proposed Bouts With Men". Hackney and Kingsland Gazette. 29 January 1926.
  12. ^ a b "WOMEN BOXERS". Western Daily Press. 30 January 1926.
  13. ^ a b Brown, Norman (4 February 1926). "Sports Done Brown". Sarasota Herald Tribune. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  14. ^ a b c d A Gambling Guide. Nicolae Sfetcu. 3 May 2014.
  15. ^ a b "Round one for women's boxing". BBC News. 24 November 1998. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  16. ^ a b "Sport | Women's boxing makes instant impact". BBC News. 25 November 1998. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  17. ^ a b "Boxing: First Night Jane Couch – Women face an even bigger fight". The Independent. 29 November 1998. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  18. ^ "Women's Boxing". Insidethegames.biz. 25 September 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  19. ^ a b Dashper, Katherine; Fletcher, Thomas; Mccullough, Nicola (25 July 2014). Sports Events, Society and Culture. Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 9781134053278 – via Google Books.
  20. ^ a b "Women's boxing is in safe hands with the new generation after fighting its way back from a sordid past". the Independent. 27 March 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  21. ^ Dixon, Rachel. "The rise of women boxers | Life and style". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  22. ^ "Women's Boxing Olympic place a victory 'for justice and equality'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  23. ^ "Olympic News – Official Source of Olympic News". Olympic.org. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  24. ^ Paradis, Elise (24 May 2012). "Boxers, Briefs or Bras? Bodies, Gender and Change in the Boxing Gym". Body & Society. 18 (2): 82–109. doi:10.1177/1357034x12440829. ISSN 1357-034X. S2CID 146627642.
  25. ^ "Boxers not forced to wear skirts". BBC Sport.
  26. ^ a b c "Women's boxing gains Olympic spot". BBC News. 13 August 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  27. ^ a b c d Park, Alice (9 August 2012). "Olympic Women's Boxing Has Its First Champions, and a Generation of Girls Have New Role Models". Time. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  28. ^ a b c Bearak, Barry (5 August 2012). "Women Finally Get Their Chance to Be Contenders in Olympic Boxing". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  29. ^ a b c "Nicola Adams becomes first ever winner of an Olympic women's boxing tournament". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  30. ^ a b "Olympics boxing: Great Britain's Nicola Adams wins historic gold". BBC Sport. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  31. ^ a b Brækhus first woman to unify division Archived 2015-11-23 at the Wayback Machine The Foreigner
  32. ^ "WBF | World Boxing Federation". Worldboxingfederation.net. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  33. ^ "GB-based boxer Ngamba named in Refugee Olympic Team". BBC Sport. 2 May 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  34. ^ "Paris 2024: Cindy Ngamba makes history as first refugee to secure Olympic medal, reaches boxing semi-finals". Olympics. 4 August 2024.
  35. ^ "Bolton boxer Cindy Ngamba secures place in Olympics history despite heartbreak in Paris". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  36. ^ "Cindy Ngamba wins bronze for Refugee Olympic Team's first ever medal". The Independent. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  37. ^ Hernandez, Vladimir (2 July 2011). "Why Argentina is producing women boxing champions". BBC News. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  38. ^ Howell, Max; Howell, Reet; Brown, David W. (1989). The Sporting Image, A pictorial history of Queenslanders at play. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. pg. 84. ISBN 0-7022-2206-2.
  39. ^ Howell, Max; Howell, Reet; Brown, David W. (1989). The Sporting Image, A pictorial history of Queenslanders at play. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. pg. 27. ISBN 0-7022-2206-2.
  40. ^ Howell, Max; Howell, Reet; Brown, David W. (1989). The Sporting Image, A pictorial history of Queenslanders at play. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. pg. 87. ISBN 0-7022-2206-2.
  41. ^ "NSW opens ring for women's boxing". ABC News. 19 December 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  42. ^ "NSW girls boxing premiere". Cornerman Magazine. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  43. ^ "Women boxers fight uphill battle". UQ News Online – The University of Queensland. 3 March 2005. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  44. ^ "Women boxers shape up for equal rights". Herald Sun. 15 July 2008. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  45. ^ "Some days are diamonds for Meares". The Australian. 26 May 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  46. ^ Foreman, Glen (9 June 2012). "Fischer-Rasmussen has had a tough fight to get to London". Perth Now. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  47. ^ "Boxers Caitlin Parker and Charlie Senior both earn bronze medals in rare double for Team Australia at the Paris Olympics". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  48. ^ "Australia's wait for Olympic boxing gold goes on as Parker and Senior secure bronze". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  49. ^ "Female boxers take the ring on P.E.I. for the first time in Canada Games history". Atlantic. 1 March 2023.
  50. ^ "Historic Week for Canadian Female Boxing Wraps Up". www.2023canadagames.ca.
  51. ^ "2023 Canada Winter Games - PEI". cg2023.gems.pro.
  52. ^ "Hong Kong's first woman world champion Yang regrets winning 'only' by decision". South China Morning Post. 31 May 2024.
  53. ^ "Paris 2024 Boxing: All Results, as Chang Yuan claims gold medal in Women's 54KG Weight Class". 8 August 2024.
  54. ^ "Boxing powerhouse Cuba will now let women compete". WFMZ.com.
  55. ^ "Cuba: Women boxers allowed to compete after rule change". 3 January 2023 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  56. ^ "Fabiána Bytyqi je profesionální mistryní světa". ujep.cz. 28 September 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  57. ^ Macháčková, Petra (10 October 2018). "Jakmile vlezu do ringu, přepnu na jiný režim, říká mistryně světa v boxu Fabiana Bytyqi". generace20.cz. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  58. ^ "Fabiana Bytyqi do të luftojë për titull bote". koha.net. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  59. ^ "Inside Gaza's only boxing club for girls". 21 July 2021 – via www.abc.net.au.
  60. ^ "Feature: Challenging gender stereotyping, first female boxing club opens in Gaza-Xinhua". english.news.cn.
  61. ^ "Sarah Lotus Asare: Pioneering Change as Ghana's First Female Boxing Match-Maker".
  62. ^ "Magnificent Mary". I See India. 13 August 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  63. ^ Marar, Nandakumar (6 March 2014). "Five Indian boxers in AIBA top three". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  64. ^ "Iran's first female boxer 'fears arrest'". BBC. 17 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  65. ^ "Iran's first female boxer cancels trip home after arrest warrant issued". ABC News. 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  66. ^ "Iran's Female Boxer Makes History in France". IranWire | خانه. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  67. ^ "واکنش فدراسیون بوکس به مبارزه دختر ایرانی در فرانسه". ایسنا (in Persian). 15 April 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  68. ^ "Boxing: Iranian female fighter cancels return home after arrest..." Reuters. 17 April 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  69. ^ "Irish Woman Wins On Tko - tribunedigital-sunsentinel". Articles.sun-sentinel.com. 19 September 1996. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  70. ^ "Deirdre Gogarty: Meet the world champion who came before Katie Taylor". 17 May 2023 – via www.bbc.com.
  71. ^ "Welterweight Deirdre packs a knockout punch for female boxers". independent. 25 June 2001.
  72. ^ "Woman boxer wins legal fight". The Irish Times.
  73. ^ "Katie Taylor's Journey From Ireland to the Best Women's Fighter Alive – Sports Illustrated". 27 April 2022. Archived from the original on 27 April 2022.
  74. ^ "Maeve Sheehan: Joy abounds as prayers at Katie's church are answered". Independent.ie. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  75. ^ "Pride without prejudice". Irish Times. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  76. ^ "Katie Taylor wins Olympic gold medal". RTÉ News. Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  77. ^ "Poster girl Taylor eases into final". The Times of India. 8 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  78. ^ "Tokyo 2020: Kellie Harrington lands lightweight Olympic gold after dominant display". RTÉ Sport. RTÉ News and Current Affairs. 8 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  79. ^ Nair, Aadi (7 August 2024). "Boxing-Ireland's Harrington has no more 'mountains to climb' after second gold". www.reuters.com. Reuters.
  80. ^ "SPORTS: Women Boxers in Mexico Winning Major Battle in the Ring – Inter Press Service". www.ipsnews.net. 15 April 1998. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  81. ^ a b "MEXICO: OFFICIALS BAN 2 WOMEN'S BOXING MATCHES | AP Archive". www.aparchive.com. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  82. ^ a b "La Jornada: El boxeo me sale debiendo, pero vivo para él: Serrano" [La Jornada: Boxing pays me off, but I live for it: Serrano] (in Spanish). 6 May 2022. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022.
  83. ^ "Women's Boxing: Laura Serrano". www.womenboxing.com. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  84. ^ "2015 IWBHF Inductee: Laura Serrano". www.iwbhf.com. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  85. ^ C.V, DEMOS, Desarrollo de Medios, S. A. de (3 July 2009). "La Jornada: El boxeo femenil encara a diario a sus más duros rivales: el machismo y la discriminación" [La Jornada: Women's boxing faces its toughest rivals every day: machismo and discrimination]. www.jornada.com.mx (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 27 September 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  86. ^ Avila, David A. (28 June 2016). "BOXING: West remains optimistic despite lack of willing fighters". Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  87. ^ Mullen, Claire (25 June 2019). "She grew up throwing punches at school. Now, she's shaping Tijuana's women's boxing scene". Washington Post. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  88. ^ Moreno H. (2015) Women Boxers and Nationalism in Mexico. In: L’Hoeste H.F., Irwin R.M., Poblete J. (eds) Sports and Nationalism in Latin/o America. New Directions in Latino American Cultures. Palgrave Macmillan, New York
  89. ^ a b c Schilken, Chuck (4 December 2019). "Christy Martin and Bernard Hopkins headline Boxing Hall of Fame class". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  90. ^ a b c Tumin, Remy (18 August 2022). "Famous, but Not Free". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  91. ^ a b Mok Yongjae; Park Jaewoo; Kim Jinkuk (6 August 2024). "North, South Korean boxers become first to medal in their sport on same day". www.rfa.org.
  92. ^ "With KO, Serrano a champ in 5 divisions". ESPN.com. 23 April 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  93. ^ "Amanda Serrano Wins IBF Title for Boxing 360 on Tribute Card". Saddoboxing.com. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  94. ^ Giongco, Mark (3 August 2021). "Nesthy Petecio takes home Olympic silver in boxing". Inquirer. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
  95. ^ a b Fatima, Sakina (21 August 2022). "Saudi: Ramla Ali wins 1st professional women's boxing match in 1 min". The Siasat Daily.
  96. ^ a b "Ramla Ali sees off García Nova in Saudi Arabia's first ever female boxing bout". The Guardian. 20 August 2022.
  97. ^ "Ragad Al-Naimi makes history as Saudi Arabia's first female professional fighter". Arab News. 27 February 2023.
  98. ^ "Skye Nicolson vs. Raven Chapman result, highlights as Australian records another easy title defence | Sporting News". www.sportingnews.com. 12 October 2024.
  99. ^ https://www.ringtv.com/714130-skye-high-skye-nicolson-nearly-flawless-in-lopsided-points-win-over-raven-chapman-to-retain-wbc-title/
  100. ^ "Skye Nicolson eases to decision win over Raven Chapman". Boxing Scene. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  101. ^ "Skye Nicolson defeats Raven Chapman to defend WBC featherweight world title". Sky Sports. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  102. ^ "Skye High: Skye Nicolson Nearly Flawless in Lopsided Points Win Over Raven Chapman To Retain WBC Title". The Ring. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  103. ^ "Featherweight Boxing Champion Ramla Ali". Elle. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  104. ^ "Podcast: The Somali who kept boxing secret from her family". Olympics. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  105. ^ Smith 2014, pp. 1–4
  106. ^ "Nicola Adams to fight 3-minute rounds in next bout". 4 May 2022. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022.
  107. ^ Bentham, John (February 1998). "12 and 13 February 1998 – Tribunal 1, 100 London Road, Croydon, UK". #4. Punkcast. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
  108. ^ "March: Jane Couch". BBC News. 22 December 1998. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
  109. ^ "Couch Interview". 19 September 1999. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
  110. ^ "Just give her a ring". The Guardian. London. 7 January 2001. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  111. ^ "Nicola Adams: World Championship Silver Medallist" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2012.
  112. ^ Guardian Staff (31 March 2011). "One hundred hopefuls for 2012: Nicola Adams". The Guardian.
  113. ^ "Adams' excitement hitting fever pitch". Bradford Telegraph and Argus.
  114. ^ "Jonas targets third world title bid". BBC Sport. 26 January 2022.
  115. ^ Maclure, Abbey (17 October 2020). "Everything you need to know as Nicola Adams takes to the Strictly dancefloor". Yorkshire Evening Post.
  116. ^ "Glasgow 2014: Wales' Lauren Price proud after historic bronze". BBC Sport. 2 August 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  117. ^ Griffiths, Gareth (30 July 2014). "Commonwealth Games 2014: Women's boxer Lauren Price creates history as Team Wales celebrate record haul in Glasgow". WalesOnline. Media Wales. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  118. ^ "Boxing medallist's rise to history". BBC Sport. UK. 1 January 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  119. ^ "Lauren Price becomes first Welsh fighter to win Olympic gold as she triumphs in middleweight final".
  120. ^ "Dominant Lauren Price produces accomplished display to win boxing gold - Team GB's 22nd in Tokyo". Telegraph. 8 August 2021.
  121. ^ "Claressa Shields beats Savannah Marshall by unanimous decision in undisputed middleweight title fight". Sky Sports. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  122. ^ "Sensational Shields beats Marshall in epic". BBC Sport. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  123. ^ Jesús Milano (5 July 2022). "Claressa Shields and Savannah Marshall will face on Sept. 10". wbaboxing.com.
  124. ^ Danny Segura (20 September 2022). "Claressa Shields' boxing return rescheduled for Oct. 15 after postponement due to passing of Queen Elizabeth II". MMAjunkie.com.
  125. ^ "Savannah Marshall loses grudge match against Claressa Shields in fierce battle". ITV News. 16 October 2022.
  126. ^ "Cameron becomes UK's first undisputed female champion". BBC Sport. 5 November 2022.
  127. ^ "Northampton star Cameron makes history as she becomes undisputed world champion". www.northamptonchron.co.uk. 6 November 2022.
  128. ^ "Natasha Jonas becomes first woman to win British Boxer of the Year at British Boxing Board of Control awards". Sky Sports.
  129. ^ "Price beats Bavington in historic British title fight". BBC Sport. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  130. ^ Hits, Random (13 April 2023). "Lauren Price vs. Kirstie Bavington For Inaugural Women's British Title on May 6". BoxingScene.com.
  131. ^ "Lauren Price to fight Kirstie Bavington for inaugural women's British title". Sky Sports.
  132. ^ https://www.si.com/fannation/boxing/natasha-jonas-makes-history-as-first-black-woman-boxing-manager#:~:text=Natasha%20Jonas%20has%20made%20history,was%20born%20in%20Liverpool%2C%20England.
  133. ^ https://www.itv.com/news/granada/2023-10-16/natasha-jonas-bcomes-first-black-female-to-obtain-boxing-manager-license
  134. ^ Iskenderov, Parviz (14 March 2024). "Jessica McCaskill faces Lauren Price in May in Cardiff, Wales". FIGHTMAG.
  135. ^ a b "Lauren Price: Olympic champion faces Jessica McCaskill for first pro world title". BBC Sport. 12 March 2024.
  136. ^ "Dazzling Price wins first world title". BBC Sport. 10 May 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  137. ^ "History of Women in Sports Timeline - Part 1- to 1899". 27 May 2014. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014.
  138. ^ Staff, B. N. (3 April 2019). "Barbara Buttrick - the original trailblazer - Boxing News". www.boxingnewsonline.net.
  139. ^ a b c d "A History of Women's Boxing | WNYC | New York Public Radio, Podcasts, Live Streaming Radio, News". WNYC.
  140. ^ "Jackie Tonawanda". www.ibhof.com.
  141. ^ a b "Garrett v. New York State Athletic Commission, 82 Misc. 2d 524 (1975)". Read Caselaw. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  142. ^ "Lady Ali: How Jackie Tonawanda Changed Women's Boxing". Mental Floss. 2 October 2017.
  143. ^ a b Smith 2014, pp. 168–169
  144. ^ "People in Sports". The New York Times. 22 January 1975.
  145. ^ Algieri, Sal (August 1978). "Cat Davis, Women Boxer, Could be Start of New Breed". The Ring. pp. 6–7 (42).
  146. ^ Written by: L.A. Jennings. "The Women Boxers Who Fought for Their Right to Be Pro | FIGHTLAND". Fightland.vice.com. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  147. ^ Smith 2014, p. 169
  148. ^ Women Boxers: The New Warriors. Arte Publico Press. 2006. ISBN 9781611923360.
  149. ^ "Women's Boxing: Shirley "Zebra Girl" Tucker". www.womenboxing.com.
  150. ^ Behrens, Leigh (19 April 1987). "Boxer Hungry For Recognition". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  151. ^ "ESPN.com: BOXING – Women's boxing becoming a real joke". A.espncdn.com. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  152. ^ a b c Smith 2014, p. 263
  153. ^ Brown, Sarah (13 May 2014). "Against the Ropes". Bitchmedia.org. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  154. ^ "The Real Knockouts of Women's Boxing". The Atlantic. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  155. ^ "A Ring of One's Own". The New Yorker. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  156. ^ "ESPN.com: BOXING – Historical Events in Women's Boxing". ESPN. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  157. ^ "Grandchamp, Local Boxing Legend, Ready to Film Life Story / iBerkshires.com – The Berkshires online guide to events, news and Berkshire County community information". Iberkshires.com. 17 July 1987. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  158. ^ "A Fighter's Passion for Her Olympic Dream" (Press release). Globenewswire.com. 15 June 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  159. ^ Rosenwald, Julius (17 July 1987). "Boxer with a mission – Berkshire Eagle Online". Berkshireeagle.com. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  160. ^ "The Grand Champ of Women's Boxing: A Massachusetts fighter opens the door to first-ever women's Olympic boxing". SCN. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  161. ^ a b "WOMEN TO MAKE HISTORY IN FIRST SANCTIONED BOUT". Deseret News. 13 October 1993.
  162. ^ "Female boxer throws down her gloves". Tampa Bay Times.
  163. ^ "Female Fighters Pound Their Way Into History : Boxing: Dallas Malloy, 16, who fought to open the sport to women, wins nation's first sanctioned amateur bout by unanimous decision over Heather Poyner". Los Angeles Times. 31 October 1993.
  164. ^ "History of Amateur Boxing". 24 April 2012. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  165. ^ "History of Amateur Boxing". Team USA. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  166. ^ "Striking a Blow for Equality: Dallas Malloy has won her fight to be America's first sanctioned female amateur boxer. The scrappy 16-year-old knows the rewards of blood, sweat and a killer instinct". Los Angeles Times. 18 October 1993. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  167. ^ Smith, Malissa (2014). A History of Women's Boxing. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-2995-2., pages 194–209
  168. ^ Lindsay, Jessica (5 October 2021). "The rise of women's self-defence products and the sad reality of rape culture".
  169. ^ Barnes, Dana R., ed. (2004). "Christy Martin". Notable Sports Figures. Gale. Archived from the original on 10 September 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022 – via Gale OneFile.
  170. ^ Conner, Caira (22 June 2022). "Boxing legend Christy Martin: 'My husband told me for 20 years he would kill me'". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  171. ^ "How a Japanese-American physics teacher helped pioneer women's boxing". www.yahoo.com. 15 May 2020.
  172. ^ Mannix, Chris (27 April 2022). "Garden Party: Taylor-Serrano Will Make History in Boxing's Most Hallowed Venue". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  173. ^ Smith 2014, pp. 194–209.
  174. ^ Clerkin, Malachy (3 March 2016). "Deirdre Gogarty – a trailblazer who fought her corner". Irish Times. Archived from the original on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
  175. ^ Tumin, Remy (17 August 2022). "Famous, But Not Free". New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  176. ^ "Christy Martin, Boxing Sports Illustrated Cover by Sports Illustrated". Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  177. ^ "Punch kills woman boxer". The Guardian. 6 April 2005. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022.
  178. ^ "Female boxer's death a shattering blow to the sport". Baltimore Sun. 17 April 2005. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021.
  179. ^ Gordon, Stefanie (11 March 2016). "Q&A with U.S. boxer Claressa Shields ahead of Rio". Sports Illustrated.
  180. ^ Bearak, Barry (15 May 2012). "U.S. Has Its First Female Olympic Boxer". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  181. ^ "U.S. Women Capture 2 Medals at Inaugural Boxing Competition". 6 August 2012.
  182. ^ "Marlen Esparza snares the bronze as first U.S. woman to win a medal in Olympicboxing - CultureMap Houston". houston.culturemap.com.
  183. ^ "Corning native inducted into the Women's Boxing Hall of Fame in Las Vegas over the weekend". Fingerlakes1.com. 16 August 2021.
  184. ^ "International Women's Boxing Hall of Fame inducts historic first class". Bad Left Hook. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  185. ^ "Claressa Shields Successfully Defends Her Olympic Title". Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  186. ^ "Nevada Boxing Hall of Fame to induct 11, including 1st woman". thenewstribune. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016.
  187. ^ "First female voted into Nevada Boxing Hall of Fame". Boxingjunkie.
  188. ^ Diaz, George (4 August 2016). "Christy Martin finally stands alone as boxing Hall of Famer". orlandosentinel.com.
  189. ^ "Sky could sign exclusive HBO deal". The Guardian. 10 May 2004.
  190. ^ "Cecilia Braekhus outpoints game Kali Reis, remains undisputed welterweight champ". 6 May 2018.
  191. ^ Mahmood, Zahid (2 May 2018). "HBO's first televised female boxing match breaking 'the last barrier'". CNN.
  192. ^ "Katie Taylor vs. Amanda Serrano is the biggest women's fight of all time, worthy of a place in Madison Square Garden history | DAZN News US". DAZN. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  193. ^ Stumberg, Patrick L. (27 January 2022). "Katie Taylor vs Amanda Serrano official for April 30th at Madison Square Garden". Bad Left Hook. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  194. ^ "Boxing News: Taylor-Serrano clash set for April 30 at MSG » February 9, 2022". fightnews.com. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  195. ^ "Katie Taylor retains undisputed lightweight title after Amanda Serrano win – as it happened". Guardian. 1 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  196. ^ "Kathy "Wildcat" Collins to become first female boxer inducted into New York State Boxing Hall of Fame". philboxing.com.
  197. ^ "Zab Judah proposes at New York Boxing Hall of Fame induction". 3 May 2023.
  198. ^ Dylan Goetz (12 July 2023). "Claressa Shields becomes first woman to win 'Best Boxer' ESPYs title". mlive.
  199. ^ Raskin, Alex (6 July 2016). "Women's Boxing Fights for Exposure". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  200. ^ Paul Sullivan (17 August 1987). "These Women Go Toe-to-toe For Extra Dough – tribunedigital-chicagotribune". Articles.chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  201. ^ "Female boxers' fight for survival in the US". Al Jazeera English. 10 November 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  202. ^ "Women's boxing hopes to gain traction from Holly Holm's UFC victory over Ronda Rousey". LA Times. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  203. ^ "Examining the Growth and Popularity of Women's Mixed Martial Arts". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  204. ^ a b "Nicola Adams to fight 3-minute rounds in next bout". Archived from the original on 4 May 2022.
  205. ^ "Claressa Shields' fight for equality in women's boxing begins with knocking out 2-minute rounds". sports.yahoo.com. 3 March 2021.
  206. ^ Jay, Phil (18 April 2017). "WBC President: Two minute rounds for women is safety, not sexism".
  207. ^ Fojas, Camilla (2009). "Sports of Spectatorship: Boxing Women of Color in Girlfight and Beyond". Cinema Journal. 49 (1): 103–104. doi:10.1353/cj.0.0154. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  208. ^ Fojas, Camilla (2009). "Sports of Spectatorship: Boxing Women of Color in Girlfight and Beyond". Cinema Journal. 49 (1): 108. doi:10.1353/cj.0.0154. Retrieved 1 October 2023.

Bibliography

edit
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Women's boxing.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_boxing&oldid=1259463889"