Conocybe apala is a basidiomycete fungus and a member of the genus Conocybe. It is a fairly common fungus, both in North America and Europe, found growing among short green grass. Until recently, the species was also commonly called Conocybe lactea or Conocybe albipes and is colloquially known as the white dunce cap[1] or the milky conecap.[2] Another common synonym, Bolbitius albipes G.H. Otth 1871, places the fungus in the genus Bolbitius.
| Conocybe apala | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Bolbitiaceae |
| Genus: | Conocybe |
| Species: | C. apala
|
| Binomial name | |
| Conocybe apala (Fr.) Arnolds (2003)
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Conocybe lactea | |
Conocybe apala | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is conical |
 | Hymenium is adnexed or free |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is brown to reddish-brown |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is unknown |
Taxonomy
editSince this species is very common it has a long taxonomic history having been described independently many times throughout the years. The basionym Agaricus apalus was described by the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1818[3] and reclassified as Pluteolus apalus by the French mycologist Lucien Quélet in 1886.[4] This was reclassified as Galera hapala (or Galera apala) in 1887 by Pier Andrea Saccardo,[5] then as Bolbitius apalus in 1891 by Julien Noël Costantin and Léon Jean Marie Dufour[6] and finally as Derminus apalus in 1898 by Paul Christoph Hennings.[7]
It was reclassified as Conocybe apala in 2003 by Everhardus Johannes Maria Arnolds.[8]
Description
editVery easily missed due to their very small size, C. apala fruit bodies are otherwise quite easy to identify. The cap has a pale cream to silvery-white colour and may sometimes have a darker yellow to brown coloration towards the central umbo. Its trademark hood-shaped conical cap expands with age and may flatten out, the surface being marked by minute radiating ridges. The cap ranges from 1–3 cm in diameter.[9] The gills may be visible through the thin cap and these are coloured rust or cinnamon brown and quite dense. They are adnexed or free and release brown to reddish-brown elliptical spores producing a spore print of the same colour. The stem is cap-coloured, elongated, thin, hollow and more or less equal along its length with a height up to 11 cm and diameter of 1–3 mm.[10][11] It can bear minuscule striations or hairs. The flesh of C. apala has no discernible taste or smell and is extremely fragile to the touch. Its cap can be from 1-2.5 centimeters.
Gallery
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Conocybe apala gill edge 400x -
Conocybe apala spores 1000x
Similar species
editSimilar species include Pholiotina rugosa and Conocybe tenera.[9]
Habitat
editConocybe apala is a saprobe found in areas with rich soil and short grass such as pastures, playing fields, lawns, meadows as well as rotting manured straw, fruiting single or sparingly few ephemeral bodies. It is commonly found fruiting during humid, rainy weather with generally overcast skies. It will appear on sunny mornings while there is dew but will not persist once it evaporates. In most cases, by midday the delicate fruiting bodies shrivel, dry and bend from sight. C.apala's fruiting season begins in spring and ends in autumn.[10] It is distributed across Europe and North America.[12]
Edibility
editCompletely unknown, one study found phallotoxin in the caps.[13]
External links and resources
edit
- ^ Index Fungorum – Names Record
- ^ "Milky Conecap (Conocybe apala)".
- ^ Fries, Elias; Fries, Elias (1818). Observationes mycologicae. Vol. v.2 (1818). Havniae: sumptibus G. Bonnieri. pp. 142–143.
- ^ Quélet, Lucien; Quélet, Lucien (1886). Enchiridion fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia vigentium. Lutetiae: O. Doin. p. 105.
- ^ Saccardo, P. A.; Saccardo, P. A.; Traverso, G. B.; Trotter, A. (1887). Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. Vol. v.5 (1887). Patavii: sumptibus auctoris. p. 860.
- ^ Costantin, Julien Noël; Dufour, Léon Jean Marie (1891). Nouvelle flore des champignons, pour la détermination facile de toutes les espèces de France et de la plupart des espèces européennes, avec 3842 figures. Paris: Librairie classique et administrative. p. 116.
- ^ Engler, Adolf; Engler, Adolf; Krause, Kurt; Pilger, R.; Prantl, Karl (1900). Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten begründet. Vol. Teil 1, Abt.1**. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. p. 241.
- ^ Arnolds, EEF (2003). "Notulae Ad Floram Agaricinam Needlandicam - XL: New Combinations in Conocybe and Pholiotina" (PDF). Persoonia. 18 (2).
- ^ a b Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 249–250. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
- ^ a b "Conocybe albipes at Mushroom Expert". Mushroom Expert. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
- ^ M. Jordan (1995). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. David & Charles. p. 249. ISBN 0-7153-0129-2.
- ^ "Conocybe lactea at Rogers Mushrooms". Rogers Mushrooms. Archived from the original on November 18, 2008. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
- ^ Hallen, Heather E.; Watling, Roy; Adams, Gerard C. (2003). "Taxonomy and toxicity of Conocybe lactea and related species". Mycological Research. 107 (8): 969–979. doi:10.1017/S0953756203008190. ISSN 0953-7562. PMID 14531619.