David Jonathan Gross (/ɡroʊs/; born February 19, 1941) is an American theoretical physicist and string theorist. Along with Frank Wilczek and David Politzer, he was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics[1] for their discovery of asymptotic freedom. Gross is the Chancellor's Chair Professor of Theoretical Physics at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (KITP) of the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB),[2] and was formerly the KITP director and holder of their Frederick W. Gluck Chair in Theoretical Physics.[3] He is also a faculty member in the UCSB Physics Department[4] and is affiliated with the Institute for Quantum Studies[5] at Chapman University in California. He is a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.[6]
David Gross | |
|---|---|
 Gross in 2007 | |
| Born | David Jonathan Gross February 19, 1941 Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Education | Hebrew University of Jerusalem (BSc, MSc) University of California, Berkeley (PhD) |
| Known for | Asymptotic freedom Heterotic string Gross–Neveu model |
| Spouse(s) | Shulamith Toaff Gross (divorced) Jacquelyn Savani |
| Children | 2 |
| Awards | Dirac Medal (1988) Harvey Prize (2000) Nobel Prize in Physics (2004) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Theoretical physics |
| Institutions | University of California, Santa Barbara Harvard University Princeton University |
| Thesis | Investigation of the many-body, multichannel partial-wave scattering amplitude (1966) |
| Doctoral advisor | Geoffrey Chew |
| Doctoral students | Natan Andrei Frank Wilczek Edward Witten William E. Caswell Eric D'Hoker Rajesh Gopakumar Nikita Nekrasov Stephen Bernard Libby |
| Website | www |
| Signature | |
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Early life and education
editGross was born to a Jewish family in Washington, D.C., in February 1941. His parents were Nora (Faine) and Bertram Myron Gross (1912–1997). Gross received his bachelor's degree from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, in 1962. He received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1966, under the supervision of Geoffrey Chew.
Research and career
editIn 1973, Gross, working with his first graduate student, Frank Wilczek, at Princeton University, discovered asymptotic freedom—the primary feature of non-Abelian gauge theories—which led Gross and Wilczek to the formulation of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of the strong nuclear force. Asymptotic freedom is a phenomenon where the nuclear force weakens at short distances, which explains why experiments at very high energy can be understood as if nuclear particles are made of non-interacting quarks. Therefore, the closer quarks are to each other, the less the strong interaction (or color charge) is between them; when quarks are in extreme proximity, the nuclear force between them is so weak that they behave almost as free particles. The flip side of asymptotic freedom is that the force between quarks grows stronger as one tries to separate them. This is the reason why the nucleus of an atom can never be broken into its quark constituents.
QCD completed the Standard Model, which details the three basic forces of particle physics—the electromagnetic force, the weak force, and the strong force. Gross was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics, with Politzer and Wilczek, for this discovery.[1]
Gross, with Jeffrey A. Harvey, Emil Martinec, and Ryan Rohm also formulated the theory of the heterotic string. The four were whimsically nicknamed the "Princeton String Quartet."[7] He continues to do research in this field at the KITP.[8]
He was a junior fellow at Harvard University (1966–69)[9] and a Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics at Princeton University until 1997, when he began serving as Princeton's Thomas Jones Professor of Mathematical Physics Emeritus.[10] He has received many honors, including a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in 1987 and the Dirac Medal in 1988.
Activism
editIn 2003, Gross was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.[11]
Gross is one of the 20 American recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physics to sign a letter addressed to President George W. Bush in May 2008, urging him to "reverse the damage done to basic science research in the Fiscal Year 2008 Omnibus Appropriations Bill" by requesting additional emergency funding for the Department of Energy's Office of Science, the National Science Foundation, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.[12]
In 2015, Gross signed the Mainau Declaration 2015 on Climate Change on the final day of the 65th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting. The declaration was signed by a total of 76 Nobel Laureates and handed to then-President of the French Republic, François Hollande, as part of the successful COP21 climate summit in Paris.[13]
Family
editGross' first wife was Shulamith (Toaff), and they had two children. He also has a stepdaughter by his second wife, Jacquelyn Savani.[14] He has three brothers, including Larry Gross, professor of communication, Samuel R. Gross, professor of law, and Theodore (Teddy) Gross, a playwright.
Honors and awards
edit- J. J. Sakurai Prize, American Physical Society (1986)[15]
- Fellowship Prize, MacArthur Foundation (1987)[16]
- Dirac Medal, International Center for Theoretical Physics (1988)[17]
- Oscar Klein Medal, Royal Swedish Academy (2000)[18]
- Harvey Prize, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (2000)[19]
- High Energy and Particle Physics Prize, European Physical Society (2003)[20]
- Grande Médaille d'Or, French Academy of Sciences (2004)[21]
- Nobel Prize in Physics (2004)[1][22]
- Golden Plate Award, Academy of Achievement (2005)[23]
- San Carlos Borromeo Award, University of San Carlos, Philippines (2008)
- Honorary Doctorate in Science, the University of Cambodia (2010)[24]
- Richard E. Prange Prize, University of Maryland (2013)[25]
- Medal of Honor, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia (2016)[26][27]
Memberships in academies and societies
edit- NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program, National Science Foundation (1963–66)
- Fellowship, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (1970–74)[28]
- Fellow, American Physical Society (elected 1974)[29]
- Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (elected 1985)[30]
- Member, National Academy of Sciences (elected 1986)[31]
- Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (elected 1987)[32]
- Honorary Fellow, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (2005)[33]
- Member, American Philosophical Society (elected 2007)[34]
- Honorary Fellow, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, India (elected 2007)[35]
- Fellow, The World Academy of Sciences for the developing world (elected 2007)[36]
- Member, International Academy of Philosophy of Science (elected 2009)[37]
- Foreign Member, Chinese Academy of Sciences (elected 2011)[6]
- Foreign Member, Russian Academy of Sciences (elected 2016)[38]
- Elected to a four-year term in the presidential line, the American Physical Society (2016–2020)[39]
Selected publications
editJournal articles
- Gross, David; Wilczek, Frank (1973). "Ultraviolet Behavior of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories". Physical Review Letters. 30 (26): 1343–1346. Bibcode:1973PhRvL..30.1343G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.30.1343.
- D. J. Gross and F. Wilczek, "Asymptotically Free Gauge Theories. I", Phys. Rev. D8 3633 (1973)
Technical reports
- Wilczek, F. and D. J. Gross. "Asymptotically Free Gauge Theories. I," National Accelerator Laboratory, Princeton University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (July 1973).
- Gross, D. J. and S. B. Treiman. "Hadronic Form Factors in Asymptotically Free Field Theories," Princeton University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (1974).
- Callan, C. G. Jr., Dashen, R. and D. J. Gross. "Instantons and Massless Fermions in Two Dimensions," Princeton University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Energy Research and Development Administration), (May 1977).
- Gross, D. J. "Some New/Old Approaches to QCD," Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, (November 1992).
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ^ "UC Santa Barbara, David Gross". Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ^ "In Depth: David Gross | The Kavli Foundation". www.kavlifoundation.org. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ "People | Department of Physics - UC Santa Barbara". physics.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ^ "Members". www.chapman.edu. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ^ a b "Foreign Members---Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences". english.casad.cas.cn. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
- ^ String Theory, at 20, Explains It All (or Not). NY Times (2004-12-07)
- ^ ORCID. "David Gross (0000-0002-1485-7107)". orcid.org. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
- ^ "Harvard University. Department of Physics". history.aip.org. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ^ "David Gross | Department of Physics". phy.princeton.edu. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ "Humanism and Its Aspirations: Notable Signers". American Humanist Association. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ^ "A Letter from America's Physics Nobel Laureates" (PDF).
- ^ "Mainau Declaration". www.mainaudeclaration.org. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
- ^ nobelprize.org
- ^ "J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics". www.aps.org. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ^ "David Gross". www.macfound.org. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ^ "ICTP - The Medallists". www.ictp.it. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ^ "Earlier Lectures - Oskar Klein Centre". www.okc.albanova.se. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ "Prize Winners – Harvey Prize | פרס הארווי". harveypz.net.technion.ac.il. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ^ "High Energy Particle Physics Board". eps-hepp.web.cern.ch. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ "La Grande Médaille 2004 de l'Académie des sciences attribuée au Prix Nobel de physique David J. Gross" (PDF). cademie-sciences.fr. 5 October 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2021.
- ^ "Nobel honours sub-atomic world". BBC News. 5 October 2004. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
- ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
- ^ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ^ "Awards - UMD Physics". umdphysics.umd.edu. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ^ "NICA First stone laying ceremony". Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ^ "International kudos". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ^ "Past Fellows", Sloan Research Fellows: Nobel prize winners, vol. Physics, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 1970, retrieved 19 July 2021
- ^ "APS Fellow Archive".
- ^ "David Jonathan Gross". 14 December 2023.
- ^ "David J. Gross".
- ^ "Elected Fellows | American Association for the Advancement of Science". www.aaas.org. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ Gross, David (2005). "Honorary Fellow". Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ David, Gross (2007). "New Fellows, Indian Science Academy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2021.
- ^ "Gross, David". TWAS. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ^ "Membres - AIPS-AISR-PIIST". www.lesacademies.net (in French). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "International kudos". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ "2019 APS President David Gross". aps.org. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
External links
edit
- David Gross, on Google Scholar
- David J. Gross, Nobel Prize in Physics 2004 - includes Nobel Lecture, December 8, 2004, "The Discovery of Asymptotic Freedom and the Emergence of QCD"
- Nobel honours sub-atomic world, BBC, October 5, 2004
- ArXiv papers
- David J. Gross bio, American Institute of Physics
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (KITP), University of California, Santa Barbara