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Catherine de Zegher

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Catherine de Zegher (born Marie-Catherine Alma Gladys de Zegher Groningen,[1] April 14, 1955[2]) is a Belgian curator and a modern and contemporary art historian.[3] She has a degree in art history and archaeology from the University of Ghent.[4]

Catherine de Zegher
Catherine de Zegher portrait
Born
Marie-Catherine Alma Gladys de Zegher

1955 (age 68–69)
Groningen, Netherlands
NationalityBelgian
Alma materUniversity of Ghent
Occupation(s)Curator and art historian

From 1988 to 1998, de Zegher was director of the Kunststichting Kanaal, Kortrijk,[5][6][7] from 1999 to 2006, executive director and chief curator of the Drawing Center, New York, from 2007 to 2009, director of exhibitions and publications of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, and from 2013 to 2018, director of the Museum of Fine Arts, Ghent. In 2018, she was temporarily suspended from this post as a result of the Toporovski Collection Controversy.[8][9] She was permanently suspended in 2019 and in 2020, she retired.[10][11]

De Zegher was curator of the Belgian pavilion (1997) and the Australian pavilion (2013), both at the Venice Biennale, as well as the Moscow Biennale (2013).[12][13][14][15] She was co-artistic director with Gerald McMaster of the Biennale of Sydney (2012). Her curatorial projects have included, On Line. Drawing through the Twentieth Century, Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York (2010), and Inside the Visible. An Elliptical Traverse of 20th Century Art in, of, and From the Feminine, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston (1966); traveled to Whitechapel Gallery, London (1996); Art Gallery of Western Australia, Perth (1997).

Having curated more than eighty museum exhibitions and large-scale perennial exhibitions, her exhibitions challenge mainstream models of art and art history and often promote the feminine principle.[16]

For her contribution to curating, de Zegher received the 2010–11 best show awards from AICA (Award of International Critics)[17] and, in 2017, the OSCARla-award[18][19][20] for her role in the art world. Since 2014, De Zegher is a member of the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts.[21]

Career

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Kanaal Art Foundation, Kortrijk (1988–98)

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De Zegher began her work as an exhibition curator in 1988, when she co-founded (together with Stefaan De Clerck, founding president)[5][6][7] the Kanaal Art Foundation in Kortrijk.[22] She directed the institution until 1998 and focused on emerging international artists, multiculturalism, and feminist aesthetics,[23][24] for example, the long-term exhibition project Inside the Visible. Begin the Beguine in Flanders.[25][26] At first the foundation was located in a textile factory; from 1988, it began organizing exhibitions across Kortrijk, including the historic buildings of the Beguinage. The first exhibitions were by Belgian artist Lili Dujourie (1988–89) and Brazilian artists Cildo Meireles & Tunga (1989). Following shows included, among others, Patrick Corillon (1989), Tadashi Kawamata (1990), Guy Rombouts & Monica Droste (1990), Robin Winters (1990), James Casebere & Tony Oursler (1991–92), Waltercio Caldas (1991), David Lamelas (1992), Antoni Muntadas (1992), Ilya Kabakov & Ulo Sooster (1992), Everlyn Nicodemus (1992), Gabriel Orozco (1993), Nancy Spero & Bracha L. Ettinger (1994), and Andrea Robbins and Max Becher (1995).

Drawing Center, New York (1999–06)

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From 1999 to 2006, de Zegher served as executive director, chief curator, and editor at The Drawing Center, New York.[27] Under her seven-year leadership, the center presented more than sixty historical and contemporary shows, expanded its archive and lecture program, and created a viewing program that invited artists to drawing-based public art projects and performances.[28] From 2003 to 2005, she led negotiations to move The Drawing Center, based in SoHo, to Ground Zero as part of the plans to share a building with a proposed International Freedom Center. The project was part of the memorial for the victims, and a museum intended to draw attention to battles for freedom throughout history planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the World Trade Center.[29] After a power struggle set off by the move to Ground Zero, de Zegher resigned in March 2006.[27][29] De Zegher's curatorial projects at The Drawing Center include Eva Hesse Drawing jointly curated with Elisabeth Sussman[30] and Joelle Tuerlinckx's Drawing Inventory[31] both in 2006; Persistent Vestiges: Drawing from the American Vietnam War,[32] and 3 x Abstraction: New Methods of Drawing by Hilma af Klint, Emma Kunz, and Agnes Martin,[33] Richard Tuttle: It's a Room for 3 People in 2005; Ocean Flowers: Impressions from Nature with Carol Armstrong (2003-2004); Giuseppe Penone: The Imprint of Drawing (2004); The Stage of Drawing: Gesture and Act. Selected from the Tate Collection (2003);[34] Anna Maria Maiolino: A Life Line/Vida Afora (2002);[35] Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger: Eurydice Series, and Between Street and Mirror: The Drawings of James Ensor[36] both in 2001; Untitled Passages by Henri Michaux[37] co-curated with Florian Rodari and The Prinzhorn Collection: Traces Upon the Wunderblock[38] in collaboration with Inge Jadi and Laurent Busine[39] both in 2000.

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De Zegher served as director of exhibitions and publications at the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto (2007–09).[40] She joined the museum to oversee the (re)installation of the museum galleries[41] and created an exhibitions program for the Frank Gehry-designed renovated building.[42]

Museum of Fine Arts, Ghent (2013–18)

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From 2013 to 2018, de Zegher served as director of the Museum voor Schone Kunsten (MSK), Ghent.[43] Her appointment came after uncertainty following the museum's long-term director's death and restoration of the building. Her task included the MSK transformation as a city service into a division of the Autonoom Gemeentebedrijf Kunsten.[44] The exhibitions and program she developed for the museum attached importance to juxtaposing historical and contemporary art. For example, she connected the historical exhibition Gericault: Fragments of Compassion (2014) to the work of Philippino and Australian artist duo Isabel & Alfredo Aquilizan, who installed cardboard boats reminiscent of the raft in Gericault's historic paintingThe Raft of the Medusa, evoking associations with migration and refugees.[45] De Zegher's said that her program, 'aimed to break down separations in society, of isolated and overlooked women, of marginalized communities, and the separation between historical and contemporary art.'[46]

De Zegher's curatorial projects at the MSK include The Ladies of the Barok (2018); Geta Bratescu: A Studio of One's Own,[47] Parastou Forouhar, Written Room, EyeWitness: Francisco Goya & Farideh Lashai;[48] Simryn Gill, The hemi(cycle) of leaves and paper (2016);[49] Gerda Steiner & Jorg Lenzlinger, Metafloristiek,[50] Raaklijnen/Tangents/Tangentes, Eija-Liisa Ahtila, On foreign subjects, nature of miracles and possibilities of perception, Julia Margaret Cameron[51] in 2015; and Love Letters in War and Peace/Mona Hatoum: Close Quarters, Katrien Vermeire, Kreislauf,[52] Isabel & Alfredo Aquilizan, Lade (Project: Another Country) in 2014.

From 2015 to 2017, she curated a series of projects at MSK organized in the framework of the European Commission's Creative Europe project, entitled Manufactories of Caring Space-time,[53] organized in conjunction with 49 Nord 6 Est - FRAC Lorraine, Metz, and Fundació Antoni Tàpies, Barcelona. The project included artists from Europe's margins (Russia and Tunisia) who reflected on the relational, the collective, and collaborative. It showed, among others, the work of Gorod Ustinov, Erin Manning, and Selma & Sofiane Ouissi.

Under her directorship, de museum (re)installed its collection which opened to the public with the exhibition From Bosch to Tuymans, A Vivid Narrative (2017).[54] It includes some juxtapositions of old and contemporary works by artists, such as, Luc Tuymans, Ria Verhaeghe, and Patrick Van Caeckenbergh, to integrate a more in-depth reading of the artworks.[54]

Toporovski Collection Controversy

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See also: Toporovski Collection Controversy

In 2017, more than 20 pieces of Russian avant-garde from the Dieleghem Foundation (Toporovski collection, owned by Igor Toporovski) made a nucleus of the exhibition From Bosch to Tuymans, A Vivid Narrative (2017) at the Museum voor Schone Kunsten (MSK). In 2018, however, the Toporovski collection was claimed to be doubtful concerning their authenticity by a group of art dealers and some scholars in The Art Newspaper and De Standaard.[55][56] Due to the problems surrounding the collection, the museum board ordered an audit on the event and de Zegher was suspended pending this process.[57][58][59] De Zegher disputes any wrongdoing.[60][61] However, she lied about two expert having researched the collection. Both experts mentioned by de Zegher denied investigating the artworks.[62][63] She and the City of Ghent closed the exhibition a month into the controversy and terminated the contract with the owner so that the works could be returned. Currently the matter is in the hands of an investigating judge.[64] On February 22, 2019, de Zegher was suspended indefinitely as director, based on the audit findings that had started in 2018.[8][9] She remained an employee of the Department of Culture.[8] The city also announced that de Zegher remains subject to ongoing disciplinary proceedings, pending a possible definite dismissal.[65] She retired in 2020.[11]

Selected curatorial projects

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See also: List of Exhibitions Curated by Catherine de Zegher

America, Bride of the Sun (1990–92)

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In 1990–92, de Zegher, together with art historian Paul Vandenbroeck, curated America, Bride of the Sun. 500 Years/Latin America and the Low Countries, Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp.[24] This large-scale exhibition focused on Flemish art's influence during the Conquista of Latin America (1492). The show featured artworks by living artists, including 23 South American artists, who critically assessed colonization and its social and environmental impact in a post-colonial era.[24] In a written interview with Benjamin H.D. Buchloh, de Zegher noted that, 'the exhibition contributed to the opening of the mainstream of contemporary art far beyond Europe and the US, to the intimate and particularities of lives lived in places that for long had been made invisible and overlooked.'[66]

Inside the Visible (1996–97)

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In response to increasing cultural racism and conservatism in the 1990s, de Zegher curated the traveling exhibition Inside the Visible. An Elliptical Traverse of 20th-Century Art in, of, and from the Feminine (1996–97), an exhibition that foregrounded women's art practices that separate themselves from the rise of repressive totalitarian systems—in pre-war Europe during the 1930s and 1940s, and following the May 68 cultural revolutions.[67] The exhibition was on view at ICA Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, and traveled to the National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington, DC; Whitechapel Gallery, London; Art Gallery of Western Australia, Perth. For the exhibition, the Zegher received the Best Show AICA Award. The exhibition was accompanied by a book (MIT Press).[68]

Freeing the Line (2006)

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De Zegher's exhibition Freeing the Line: Gego, Monika Grzymala, Eva Hesse, Karel Malich, Julie Mehretu, Ranjani Shettar, Joelle Tuerlinckx, Richard Tuttle, Marian Goodman Gallery, NY (2006) [69] brought together drawings by artists across generations and cultures. In a review, Holland Cotter wrote in The New York Times that there was "almost nothing to see when one entered the space." However, the "subtle marks of the drawings translate into conceptions of drawing that taken together is nothing less than groundbreaking in both method and implication."[70]

Alma Matrix: Shared Traces/Trazos (2010)

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The exhibition Alma Matrix: Shared Traces/Trazos en Comun. Bracha Ettinger and Ria Verhaeghe, Fundacion Antoni Tàpies Foundation, Barcelona (2010)[71] juxtaposed works by Bracha L. Ettinger with works by Eva Hesse and Ria Verhaeghe. Though emerging from different social and cultural backgrounds, the exhibition demonstrated that these artists' art practices showed striking and significant aesthetic and ethical convergences. These artists' work displayed a shared sense of compassion for the 'Other', reflected in the attention to discarded pictures of unnamed people in newspapers and archival documents. They all share recovery processes and methods of compiling and marking and erasing in their drawings and paintings. Central to the exhibition were the notebooks that each artist has filled over many years, and more importantly, the matrix's use as a model of confluence and trans-subjectivity.[72][73]

On Line: Drawing Through the Twentieth Century (2010–11)

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In 2010–11, de Zegher curated, jointly with Connie Butler, On Line. Drawing Through the Twentieth Century, Museum of Modern Art, New York.[74] The exhibition explored the radical transformation of drawing that began over a century ago and is a vital impulse in art today. Through works by over 100 artists, the exhibition presented a history of drawing that departed from traditional drawing ideas and reliance on paper as the medium's fundamental support. It stated that artists have pushed the drawing into real spaces and expanded drawing to painting, sculpture, photography, film, dance, and performance.

Biennial projects

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Venice Biennale, Belgian Pavilion (1997)

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In 1997, Belgian artist Thierry de Cordier represented Belgium at the Venice Biennial. Catherine de Zegher curated the exhibition at the Belgian Pavilion.

Biennale of Sydney (2012)

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In 2012, de Zegher was a joint artistic director with Gerald McMaster of the 18th Biennale of Sydney, entitled All our relations. The exhibition championed connectivity, conversation, and compassion as models for being in the world. The project included 101 artists from 42 countries presented throughout several museum locations: Art Gallery of North South Wales; Museum of Contemporary Art Australia; Cockatoo Island; Pier 2/3 and Carriageworks. The exhibition's concept was to conceive of art as a way of activating a 'relational field' in which artists, things, and audiences could interact and create meaning together.[75][14][15]

Venice Biennale, Australian Pavilion (2013)

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In 2013, Australian artist Simryn Gill represented Australia at the 55th Venice Biennial. De Zegher curated the exhibition presenting the work of Gill entitled, Here art grows on trees. For the project the roof of the pavilion was removed so nature could take over and fuse with art.

Moscow Biennale (2013)

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In 2013, de Zegher curated the 5th Moscow Biennale, entitled More Light/Bolshe Sveta at the Manege next to the Kremlin. The exhibition included a selection of projects from over 90 international artists. The exhibition was a critical reflection on different space-time structures, both in the context of economic overproduction, ecological disasters, and harmful technologies. At the same time, it considered light not only as necessary to the visual arts but also as a creative force generated between the viewer and the artwork. As is explained and illustrated in the book of the same title, the entire project suggests that this engagement and relation are required for the development of new thinking.[12][13]

Publications

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Catherine de Zegher's most recent book is an anthology of collected essays on contemporary women artists written over 15 years: Women's Work Is Never Done.[76]

Full list of curatorial projects

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For a full list of de Zeghers exhibitions, see

See also: List of Exhibitions Curated by Catherine de Zegher

References

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  1. ^ "Gesprekken met hedendaagse kunstenaars: Interview met Catherine de Zegher".
  2. ^ Pollock, Griselda (2005). Generations and Geographies in the Visual Arts: Feminist Readings. Routledge. p. xii. ISBN 9781134768509.
  3. ^ "de Zegher, M. Catherine 1955- | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com.
  4. ^ de Zegher, Marie-Catherine (1977-03-21). "Kantharoi van de Atheense Agora uit de 5e en 4e eeuw vóór Christus : kritische benadering van de argumenten aangewend bij de opbouw van de typologie en de chronologie van de Kantharoi uit de publicatie Agora XII".
  5. ^ a b "Stefaan De Clerk". De Standaard (in Flemish). 6 January 2007. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  6. ^ a b "Catherine de Zegher". De Morgen (in Dutch). 2004-12-22. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  7. ^ a b http://www.liebaertprojects.be/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/nieuwsblad98.pdf [dead link‍]
  8. ^ a b c "Catherine de Zegher is niet langer museumbaas in Gent". 2019-02-22.
  9. ^ a b "Catherine de Zegher definitief opzijgeschoven als museumdirectrice MSK". De Morgen (in Dutch). 2019-02-22. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  10. ^ "Geschorste MSK-directrice met pensioen". De Standaard (in Flemish). Retrieved 2020-11-16.
  11. ^ a b In opspraak gekomen MSK-directrice Catherine De Zegher op pensioen knack.be, 25 Many 2020, article in Dutch
  12. ^ a b "Catherine de Zegher biography". Archived from the original on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2013-10-05.
  13. ^ a b Kris Kulakova, "Moscow Shines Once More: The Fifth Moscow Biennale Of Contemporary Art" Archived 2013-10-13 at the Wayback Machine, The New Contemporary
  14. ^ a b Rachel Kent, "Catherine de Zegher and the 18th Biennale of Sydney", Art & Australia, Winter 2012
  15. ^ a b Venice Biennale. Archived 2013-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ "De indrukwekkende internationale carrière van museumdirecteur Catherine de Zegher". 2018-03-07.
  17. ^ Staff writer (Apr 12, 2012). "Catherine De Zegher Has Received The 2011 US Art Critics Association (AICA-USA) Award For Best Thematic Museum Show In New York". Biennial Foundation. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12.
  18. ^ "Catherine de Zegher krijgt OSCARla-prijs". kortrijk.cdenv.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  19. ^ "Catherine De Zegher uit Kortrijk krijgt Oscarla". Focus en WTV (in Dutch). Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  20. ^ "Catherine De Zegher uit Kortrijk krijgt Oscarla". Focus en WTV.
  21. ^ "Members | KVAB". www.kvab.be. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  22. ^ "Alle artikels over "Kanaal Art Foundation" - KW.be". Site-KW-NL. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  23. ^ "CATHERINE DE ZEGHER". De Standaard (in Flemish). 10 August 2013. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  24. ^ a b c https://www.ktpress.co.uk/pdf/nparadoxaissue1_Katy-Deepwell_57-67.pdf? [bare URL PDF]
  25. ^ "Francine Koslow Miller on "Inside the Visible"". www.artforum.com. May 1996. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  26. ^ "Zeven weken om verborgen schatten te bekijken". De Morgen (in Dutch). 2001-10-18. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  27. ^ a b "Artforum.com". www.artforum.com. 20 March 2006. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  28. ^ "The Drawing Center: Exhibitions". The Drawing Center: Exhibitions. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  29. ^ a b Pogrebin, Robin (2006-03-18). "Exiled From Ground Zero, Arts Center Loses Leader (Published 2006)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  30. ^ https://monoskop.org/images/c/c4/Eva_Hesse_Drawing_2006.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  31. ^ "artnet Magazine - New This Month in U.S. Museums". www.artnet.com. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  32. ^ Cotter, Holland (2005-12-09). "Two Sides' Viewpoints on the War in Vietnam (Published 2005)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  33. ^ "artnet.com Magazine Features - Mystic Rivers". www.artnet.com. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  34. ^ "Trove". trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  35. ^ Smith, Roberta (2002-02-08). "ART REVIEW; Dots, Dashes and Doodles In a Multi-Media Ferment (Published 2002)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  36. ^ Levine, Sura (2002). "Between Street and Mirror: The Drawings of James Ensor, exhibition and catalogue". Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide. 1 (1).
  37. ^ Smith, Roberta (2000-10-27). "ART REVIEW; An Escape From Words, Into a Sea of Teeming Energy (Published 2000)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  38. ^ "Outsider Art". Los Angeles Times. 2000-07-27. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  39. ^ "The Drawing Center". www.lacan.com. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  40. ^ "Catherine de Zegher wordt nieuwe directeur van Museum voor Schone Kunsten Gent". Het Nieuwsblad. 20 June 2013.
  41. ^ "Appoints Catherine de Zegher and Gerald McMaster as Artistic Directors". www.e-flux.com.
  42. ^ "Toronto's AGO gets new director for exhibitions | CBC News".
  43. ^ "Catherine de Zegher wordt nieuwe directeur van Museum voor Schone Kunsten Gent". Het Nieuwsblad (in Flemish). 20 June 2013. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  44. ^ Belga, Bron (2013-06-20). "Catherine de Zegher wordt nieuwe directeur van Museum voor Schone Kunsten Gent". Site-Knack-NL. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  45. ^ "Isabel & Alfredeo Aquilizan + Théodore Géricault im MSK Gent". Sabine B. Vogel. 2014-03-05. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  46. ^ Libre.be, La (2014-03-10). "Géricault, la cruauté du quotidien". LaLibre.be (in French). Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  47. ^ "Talk: Catherine de Zegher - Geta Brătescu: A Studio of One's Own". Geta Brătescu - Apparitions. 2017-06-12. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  48. ^ "Eyewitness | MSK Gent". www.mskgent.be. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  49. ^ "The (hemi)cycle of leaves and paper | MSK Gent". www.mskgent.be. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  50. ^ "Metafloristiek | MSK Gent". www.mskgent.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  51. ^ "Julia Margaret Cameron | MSK Gent". www.mskgent.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  52. ^ "Zonnewende / Solstice; MSK Gent ->12/10". Quovadisart.be. 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  53. ^ "Manufactories of Caring Space-Time | MSK Gent". www.mskgent.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  54. ^ a b Speeten, Geert Van der. "Het MSK vindt zichzelf opnieuw uit". De Standaard (in Flemish). Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  55. ^ "Fake Kandinskys, Malevichs, Jawlenskys? Top curators and dealers accuse Ghent museum of showing dud Russian avant-garde works". The Art Newspaper - International Art News and Events. 15 January 2018.
  56. ^ "Experts Say Russian Modernism Show at Ghent Museum is 'Highly Questionable'". 2018-01-15.
  57. ^ "Artforum.com". www.artforum.com. 9 March 2018.
  58. ^ "Museumdirectrice Catherine de Zegher tijdelijk geschorst". 7 March 2018.
  59. ^ "Belgian Museum Removes Show of Disputed Russian Avant-Garde Works After Damning Exposé". 2018-01-30.
  60. ^ "Catherine de Zegher: De geschorste museumdirectrice". 2018-03-08.
  61. ^ Sels, Geert. "Raad van bestuur bespreekt positie MSK-directrice De Zegher". De Standaard (in Flemish). Retrieved 2018-11-22.
  62. ^ De Zegher loog Gentse politici voor standaard.be, 7 March 2018, article in Dutch
  63. ^ MSK-directeur liegt Gentse politici voor over twijfelachtige Russische collectie hln.be, 7 March 2018, article in Dutch
  64. ^ "Commissie voor onderzoek naar Russische kunst in MSK is samengesteld". De Standaard. 9 February 2018.
  65. ^ "Catherine de Zegher definitief geen museumdirectrice meer van MSK Gent". De Standaard.
  66. ^ Benjamin H.D. Buchloh and M. Catherine de Zegher, ‘’Ver américa. A written exchange’’, in América. Bride of the sun; 5000 years Latin America and the Low Countries, Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp, 1992
  67. ^ Inside the Visible. Edited by Catherine de Zegher. Boston: MIT Press, 1996.
  68. ^ "Rethinking 'Inside the Visible'". Politics in a Glass Case: Feminism, Exhibition Cultures and Curatorial Transgressions. Liverpool University Press. July 2013. pp. 104–119. ISBN 9781846318931.
  69. ^ Freeing the Line. Marian Goodman Gallery. 2006. ISBN 9780944219072.
  70. ^ Cotter, Holland (2006-07-07). "Art in Review; Freeing the Line (Published 2006)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  71. ^ ""14 May – 1 August 2010, Alma Matrix. Bracha L. Ettinger and Ria Verhaeghe"". Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
  72. ^ Bracha L. Ettinger (1994), The Matrixial Gaze. Leeds University, 1995 & Bracha L. Ettinger, The Matrixial Borderspace, University of Minnesota Press, 2006.
  73. ^ Catherine de Zegher, Griselda Pollock (eds.) Art as Compassion. Bracha L. Ettinger. Ghent: Mer. Papers Kunsthalle, 2011.
  74. ^ "On Line: Drawing Through the Twentieth Century | MoMA". The Museum of Modern Art.
  75. ^ "Appoints Catherine de Zegher and Gerald McMaster as Artistic Directors". www.e-flux.com. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  76. ^ Women's Work. Is Never Done ARTBOOK | D.A.P. 2015 Catalog AsaMER Books Exhibition Catalogues 9789490693473.

See also

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