Encephalartos afer,[4] commonly known as the Eastern Cape dwarf cycad, is a species of cycad in the genus Encephalartos. It is a near threatened species native to South Africa.
| Encephalartos afer | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Cycadophyta |
| Class: | Cycadopsida |
| Order: | Cycadales |
| Family: | Zamiaceae |
| Genus: | Encephalartos |
| Species: | E. afer
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| Binomial name | |
| Encephalartos afer | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
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Description
editIt typically has an underground stem, with a small portion on top, the stem is only very rarely branched and may be as much as 40 cm long.[5] Emerging from the top are long, pinnate, dark green leaves up to 1 metre (3.3 ft) long. These often have a distinctive ruffled, feathery appearance, caused by the numerous, clustered leaflets being irregularly twisted from the central stalk and pointing out in different directions.[5][6] New leaves are brown and woolly at first but most of the hair is lost as they mature, although they never become completely smooth or glossy. Both male and female plants bear single reproductive cones made up of a series of spiraled scales, which become greenish-yellow when mature. In the female, two largish, glossy, scarlet-coloured seeds are formed on top of each cone scale.[5]
Range and habitat
editApproximately 10,000 mature individuals are confined to the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa .[7]
Found in the coastal belt and up to 100 km inland, usually growing in grassveld but also occurring in adjacent bush, possibly due to shifting boundaries caused by veld fires.[5][8]
Biology
editCycads are dioecious, meaning that there are separate male and female plants, and the female produces seeds while the male produces pollen. Plants of this taxon have generally been considered to be wind pollinated, but several recent studies suggest that insect pollination is more likely. The seeds produced are typically large with a hard, stony layer (sclerotesta) beneath a fleshy outer coat (sarcotesta), attracting animals such as birds, rodents and small mammals, which serve as dispersal agents. In most cases, the fleshy coat is eaten off the seed rather than the entire seed being consumed. Cycads are long-lived and slow-growing, with slow recruitment and population turnover.[9]
All cycads possess 'coralloid' (meaning coral-like) roots. These roots contain symbiotic cyanobacteria that fix gaseous nitrogen from the atmosphere and provide essential nitrogenous compounds to the plant. This can be a great advantage, as many cycads grow in nutrient-poor habitats.[9]
Conservation
editThe Eastern Cape dwarf cycad was one of the first three Cape cycads to be declared endangered by the Cape Provincial Nature Conservation authorities. Collectors have seriously depleted numbers in certain areas, particularly in easily accessible terrain. Large numbers have also been destroyed by conversion of land to agriculture, such as in the Humansdorp and Albany districts.[5]
A few viable colonies are protected on state-owned land, and a large colony occurs in the Cape provincial cycad reserve near Grahamstown, where plants are regularly inspected. Here, many seedlings can be seen amongst the mature plants, and the species therefore seems to be in no immediate danger of extinction.[5]
E. afer is classified as Near Threatened (NT) on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List 2007, and listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).[10]
Taxonomy
editThe etymology of the original species name caffer is related to kaffir, an ethnic slur used towards black people in Africa. At the July 2024 International Botanical Congress, a vote was held with the result that "caffer" related names will be emended to afer related ones, with the implementation of this happening by the end of July 2024.[11]
References
editThis article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file "Encephalartos afer" under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GFDL.
- ^ Bösenberg, J.D. (2023) [errata version of 2022 assessment]. "Encephalartos caffer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T41929A243424121. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T41929A243424121.en. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Archived from the original on 4 February 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- ^ "Encephalartos afer (Thunb.) Lehm". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
- ^ Callaway, Ewen (2024). "Hundreds of racist plant names will change after historic vote by botanists". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-024-02365-x. PMID 39026072. Archived from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f "Cycad Society of South Africa". Cycad Society of South Africa. Archived from the original on 7 December 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2006.
- ^ "Jurassic Garden". December 2006. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2007.
- ^ "IUCN Red List". September 2007. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2007.
- ^ Dr John Donaldson, Chief Director of Conservation Science, Head of Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute
- ^ a b "Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney – The Cycad Pages". December 2006. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
- ^ "CITES". Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2006.
- ^ McKie, Robin (20 July 2024). "Botanists vote to remove racist reference from plants' scientific names". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
External links
edit
Data related to Encephalartos afer at Wikispecies- "Cycad Society SA: Encephalartos caffer". Archived from the original on 7 December 2006. Cycad Society of South Africa
