Wikipedia

COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil

The COVID-19 vaccination campaign in Brazil is an ongoing mass immunization campaign for the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. It started on January 17, 2021, when the country had 210 thousand deaths.[10]

COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil
Vaccination in July 13, 2022 [1]
DateJanuary 17, 2021 (2021-01-17) – present
Duration3 years, 10 months and 26 days
LocationBrazil
CauseCOVID-19 pandemic in Brazil
TargetPopulation aged 6 months or older[2]
BudgetR$27.5 billion[3]
Organised byMinistry of Health of Brazil
Federative units and municipalities of Brazil
Participants189.64 million (dose 1 of 2)[4]
176.16 million (all doses)[5]
126.39 million (booster doses)[6]
Outcome88.10% partially vaccinated (1 of 2 doses)[7]
81.80% fully vaccinated[8]
58.70% fully vaccinated with a booster dose[9]
WebsiteGoverno Federal
Updated in November 28, 2023

The Instituto Butantan imported the first 6 million doses of CoronaVac in a collaboration with the Chinese company Sinovac Biotech.[11]

There is no deadline forecast for immunizing the country's entire population due to the lack of supplies for vaccine production[12] and also due to political disputes between the São Paulo state government and the Jair Bolsonaro government.[13][14][15]

According to a June 2022 study published in The Lancet, COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil prevented an additional 1 million deaths from December 8, 2020, to December 8, 2021.[16][17]

Background

edit

Before the Butantan vaccine, Fiocruz sought permission from the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Anvisa) to import the vaccine. It would be more than two million doses of the vaccines developed by Oxford University and the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca.[18] Anvisa approved, on January 17, 2021, the emergency use of the vaccine in Brazil.[19] On January 22, 2021, after an obstacle between the Indian and Brazilian governments, Brazil received another two million doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine.[20] On the same day, Anvisa approved another 4.8 million doses of the CoronaVac vaccine for emergency use.[21]

Initial deployment

edit
 
Nurse Mônica Calazans receiving the first dose of the CoronaVac vaccine, minutes after its approval by Anvisa. On the left, Governor of São Paulo, João Doria.

Soon after the vaccines were approved for emergency use, the government of São Paulo held a press conference to perform the first application. Nurse Mônica Calazans was the first person outside the clinical trials to be vaccinated against COVID in the country.[22]

 
Elderly man receiving the second dose of CoronaVac vaccine in Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul.

The vaccination campaign throughout the country would have started on January 18, 2021, at 5 pm (UTC-3), however, due to logistical problems, part of the states postponed it to the 19th, since the vaccines would only arrive at night. The states that started vaccination on the 18th were São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Paraná, Pernambuco, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Maranhão, Tocantins, Mato Grosso do Sul, Ceará, Goiás, Piauí, and Santa Catarina.[23] Mostly nursing technicians, nurses, blacks, and women were responsible for opening the vaccination campaign in the states.[24][25][26][27][28][29]

In the artistic world, the actresses Zezé Motta and Solange Couto became the first personalities to be vaccinated.[30] The social worker and nursing technician, Vanuzia Costa, from the multiethnic village Sons of this Earth, was the first one vaccinated among the indigenous people.[31]

On January 23, 2021, in a symbolic act, vaccination was started in Brazil with the Oxford immunizer. The first person to receive the vaccine was the infectologist Estevão Portela.[32] At the same occasion the pneumologist Margareth Dalcolmo was also vaccinated. Doctor Sarah Ananda Gomes was the third to be vaccinated. Soon after, seven more health professionals were immunized.[33][34]

Timeline and goals

edit
 
Logo from the Vaccination Campaign.
Vaccination
Immunized Brazil
We are just one Nation

On February 17, 2021, the then Minister of Health, Eduardo Pazuello, in a meeting with governors, presented a schedule about vaccination in Brazil. He stated that between February and July 2021, an additional 230.7 million doses of vaccines against COVID-19 will be distributed.[35][36]

On March 3, 2021, the Ministry of Health published in the Official Gazette a decree that mentioned the exemption of bidding in the acquisition of 38 million vaccines from Janssen (pharmaceutical branch of Johnson & Johnson group) and 100 million doses of the Pfizer vaccine. So far, the vaccines approved for definitive use in the country are the Pfizer/BioNTech and Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccines. The Butantan/Sinovac and Janssen vaccines, on the other hand, are only authorized for emergency use and are intended for priority groups. Negotiations between Brazil and Pfizer/BioNtech began in the second half of 2020, but did not move forward due to the Brazilian government's refusal to accept a contractual clause exempting the pharmaceutical company from bearing the costs of[37] possible side effects of the vaccine.[38][39]

On March 4, 2021, in a final meeting for contractual arrangements with Pfizer, the Ministry of Health ended up giving in and accepted the clauses imposed by the pharmaceutical company and that blocked the negotiations for Brazil to acquire Pfizer's vaccines. Among the clauses is that Pfizer will not be held responsible for the costs of eventual side effects of its immunizer. In other words: "that a term of responsibility for eventual side effects of the vaccine be signed". The Ministry of Health said that this signing was possible thanks to Bill 534 of 2021 that mentions that "the Union, the States, the Federal District and the municipalities are authorized to purchase vaccines and to assume the risks related to civil liability, under the terms of the instrument of purchase or supply of vaccines entered into, in relation to post-vaccination adverse events".

The contract has already been signed and analyzed by the Ministry of Health's legal department.[40]

In a schedule released on March 5, 2021, by the Ministry of Health, the CoronaVac vaccines from the Butantan Institute will be delivered weekly throughout March to the states and the Federal District. In all, 22.7 million doses of CoronaVac are expected to be distributed. According to the Ministry of Health they will also be delivered:

  • 3.7 million doses of the AstraZeneca/Oxford immunizer in the second half of March;
  • 2.9 million doses by the World Health Organization (WHO) Covax Facility alliance;
  • 8 million of Covaxin - Indian vaccine not yet approved by Anvisa. With this, there will be a total distribution to the states and to the Federal District of 38 million doses in March, a number below the one estimated by the Ministry of Health in February for the following month: 46 million doses. That is a reduction of 7.8 million doses of vaccine for the month of March.[41]

On April 16, 2021, Minister Marcelo Queiroga announced the anticipation of the delivery of 1 million ready doses of the Pfizer vaccine. What was supposed to be in June, will now be on April 29. The cargo of vaccines arrived at Viracopos airport, Campinas, São Paulo from Belgium.[42][43]

On May 11, 2021, the Ministry of Health announced the purchase of an additional 100 million doses of the Tozinameran vaccine from Pfizer/BioNTech. With this, the company must deliver throughout 2021, an additional 199 million doses. Two weeks ago, 1 million were already delivered.[44]

Also on May 11, the ministry vetoed the use of the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine in pregnant women because of cases of thrombosis reported in other countries. Pregnant women who have already been vaccinated with vaccines from this laboratory must be followed up.[45]

On April 22, 2022, the Ministry of Health declared the end of the national public health emergency, effective 22 May. This allowed private vaccination clinics to offer COVID-19 vaccines to the private market. The first vaccine available in the Brazilian private market is Fiocruz's Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine for about R$325 (US$60).[46][47]

Mass vaccination studies

edit
See also: CoronaVac § Effectiveness, Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine § Effectiveness, Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine § Effectiveness, and Janssen COVID-19 vaccine § Efficacy

Serrana

edit

The city of Serrana, in the interior of São Paulo, became the first Brazilian municipality to carry out mass vaccination with the population over 18 years old, divided into four groups. The campaign began on February 17, 2021, and is part of a study by the Butantan Institute, entitled "Project S", using the Coronavac vaccine. The participation of the population, however, is not mandatory, since it is a voluntary research work. Serrana was chosen because of its proximity to Ribeirão Preto, another important city in São Paulo.[48] According to a balance released on March 14, 97% of the population had already been vaccinated.[49] On March 17, the application of the second dose to the target public began.[50] The project came to an end on April 11 in a virtual ceremony.[51] During the campaign, there was a large reduction in Covid's hospitalization of severe cases, besides the low number of deaths with only six deaths, totaling a mortality of 0.004%, and the absence of waiting lines for an ICU bed.[52][53]

Botucatu

edit

On April 27, 2021, the city of Botucatu, interior of São Paulo, was chosen by the Ministry of Health to start the mass vaccination phase in the population over 18 years old. The vaccine used was the AZD1222, in partnership with the University of Oxford, the AstraZeneca laboratory, the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), the Gates Foundation, São Paulo State University (Unesp), and the city government. The campaign aims to test the effectiveness of the Oxford Vaccine and its efficiency in relation to mass vaccination. Just like the Butantan Institute's Project S, carried out in Serrana, the participation of the population will not be mandatory and will also not interfere with the National Immunization Plan, since those who have already been vaccinated locally do not need to participate in the project.[54] Botucatu was chosen because the project covers more people and because it is the regional pole of the Hospital de Clínicas, which serves sixty municipalities and has already held a mass vaccination campaign in 2009 during the campaign against yellow fever, using children, besides being the city with the second lowest fatality rate against covid with 1.60% among municipalities with 100,000 inhabitants. The studies will last eight months.[55] The campaign started on May 16.[56]

Vaccine orders and deliveries

edit
 
COVID-19 vaccine doses received in Brazil in millions
Vaccine Doses in 2021[57] Price per dose[58] Emergency Use Approval Deployment Final Approval
Comirnaty (Pfizer–BioNTech)
184 million
$11.00
 Skipped[59]   4 May 2021[60][61]   23 Feb 2021[62]
Oxford–AstraZeneca
164 million
$3.16
   17 Jan 2021[63]   23 Jan 2021[64]   12 Mar 2021[65]
Janssen
35 million
$10.00
   31 Mar 2021[66]   25 Jun 2021[67]   5 Apr 2022[68]
CoronaVac
104 million
$11.60
   17 Jan 2021[63]   17 Jan 2021[63] Pending[69]
Spikevax (Moderna)
0
≈$11.00[70]
 Skipped   15 May 2024[71]   26 Jun 2023[72]
Covovax (Novavax)
0
 Un­known Skipped 2025[73]   9 Jan 2024[74]

The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine in Brazil is manufactured by:

Vaxzevria is the only Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine recognized by the European Medicines Agency,[77] but it has not been deployed in Brazil. Even so, many European countries accept travelers vaccinated with Covishield variants, including the Fiocruz vaccine.[78]

Vaccination progress

edit
 
Number of people vaccinated against COVID-19 in Brazil
  Partial (1 dose of 2)
  Full
  Boosted

The target vaccination coverage planned by most countries is generally around 60-70%.[79] It may need to be significantly increased to stop the Delta variant.[80]

The milestone of 60% population coverage of partial vaccination (at least 1 of 2 doses) was reached on August 24, 2021. On September 23, 250.3 thousand boosters had already been administered.[81] On March 30, 2022, 75% of the population was fully vaccinated.

By the end of December, about 20 million people had not returned for their second dose, and their reserved doses were about to expire. The Ministry of Health then announced the donation of 10 million doses to COVAX.[82][83]

Booster doses

edit

On August 25, 2021, the Ministry of Health announced that booster vaccination would begin on September 15 for people over 70 years who have been fully vaccinated for at least six months and for individuals with immunodeficiency fully vaccinated for at least 28 days.[84] On August 31, the cities of Salvador and Curitiba began administering booster doses to the elderly ahead of schedule,[85] soon followed by most other state capitals.[86]

On November 16, the Ministry of Health announced that a booster dose will be offered to all adults five months after the second dose.[87] The booster dose will be the same vaccine as the initial course, except for those vaccinated with CoronaVac, who will receive the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine as a booster.[88]

On December 20, to increase protection against the Omicron variant, the Ministry of Health announced that it will offer the booster dose after four months and a fourth dose after four months for individuals with immunodeficiency.[89]

On November 22, 2022, the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Anvisa) approved the two bivalent versions of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine against the Omicron BA.1 and BA.4/BA.5 subvariants.[90]

Vaccine acceptance and hesitancy

edit
See also: Vaccine hesitancy
Vaccine acceptance and hesitancy[91][92][93][94]
  •   Will get vaccinated
  •   Partially vaccinated
  •   Won't get vaccinated
  •   Does not know
Polling on vaccination obligatoriness[95][96][93][94][97]
  •   Should be mandatory
  •   Does not know
  •   Should be voluntary

A voluntary anonymous online survey conducted by the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in late January 2021 with 173,178 respondents found that 89.5% of the respondents intended to be vaccinated, 6.7% would accept vaccination depending on the vaccine, 1.3% were uncertain and 2.5% would not accept any vaccine.[98]

On October 7, 2021, an opinion poll by Paraná Pesquisas found that 70% supported the requirement of vaccine passports, 27% were against the requirement and 3% did not know or did not want to give an opinion.[95]

On November 29, a telephone survey conducted by the World Band and the United Nations Development Programme revealed that Brazil has the lowest level of vaccine hesitancy in Latin America, around 3%, while the Latin American average is 8%. Hesitation is low even among supporters of unvaccinated president Jair Bolsonaro, who claimed that the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine could turn recipients into alligators and cause HIV/AIDS and suggested that CoronaVac could cause death and disability, all false. Experts ascribe resilience against such falsehoods to long-standing vaccination programs run by the public health system and to the inclusion of a vaccination requirement in social welfare programs. At the same time, vaccination coverage has been decreasing in Brazil since 2011, mainly among rural families and people with low education.[99]

Vaccine passport

edit
See also: Immunity passport

By September 28, 2021, 249 municipalities had approved the requirement of a vaccine passport ahead of state and federal determinations.[100]

Several federative units have approved the requirement of a vaccine passport in physical or digital form to allow entry to some venues or participation in some activities: São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Pernambuco, Ceará, Pará, Santa Catarina, Amazonas, Paraíba, Espírito Santo, Piauí, the Federal District and Acre. Several state capitals have adopted similar requirements in states without them: Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, Maceió, Aracaju, Cuiabá, Macapá, Porto Velho and Palmas. In Santa Catarina, Belo Horizonte, Maceió and Aracaju, a negative RT-PCR issued within 72 hours is accepted in place of the vaccine passport.[101][102]

Priority groups

edit

The COVID-19 national vaccination plan defines the following priority groups and order:[2]

  1. Institutionalized elderly people aged 60 years and over
  2. Institutionalized adults with disabilities
  3. Indigenous adults living in indigenous territories
  4. Health workers
  5. Age 90 or older
  6. Ages 85 to 89
  7. Ages 80 to 84
  8. Ages 75 to 79
  9. Adults from traditional ribeirinho peoples and communities
  10. Adults from traditional quilombola peoples and communities
  11. Ages 70 to 74
  12. Ages 65 to 69
  13. Ages 60 to 64
  14. Pregnant and postpartum adult women; adults with comorbidities; adults with permanent disabilities receiving social security benefits
  15. Adults with permanent disabilities not receiving social security benefits
  16. Homeless adults aged 18 to 59
  17. Prisoners and employees of the prison system
  18. Basic education workers
  19. Higher education workers
  20. Police and armed forces
  21. Road passenger transport workers
  22. Rail transport workers
  23. Air transport workers
  24. Waterborne transport workers
  25. Truck drivers
  26. Stevedores
  27. Industrial workers
  28. Street sweepers and solid waste management workers
  29. Pregnant and postpartum adolescents
  30. Adolescents with permanent disabilities
  31. Adolescents with comorbidities
  32. Adolescent prisoners
  33. Other adolescents after completion of booster vaccination of people aged 70 or older and people with immunodeficiency

The following comorbidities are eligible for inclusion in the high priority group:

  • Diabetes
  • Severe chronic lung diseases
  • Resistant hypertension
  • Stage III hypertension
  • Stage I or II hypertension with end organ damage
  • Heart failure
  • Pulmonary heart disease, pulmonary hypertension
  • Hypertensive heart disease
  • Coronary syndromes
  • Valvular heart diseases
  • Cardiomyopathies, pericardial disorders
  • Diseases of the aorta, diseases of the large vessels, arteriovenous fistulas
  • Arrhythmias
  • Congenital heart defects
  • Heart valve prostheses, implanted cardiac devices
  • Chronic neurological disorders
  • Chronic kidney disease
  • Immunodeficiency
  • Severe hemoglobinopathies
  • Morbid obesity
  • Down syndrome
  • Cirrhosis

Controversies

edit

Accusations of queue jumping and suspension of vaccination in Manaus

edit

The Public Ministry received complaints of people accused of jumping the vaccination queue in at least eight Brazilian states, through videos and photos posted on social networks. According to the National Immunization Plan (PNI), the first phase corresponds to health professionals, seniors over sixty who live in nursing homes, and the indigenous population.[103] In the Federal District, the Health Secretariat announced that it will investigate the irregularities after groups outside the first phase took the vaccine.[104] In Amazonas, the capital Manaus announced the temporary suspension of vaccination on January 21, to reassess the priority of the first group, since the doses of the vaccine are considered insufficient, besides there is a report of deviation of 60,000 doses of the CoronaVac vaccine and children of businessmen taking the doses without being part of the priority groups.[105][106]

In Bahia, through the city of Candiba, the mayor Reginaldo Martins Prado (PSD) posted a photo receiving the dose of the vaccine against COVID-19, without yet being part of the priority group, leading to the opening of lawsuits in the MP and MPF preventing the application of the second dose, in addition to the application of fines.[107] In Sergipe, in the city of Itabi, the mayor Júnior de Amintas (DEM) was the first to be vaccinated, generating a revolt from the population, since he is 45 years old, below the age range of the first phase.[108] In Pernambuco, in the city of Jupi, the Health Secretary Maria Nadir Ferro and a photographer who works in the city hall, known as Guilherme JG, who took the vaccine, even without being part of the priority group. The two public servants were removed.[109] In the capital of Rio Grande do Norte, the city of Natal, the State Public Ministry investigates reports that city hall employees, outside the priority group for vaccination, were immunized. According to the reports, submitted to the MP by the Union of Public Servants of the City of Natal, employees who hold commissioned positions in the Municipal Secretariat of Social Assistance received CoronaVac in one of the vaccination sites in the city. Among them is the head of the IT sector of the secretariat, who shared on social networks the record of the moment he was immunized.[110]

In the city of Pombal in Paraíba, the mayor Abmael de Sousa Lacerda (MDB), better known as Dr. Verissinho, was the first person to take the vaccine in the city, even without being part of the priority groups, according to a complaint that reached the MPF.[111] In Ceará, in the city of Juazeiro do Norte, the deputy mayor Giovanni Sampaio (Podemos) was the first one vaccinated in the city. He is an obstetrician and, according to the city hall, works as a volunteer in the municipality's health units. In a statement, the Public Prosecutor's Office of Ceará says that it has established a notice of fact to investigate "alleged violation of the rules of vaccination by a municipal official" and that it will decide, after investigation, what is the appropriate measure in the case. The MP also investigates the vaccination of Benedita Oliveira, Quixadá's health secretary.[112] In Castanhal, in Pará, the administrative director of the Municipal Hospital was dismissed by the city government after being accused of jumping the line of the CoronaVac vaccine. The public agent Laureno Lemos, 38, presented himself for vaccination in the early evening of Tuesday, 19, just after the first dose was applied in the server Nivalda Pestana, 58, who has worked for almost 20 years in the hospital laundry and is on the front line of COVID-19.[113]

Vaccine deviation controversies and the empty syringe case

edit

During the course of vaccination, there have been several accusations involving the deviation of vaccine doses by health professionals and political leaders in various locations around the country.[114][115][116]

In several municipalities around the country, there have been flagrant cases of health professionals pretending to vaccinate the elderly, using empty syringes or not squeezing the plunger of the syringe. There have been cases where discarded syringes were found with liquid inside. In the cases reported, the professionals were removed and the elderly returned later to take the correct dose of vaccine.[117] Health authorities consider the cases "isolated". The Federal Council of Nursing (COFEN), the Public Ministry of the State of Rio de Janeiro (MPRJ), and the police are investigating whether the false applications are related to the deviation of vaccine vials.[118] The cases have been called "wind vaccinations" by the media.[118][119][120][121][122]

Vaccination interruption in some Brazilian cities

edit

Soon after approaching one month from the beginning of the vaccination campaign in the country, several Brazilian cities, including capitals such as Salvador, Rio de Janeiro and Curitiba started to restrict the priority groups and then announce the interruption of the vaccination campaign until the arrival of new doses to the states. The action generated a movement by the state governments to start negotiations on their own with the laboratories, with a group uniting sixteen states, led by governor Wellington Dias (PT-PI).[123][124] With the arrival of new doses of Coronavac and Covishield on the 24th, the vaccination calendar is resumed in the cities where there was a pause.[125][126]

On February 23, 2021, the Supreme Federal Court (STF) decided by simple majority that state governments and municipalities have the autonomy to purchase vaccines on their own if the federal government does not comply with the vaccination schedule. The release of vaccines approved by foreign agencies was also approved, in case the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Anvisa) does not decide on the issue within 72 hours. The authorized agencies are the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), from the United States; the European Medicines Agency (EMA), from the European Union; the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), from Japan; and the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), from China.[127][128] On the 24th, the Senate approves the PL that authorizes the purchase of vaccines by the private sector, as long as 50% of the doses are donated to the Unified Health System (SUS).[129]

Use of different vaccines

edit

In Natal, a physical therapist received the first dose from AstraZeneca, but the second dose she received was from Sinovac Biotech. The health department of Rio Grande do Norte acknowledged the error and said that the professional will be monitored.[130]

In the Federal District, a 93-year-old received two doses of different vaccines. According to G1, he first got vaccinated with the AstraZeneca, but his granddaughter scheduled for only 1 month the second dose, and ended up receiving the Sinovac Biotech. In a statement, the health department of the Federal District said that the elderly will have monthly monitoring and checks of the clinical status.[131]

In Rondônia, 35 health professionals from a hospital received doses from different laboratories. In a note, the state health secretariat said it is investigating the case.[132]

On April 16, 2021, the Ministry of Health informed in a statement that if there are reports of people with thrombosis because of the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine, another vaccine from another laboratory will be applied. Also in the clarification, the ministry stressed that the vaccine to be applied is not from a viral vector. The only ones purchased by the government that do not have this technology are the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. Brazil is the first country in the world to have this initiative.[133]

Clandestine immunization in Minas Gerais

edit

According to Piauí Magazine, on March 24, 2021, a group of businessmen from Minas Gerais illegally imported doses of the Pfizer vaccine to get vaccinated in a garage. None of them were in the priority group.[134] A hospital employee, who is a neighbor of this garage, filmed the moment the clandestine immunization took place.[135] One day after the denunciation, there was a Federal Police operation in the state to carry out search and seizure warrants, and it was authorized by the 35th Criminal Court of Belo Horizonte.[136] ANVISA sent a letter to the police to investigate this illegal importation by individuals.[137]

In the second phase of the operation, an elderly caregiver and two big bus businessmen were arrested by the Federal Police. In her house, ampoules of sodium chloride and flu vaccines were found. In a statement released to the press, Pfizer denied having sold doses to Brazil to individuals and reaffirmed, along with BioNTech, that it will deliver 100 million doses to the Federal Government throughout 2021. Another 57 people are also investigated.[138]

On March 18, 2021, the Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais installed a CPI to investigate vaccination irregularities in addition to the accusations of queue jumping.[139]

Overpricing in the purchase of doses of Covaxin vaccine

edit
Main article: Case Covaxin

The Federal Public Ministry (MPF) identified evidence of irregularities in the purchase of 20 million doses of the Indian vaccine Covaxin, a fact that led the health minister Marcelo Queiroga to enter the list of investigated by the CPI of COVID-19, after documents from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs show that the federal government paid for the vaccines a value 1000% higher than the first offer submitted six months earlier. In addition, there were some warnings coming from people linked to the government such as the civil servant Luiz Ricardo Miranda and his brother, federal deputy Luís Miranda (DEM-DF) about irregularities in the purchase of the vaccine, but the warning was in vain.[140] After the complaints were filed, the government denies irregularities and speaks of "evidence of tampering" in a document presented by the deputy.[141] On June 29, the Ministry of Health announces the suspension of vaccine imports due to "controversies" with the contract.[142]

Illegal application of extra doses

edit

In the state of São Paulo, six people are investigated for being immunized with the third dose illegally. The cases occurred in Guarulhos, São Caetano do Sul, and São Paulo.[143]

Vaccination campaign for children (5 - 11 years)

edit

On December 16, 2021, Anvisa, the Brazilian medical regulatory agency, issued an authorization for the administration of the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine to children between 5 and 11. President Bolsonaro went so far as to demand the release of the names of the Anvisa scientists who granted approval.[144] After public discussions, the Ministry of Health declared on January 5 that the vaccination is going to start in January. There are about 20 millions kids in this age group.

References

edit
  1. ^ Brazil COVID- 19 Vaccine Tracker: States Map. By George Karabassis Archived April 14, 2022, at the Wayback Machine. Press the 1M button in the lower right corner of the map and the 2x button to create the shown map.
  2. ^ a b Plano Nacional de Operacionalização da Vacinação contra Covid-19 [National Plan for the Operationalization of Covid-19 Vaccination] (Report) (in Portuguese) (11th ed.). Brasília: Ministry of Health of Brazil. October 7, 2021. pp. 35–40. Archived from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  3. ^ "Monitoramento dos Gastos da União com Combate à COVID-19 — Tesouro Transparente" [Monitoring of Union Spending in Combating COVID-19 — Transparent Treasury]. Tesouro Nacional Transparente (in Portuguese). Federal Government of Brazil. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023. Updated frequently.
  4. ^ "Number of people who received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on August 20, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2021. Updated frequently.
  5. ^ "Number of people fully vaccinated against COVID-19". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on August 20, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2021. Updated frequently.
  6. ^ "COVID-19 vaccine booster doses administered". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021. Updated frequently.
  7. ^ "Share of people who received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021. Updated frequently.
  8. ^ "Share of the population fully vaccinated against COVID-19". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021. Updated frequently.
  9. ^ "COVID-19 vaccine booster doses administered per 100 people". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved November 4, 2021. Updated frequently.
  10. ^ Phillips, Tom (January 18, 2021). "Bolsonaro rival hails Covid vaccinations as 'triumph of science against denialists'". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  11. ^ "A parceria tecnológica que fez da CoronaVac a vacina do Brasil" (in Brazilian Portuguese). January 15, 2021. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  12. ^ Cruz, Valdo (January 18, 2021). "São Paulo vai negociar com China para acelerar importação de princípio ativo da CoronaVac" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  13. ^ Zanini, Fábio (January 17, 2021). "Painel: Vacinação adiantada de Doria divide governadores e gera mal-estar em grupo de WhatsApp" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  14. ^ Lopes, Nathan (January 18, 2021). "Saiba como será a distribuição de doses da CoronaVac para os estados" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  15. ^ Silva, Zileide (January 17, 2021). "Interesse do governo pela CoronaVac aponta mudança radical de posicionamento sobre a vacina" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  16. ^ Watson, Oliver J; Barnsley, Gregory; Toor, Jaspreet; Hogan, Alexandra B; Winskill, Peter; Ghani, Azra C (June 23, 2022). "Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 22 (9): 1293–1302. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00320-6. ISSN 1473-3099. PMC 9225255. PMID 35753318. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  17. ^ "COVID-19 vaccines saved nearly 20 million lives in a year, study says". CBS News. June 24, 2022. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  18. ^ Vargas, Mateus (January 2, 2021). "Fiocruz busca importar 2 mi de doses e antecipar vacinação" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  19. ^ Sabóia, Gabriel; Mazieiro, Guilherme; Andrade, Hanrrikson; Adorno, Luís (January 17, 2021). "Anvisa aprova uso emergencial das vacinas CoronaVac e AstraZeneca no Brasil" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
  20. ^ "Avião com 2 milhões de doses da vacina de Oxford importadas da Índia chega a SP" (in Brazilian Portuguese). January 22, 2021. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  21. ^ Garcia, Gustavo; Rodrigues, Paloma; Barbiéri, Luiz Felipe (January 22, 2021). "Anvisa aprova por unanimidade uso emergencial de mais 4,8 milhões de doses da CoronaVac" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  22. ^ Machado, Lívia; Junior, Alessandro Feitosa; Paulo, Paula Paiva; Rodrigues, Rodrigo (January 17, 2021). "Logo após aprovação da Anvisa, governo de SP aplica em enfermeira a 1ª dose de vacina contra Covid-19 no Brasil". Archived from the original on January 1, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
  23. ^ "Estados iniciam vacinação após atraso na entrega de doses; veja quem já começou" (in Brazilian Portuguese). January 18, 2021. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  24. ^ Bergamo, Mônica (January 17, 2021). "Mônica Bergamo: Primeira a ser vacinada é mulher, negra e enfermeira do Emílio Ribas em SP" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  25. ^ "Técnico de enfermagem que dormia no terraço para proteger a mãe é vacinado" (in Brazilian Portuguese). January 20, 2021. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  26. ^ "Técnica de enfermagem de 55 anos é a primeira a receber a vacina contra a covid-19 no ES". Folha Vitória. Grupo Buaiz. January 18, 2021. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  27. ^ França, Andréa (January 19, 2021). "Enfermeiras do Hospital de Campanha recebem as primeiras doses da vacina contra Covid-19 em Belém". G1. Grupo Globo. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  28. ^ Monteiro, Marcelo (January 18, 2021). "Técnica de enfermagem recebe primeira vacina contra Covid-19 no Ceará e comemora: 'é muita emoção'". Diário do Nordeste. Sistema Verdes Mares. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  29. ^ "Enfermeira é a primeira pessoa a receber a vacina contra a Covid-19 na Bahia: 'Me sinto honrada'". Jornal da Manhã. TV Bahia. January 21, 2021. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  30. ^ "Zezé Motta e Solange Couto são vacinadas contra Covid-19 no Retiro dos Artistas". O Globo. Infoglobo. January 20, 2021. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  31. ^ "Primeira indígena vacinada no Brasil: 'Sou defensora da vida'". iG. January 17, 2021. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  32. ^ "Infectologista é o primeiro a receber vacina de Oxford no Brasil". January 23, 2021. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  33. ^ Arrais, Amauri. "Fiocruz aplica primeiras doses da vacina de Oxford no Brasil". CNN Brasil. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  34. ^ "Médicos são os primeiros vacinados com a dose de Oxford no Brasil". Folha de Pernambuco. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  35. ^ "Brasil chega a 6,7 milhões de vacinados contra covid, 3,2% da população" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
  36. ^ "Pazuello apresenta cronograma para entregar 230,7 milhões de doses de vacinas contra a Covid-19 até julho" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved March 3, 2021.
  37. ^ "SAÚDE III: Ministério assina intenção de compra de vacinas da Pfizer e da Janssen" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  38. ^ "Governo dispensa licitação para compra de vacinas da Janssen e da Pfizer" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  39. ^ "Governo decide comprar 'todas as vacinas disponíveis' da Pfizer e da Janssen" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  40. ^ "Governo cede e aceita cláusulas 'abusivas' da Pfizer" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  41. ^ "Ministério da Saúde fará entregas semanais de vacinas em março" (in Brazilian Portuguese). March 5, 2021. Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  42. ^ "Primeiro milhão de doses de vacinas da Pfizer tem chegada prevista para o próximo dia 29" (in Brazilian Portuguese). April 16, 2021. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  43. ^ TEMPO, O. (April 29, 2021). "Chega ao Brasil o primeiro lote de vacinas da Pfizer, com 1 milhão de doses" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  44. ^ Basília Rodrigues (May 10, 2021). "Saúde já assinou contrato com Pfizer" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
  45. ^ "Governo decide que vacinação de grávidas será apenas para mulheres com comorbidades e com a aplicação das vacinas CoronaVac e Pfizer" (in Brazilian Portuguese). May 11, 2021. Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
  46. ^ "Vacina contra covid chega à rede privada; entenda como vai funcionar" [Covid vaccine reaches the private market; learn how this will work]. BBC Brasil. June 3, 2022. Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved June 5, 2022.
  47. ^ "Portaria que encerra estado de emergência por Covid-19 entra em vigor hoje (22)" [Ordinance ending Covid-19 state of emergency comes into force today]. CNN Brazil. May 22, 2022. Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved June 5, 2022.
  48. ^ "Serrana, SP, vai ter vacinação em massa contra Covid-19 em projeto do Butantan, diz Dimas Covas". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). February 7, 2021. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  49. ^ "Serrana vacina 97% de todo público-alvo de estudo do Butantan". ACidade ON Ribeirão (in Brazilian Portuguese). EPTV. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  50. ^ "Serrana (SP) inicia aplicação de segunda dose da vacina contra o coronavírus". R7.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). March 17, 2021. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  51. ^ "Serrana está há 13 dias sem intubar; vacinação em massa contra o coronavírus termina hoje - Saúde". Estadão (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
  52. ^ "Serrana registrou uma morte em toda população imunizada na vacinação em massa". CNN Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
  53. ^ "Com quase 100% da população vacinada, Serrana zera busca por UTI". Metrópoles (in Brazilian Portuguese). April 10, 2021. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
  54. ^ "Botucatu participa de pesquisa inédita de vacinação em massa contra a Covid-19". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). April 27, 2021. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  55. ^ "Botucatu fará vacinação em massa com doses da AstraZeneca". Terra (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  56. ^ "Botucatu faz vacinação em massa contra a Covid-19 neste domingo". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). May 16, 2021. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  57. ^ "Entregas de Vacinas Covid-19" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Ministry of Health of Brazil. January 5, 2022. Archived from the original on January 17, 2022.
  58. ^ "Covaxin tem maior preço por vacina negociado pelo Brasil; veja comparativo" [Covaxin has the highest price per vaccine negotiated by Brazil; see comparative]. CNN Brazil (in Portuguese). June 23, 2021. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
  59. ^ "Pfizer pede à Anvisa o registro definitivo da vacina contra a Covid" [Pfizer asks Anvisa for the definitive registration of the vaccine against Covid] (in Portuguese). G1. Jornal Nacional. February 6, 2021. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021. Em setembro de 2020, a Pfizer ofereceu 70 milhões de doses ao Brasil. O governo não respondeu e criticou as exigências feitas pelo laboratório. Por causa do impasse, a Pfizer nunca entrou com pedido de uso emergencial [In September 2020, Pfizer offered 70 million doses to Brazil. The government did not respond and criticized the demands made by the laboratory. Because of the impasse, Pfizer never filed an emergency use request]
  60. ^ "Doses da Pfizer começam a ser aplicadas no Rio de Janeiro" [Pfizer doses begin to be applied in Rio de Janeiro]. CNN Brasil (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro. May 4, 2021. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  61. ^ "Covid-19: Vacina da Pfizer começa a ser aplicada em Salvador" [Covid-19: Pfizer vaccine begins to be applied in Salvador]. G1 (in Portuguese). May 4, 2021. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  62. ^ "Brazil approves Pfizer's COVID-19 shot, but has none to use". Reuters. São Paulo. February 23, 2021. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  63. ^ a b c "Brazil approves two COVID vaccines for emergency use". Al Jazeera. January 17, 2021. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  64. ^ "Quatro estados recebem doses da vacina de Oxford já neste sábado" [Four states receive doses of the Oxford vaccine this Saturday]. CNN Brasil (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro. January 23, 2021. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021. Na tarde deste sábado (23), o infectologista do Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas da Fiocruz (INI/Fiocruz), Estevão Portela, foi o primeiro a receber a vacina. [On Saturday afternoon (23), Estevão Portela, infectologist of the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI/Fiocruz), was the first to receive the vaccine.]
  65. ^ "Brazil gives final approval for AstraZeneca vaccine, sees domestic manufacture". Reuters. Brasília. March 12, 2021. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  66. ^ "Brazil health regulator approves emergency use of Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine". Reuters. Rio de Janeiro. March 31, 2021. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  67. ^ "Vacinas da Janssen já chegaram aos estados; doses são únicas e serão aplicadas em diferentes públicos" [Janssen vaccines have already arrived in the states; doses are single and will be applied to different audiences]. G1 (in Portuguese). June 25, 2021. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021. São Luís e Vitória começam a aplicar o imunizante nesta sexta (25). [São Luís and Vitória begin to apply the immunizing agent this Friday (25).]
  68. ^ "Anvisa aprova registro definitivo de vacina da Janssen" [Anvisa approves definitive Janssen vaccine registration]. G1 (in Portuguese). April 5, 2022. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  69. ^ "Anvisa recebe pedido de registro definitivo da Coronavac" [Anvisa receives request for the definitive registration of Coronavac] (in Portuguese). CNN Brazil. July 9, 2022. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
  70. ^ "Saúde armazena R$ 540 mi em vacinas da Covid que vencem até outubro" [Ministry of Health storing R$540 million in Covid vaccines expiring by October]. Folha de São Paulo (in Portuguese). August 2, 2024. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
  71. ^ "Nova vacina contra a covid-19 começa a ser aplicada nesta quarta (15)" [Delivery of new Covid-19 vaccine begins this Wednesday (15)] (in Portuguese). May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 22, 2024. O Ministério da Saúde não informou o gasto total com a compra das vacinas da Moderna. [The Ministry of Health did not report the total expenditure on purchasing Moderna vaccines.]
  72. ^ "Anvisa aprova vacina bivalente da Moderna para Covid-19" [Anvisa approves Moderna's bivalent vaccine for Covid-19]. O Globo (in Portuguese). June 26, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
  73. ^ "Ministério da Saúde anuncia como será a vacinação contra Covid em 2025" [Ministry of Health announces how Covid vaccination will be carried out in 2025]. G1 (in Portuguese). December 12, 2024. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
  74. ^ "COVID-19 vaccine Zalika is registered in Brazil". Agência Brasil. January 9, 2024. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
  75. ^ "Brazil eyes July for full local production of AstraZeneca vaccine". Reuters. Rio de Janeiro. March 3, 2021. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021. Federally funded Fiocruz, based in Rio de Janeiro, has delivered 4 million ready-made vaccines from India and is filling and finishing shots with active ingredients from China.
  76. ^ "Kangtai Biological's COVID-19 vaccine gets emergency use approval in China". Reuters. Beijing. May 14, 2021. Archived from the original on August 31, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021. Kangtai has also obtained exclusive right to develop and manufacture the vaccine developed by AstraZeneca and Oxford University in mainland China.
  77. ^ "AstraZeneca's India vaccine partner seeking EU travel resolution". Reuters. Bengaluru. June 28, 2021. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
  78. ^ "Alguns países da Europa mantêm o veto a Astrazeneca" [Some European countries continue to veto the Astrazeneca vaccine]. Viagem e Turismo (in Portuguese). Editora Abril. August 28, 2021. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  79. ^ Aschwanden, Christie (March 18, 2021). "Five reasons why COVID herd immunity is probably impossible". Nature. 591 (7851): 520–522. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00728-2. PMID 33737753. S2CID 232300306. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
  80. ^ "Covid-19: French scientists warn 95 percent may need to be vaccinated to stop Delta variant". France 24. Agence France-Presse. July 9, 2021. Archived from the original on August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
  81. ^ "Brasil já aplicou mais de 250 mil doses de reforço e adicional contra a Covid-19" [Brazil has already administered more than 250,000 booster and additional doses against Covid-19]. Ministry of Health of Brazil (in Portuguese). Federal government of Brazil. September 23, 2021. Archived from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  82. ^ "São 20 milhões de pessoas com a segunda dose em atraso" [20 million people late for the second dose]. R7.com (in Portuguese). December 17, 2021. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
  83. ^ "Saúde anuncia doação de 10 milhões de vacinas da Covid-19 a países pobres" [Ministry of Health announces donation of 10 million Covid-19 vaccines to poor countries]. CNN Brazil (in Portuguese). December 20, 2021. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
  84. ^ "O que se sabe sobre a terceira dose da vacina contra a Covid-19 no Brasil" [What is known about the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine in Brazil]. CNN Brasil (in Portuguese). August 25, 2021. Archived from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  85. ^ "Covid-19: Salvador aplica 3ª dose em idosos. Veja outras capitais" [Covid-19: Salvador administers the third dose to the elderly, see other capitals]. R7 (in Portuguese). Grupo Record. August 31, 2021. Archived from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  86. ^ "Saiba quais capitais já aplicam a 3ª dose e veja a previsão para outras cidades" [Find out which capitals already administer the 3rd dose and see the forecast for other cities]. CNN Brasil (in Portuguese). September 13, 2021. Archived from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  87. ^ "Brazil to offer COVID-19 booster shot to everyone older than 18". Reuters. November 16, 2021. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  88. ^ "Veja como fica o esquema de vacinação de reforço, de acordo com a Anvisa" [Learn about the booster vaccination schedule, according to Anvisa]. CNN Brasil (in Portuguese). November 24, 2021. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  89. ^ "Governo reduz intervalo para reforço vacinal e anuncia quarta dose para imunossuprimidos" [Government reduces interval for vaccine booster and announces fourth dose for immunodeficient]. G1 (in Portuguese). December 20, 2021. Archived from the original on December 20, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
  90. ^ "Anvisa aprova uso emergencial de vacinas bivalentes da Pfizer contra a Covid-19" [Anvisa approves emergency use of Pfizer's bivalent vaccines against Covid-19]. CNN Brasil (in Portuguese). November 22, 2022. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved January 15, 2023.
  91. ^ "Número de brasileiros que pretendem se vacinar atinge recorde e chega a 94% da população, aponta Datafolha" [Number of Brazilians who intend to get vaccinated reaches a record 94% of the population, points out Datafolha]. G1 (in Portuguese). July 13, 2021. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  92. ^ "Datafolha: 91% dos brasileiros pretendem se vacinar ou já foram vacinados contra a Covid-19" [Datafolha: 91% of Brazilians intend to be vaccinated or have already been vaccinated against Covid-19]. G1 (in Portuguese). May 19, 2021. Archived from the original on September 5, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  93. ^ a b "Datafolha: fatia de brasileiros que pretendem se vacinar cresce e chega a 84%" [Datafolha: share of Brazilians who intend to get vaccinated grows to 84%]. G1 (in Portuguese). March 21, 2021. Archived from the original on September 5, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  94. ^ a b "Datafolha: 73% dizem que pretendem tomar vacina contra Covid-19, e 56% acham que ela deve ser obrigatória" [Datafolha: 73% say they intend to take the Covid-19 vaccine, and 56% think it should be mandatory]. G1 (in Portuguese). December 12, 2021. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  95. ^ a b "Exigência de passaporte da vacina tem aprovação de 70% dos brasileiros" [70% of Brazilians approve vaccine passport requirement]. Veja (in Portuguese). October 7, 2021. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  96. ^ "61,2% dos brasileiros tomariam vacina contra covid-19, diz Paraná Pesquisas" [61.2% of Brazilians would take vaccine against covid-19, says Paraná Pesquisas]. Poder360 (in Portuguese). September 15, 2020. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  97. ^ "Quase metade da população acha que vacina de Covid-19 não deve ser obrigatória" [Almost half of the population thinks that the Covid-19 vaccine should not be mandatory]. Medicina S/A (in Portuguese). January 11, 2023. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved January 15, 2023.
  98. ^ Moore DC, Nehab MF, Camacho KG, Reis AT, Junqueira-Marinho MF, Abramov DM, Azevedo ZM, Menezes LA, Salú MS, Figueiredo CE, Moreira ME (October 8, 2021). "Low COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Brazil". Vaccine. 39 (42): 6262–6268. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.013. ISSN 0264-410X. PMC 8421107. PMID 34535318.
  99. ^ Sanches, Mariana (November 29, 2021). "Brasil é país com menor rejeição à vacina na América Latina, diz Banco Mundial" [Brazil is the country with the lowest rejection to the COVID-19 vaccine in Latin America, says World Bank]. BBC Brasil (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  100. ^ "Passaporte da vacina avança em 249 cidades, mostra pesquisa" [Vaccine passport advances in 249 cities, research shows]. R7.com (in Portuguese). September 28, 2021. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  101. ^ "Cinco estados brasileiros já adotam o 'passaporte da vacina'" [Five Brazilian states have already adopted the 'vaccine passport']. CNN Brazil (in Portuguese). October 12, 2021. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  102. ^ "Comprovante de vacinação contra Covid é exigido em 19 capitais" [Proof of vaccination against Covid-19 is required in 19 state capitals]. G1 (in Portuguese). December 3, 2021. Archived from the original on December 6, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
  103. ^ Maria Tomazela, José; Daniel, Aloísio (January 21, 2021). "MP apura denúncias de 'fura-filas' da vacina contra covid-19". Terra. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  104. ^ Schwingel, Samara; Diogo, Darcianne (January 20, 2021). "Vacinação contra covid-19: denúncias de fura-filas levam MP a questionar GDF". Correio Braziliense. Diários Associados. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  105. ^ Barros, Michelle (January 21, 2021). "Vacinação contra Covid-19 em Manaus é suspensa em meio a investigação sobre irregularidade na aplicação das doses". Jornal Hoje. TV Globo. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  106. ^ Bittencourt, Julinho (January 21, 2021). "Jornal local da Globo em Manaus aponta desaparecimento de 60 mil doses da Coronavac". Revista Fórum. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  107. ^ "Prefeito 'fura fila' não deve tomar segunda dose da vacina agora, pedem MP e MPF". Correio. Rede Bahia. January 21, 2021. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  108. ^ Schneider, João Paulo (January 20, 2021). "Vídeo: prefeito de Itabi diz que tomou vacina para encorajar o povo". Infonet. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  109. ^ Lima, Ísis (January 19, 2021). "Vídeo de fotógrafo "furando fila" da vacina contra covid-19 em Jupi, Pernambuco, viraliza; SES pede investigação". Rádio Jornal. Sistema Jornal do Commercio de Comunicação. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  110. ^ Jácome, Igor (January 20, 2021). "Servidores fora do grupo prioritário furam fila de vacinação contra Covid-19 em Natal, diz sindicato". G1. Grupo Globo. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  111. ^ "Prefeito da PB 'fura fila' e é o primeiro a tomar vacina contra a covid-19". UOL. Grupo Folha. January 20, 2021. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  112. ^ Pinusa, Samuel (January 20, 2021). "Ministério Público apura se gestores municipais 'furaram a fila' da vacina contra Covid-19 no Ceará". G1. Grupo Globo. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  113. ^ Magalhães, Noriel (January 20, 2021). "Após criticar vacina, diretor de hospital no PA divulga foto sendo imunizado contra a Covid-19 e é demitido". Jornal Liberal 1.ª edição. Rede Liberal. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  114. ^ Brasil, Cristina Indio (January 26, 2021). "Polícia investiga desvio de vacinas e desrespeito a prioridades no Rio" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  115. ^ Resende, Leandro (February 4, 2021). "Investigação sobre desvios de vacina contra Covid-19 no Amazonas está parada" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on February 18, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  116. ^ Maisonnave, Fabiano (January 24, 2021). "Ministério questiona Rondônia sobre desvio de 8.805 doses de vacina" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on June 21, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  117. ^ Beltrão, Maria (February 15, 2021). Edição de segunda-feira, 15/02/2021. Event occurs at 12:05. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  118. ^ a b Lucchese, Bette (February 16, 2021). "Denúncias de aplicação incorreta da vacina contra Covid são investigadas". TV Globo. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  119. ^ Sartori, Caio (February 16, 2021). "Polícia do Rio investiga aplicação de 'vacina de vento' em três cidades". Grupo Folha. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  120. ^ "Após 'vacina de vento', Saúde do Rio muda protocolo". February 16, 2021. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  121. ^ "'Vacinas de vento' são investigadas pela Polícia no Rio de Janeiro". Jovem Pan News. February 16, 2021. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  122. ^ Milhorance, Flávia (February 18, 2021). "Brazil health workers accused of giving Covid vaccinations with empty syringes". The Guardian. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
  123. ^ Biernath, André. "Falta de vacinas contra a covid-19: os riscos da interrupção da campanha de vacinação no Brasil". UOL. Grupo Folha. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  124. ^ "Prefeito do Rio anuncia interrupção da vacinação contra a COVID-19". Estado de Minas. February 15, 2021. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  125. ^ Brasil, Cristina Índio (February 26, 2021). "Rio tem calendário para vacinação, mas aguarda novas remessas". EBC. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  126. ^ "Avião com 2 milhões de doses da vacina de Oxford chega ao Brasil". Veja. Editora Abril. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  127. ^ Farias, Victor (February 23, 2021). "STF tem maioria para liberar compra de vacinas da Covid-19 por estados e municípios caso União descumpra plano de imunização". O Globo. Infoglobo. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  128. ^ Falcão, Márcio; Vivas, Fernanda (February 23, 2021). "STF autoriza estados e municípios a comprar vacinas contra Covid se União descumprir plano". G1. Grupo Globo. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  129. ^ Brandão, Marcelo (February 24, 2021). "Senado aprova projeto para ampliar oferta de vacinas no Brasil". Empresa Brasileira de Comunicação. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  130. ^ "Profissional de saúde recebe doses de vacinas diferentes contra COVID-19 em Natal. Secretaria reconhece erro" (in Brazilian Portuguese). February 17, 2021. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
  131. ^ "Idoso recebe doses de vacinas contra COVID-19 de fabricantes diferentes" (in Brazilian Portuguese). March 2, 2021. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
  132. ^ "Servidores de hospital em RO receberam doses de vacinas diferentes" (in Brazilian Portuguese). February 23, 2021. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
  133. ^ "Pessoas que tiverem trombose, receberão 2a dose de outra vacina" (in Brazilian Portuguese). April 16, 2021. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
  134. ^ "Vacina clandestina para empresários mineiros". O Antagonista (in Brazilian Portuguese). March 24, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
  135. ^ "Vídeo mostra vacinação clandestina em BH". O Antagonista (in Brazilian Portuguese). March 24, 2021. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
  136. ^ "PF mira vacinação clandestina de empresários em Minas Gerais". O Antagonista (in Brazilian Portuguese). March 25, 2021. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
  137. ^ "ANVISA envia ofício sobre vacinação clandestina". O Antagonista (in Brazilian Portuguese). March 25, 2021. Archived from the original on March 25, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
  138. ^ "PF cumpre mandados de busca e apreensão na casa de mulher suspeita de vacinar empresários do setor de transporte em BH" (in Brazilian Portuguese). March 30, 2021. Archived from the original on March 30, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  139. ^ "Governo de Minas é alvo de CPI por 'fura-fila' na vacinação" (in Brazilian Portuguese). March 18, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  140. ^ Globo, Agência O. (June 24, 2021). "Entenda a cronologia da compra superfaturada da Covaxin pelo Governo Bolsonaro". iG (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
  141. ^ "Governo fala em 'indícios de adulteração' em documento de deputado sobre Covaxin". CNN Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
  142. ^ "Ministério da Saúde suspende contrato de compra da vacina Covaxin". CNN Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  143. ^ "Seis pesspas burlam sistema da saúde na Grande SP e tomam terceira dose da vacina contra a COVID-19". G1. July 2, 2021. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  144. ^ Brazilian states to defy Bolsonaro on Covid-19 shots for kids Archived January 6, 2022, at the Wayback Machine (December 24, 2021)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_vaccination_in_Brazil&oldid=1262906893"