The voiced glottal fricative, sometimes called breathy-voiced glottal transition, is a type of sound used in some spoken languages which patterns like a fricative or approximant consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɦ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is h\.
| Voiced glottal fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɦ | |||
| IPA number | 147 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɦ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0266 | ||
| X-SAMPA | h\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
In many languages, [ɦ] has no place or manner of articulation. Thus, it has been described as a breathy-voiced counterpart of the following vowel from a phonetic point of view. However, its characteristics are also influenced by the preceding vowels and whatever other sounds surround it. Therefore, it can be described as a segment whose only consistent feature is its breathy voice phonation in such languages.[1] It may have real glottal constriction in a number of languages (such as Finnish[2]), making it a fricative.
Northern Wu languages such as Shanghainese contrast the voiced and voiceless glottal fricatives.[3] The two glottal fricatives pattern like plosives.[4][5]
Features
editFeatures of the voiced glottal fricative:
- Its phonation is breathy voiced, or murmured, which means the vocal cords are loosely vibrating, with more air escaping than in a modally voiced sound. It is sometimes referred to as a "voiced h". Strictly speaking this is incorrect, as there is no voicing.[6]
- In some languages, it has the constricted manner of articulation of a fricative. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract, most phoneticians no longer consider [ɦ] to be a fricative. True fricatives may have a murmured phonation in addition to producing friction elsewhere. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for the historical reasons.
- It may have a glottal place of articulation. However, it may have no fricative articulation, making the term glottal mean that it is articulated by the vocal folds, but this is the nature of its phonation rather than a separate articulation. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation [ɦ], and accordingly [ɦ] has only the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard | hoekom | [ɦu.kɔm] | 'why' | |
| Azeri | Standard | möhkəm / مؤحکم | [mœːɦcæm] | 'solid' | |
| Albanian | Northern Tosk[7] | dhe menjëherë udhëtari | [ðɛ miɲɜˈɦɛɹoθˈtaɽ̞i] | 'and immediately the traveller' | Occasional allophone of /h/ in connected speech. |
| Basque | Northeastern dialects[8] | hemen | [ɦemen] | 'here' | Can be voiceless [h] instead. |
| Czech | hlava | [ˈɦlävä] | 'head' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish[9] | Mon det har regnet? | [- te̝ ɦɑ -] | 'I wonder if it has rained.' | Common allophone of /h/ between vowels.[9] See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch[10] | haat | [ɦaːt] | 'hate' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Australian[11] | behind | [bəˈɦɑe̯nd] | 'behind' | Allophone of /h/ between voiced sounds.[11][12] See Australian English phonology and English phonology |
| Received Pronunciation[12] | [bɪˈɦaɪ̯nd] | ||||
| Broad South African | hand | [ˈɦɛn̪t̪] | 'hand' | Some speakers, only before a stressed vowel. | |
| Estonian | raha | [ˈrɑɦɑ] | 'money' | Allophone of /h/ between voiced sounds. See Estonian phonology and Finnish phonology | |
| Finnish | |||||
| French | Quebec[13] | manger | [mãɦe] | 'to eat' | Limited to a minority of speakers. Can also be realized as a voiceless [h]. |
| Hebrew | מַהֵר | 'fast' | Occurs as an allophone of /h/ between voiced sounds. See Modern Hebrew phonology | ||
| Hindustani | हूँ / ہوں | [ɦũː] | 'am' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Hungarian | Some speakers | tehát | [tɛɦaːt] | 'so' | Intervocalic allophone of /h/. Occurs as voiceless /h/ for other speakers. See Hungarian phonology |
| Japanese | Some speakers | 少し話して / sukoshi hanashite[14] | [sɯkoɕi ɦanaɕi̥te] | 'speak a little bit' | |
| Indonesian | Some speakers | bahan | [baˈɦan] | 'ingredient' | |
| Kalabari[15] | hóín | [ɦóĩ́] | 'introduction' | ||
| Korean | 여행 / yeohaeng | [jʌɦεŋ] | 'travel' | Occurs as an allophone of /h/ between voiced sounds. See Korean phonology | |
| Limburgish[16][17] | hart | [ɦɑ̽ʀ̝t] | 'heart' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. See Maastrichtian dialect phonology | |
| Lithuanian | humoras | [ˈɦʊmɔrɐs̪] | 'humour' | Often pronounced instead of [ɣ]. See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Marathi | हार | [ɦaːɾ] | 'garland' | ||
| Odia | ହଳ/haḷa | [ɦɔɭɔ] | 'plough' | ||
| Nepali | हल | [ɦʌl] | 'solution' | See Nepali phonology | |
| Parkari Koli | ۿُونَواڙ | [ɦuːnaʋaːɽ] | 'desolate, deserted' | ||
| Polish | Podhale dialect | hydrant | [ˈɦɘ̟d̪rän̪t̪] | 'fire hydrant' | Contrasts with /x/. Standard Polish possesses only /x/. See Polish phonology |
| Kresy dialect | |||||
| Portuguese | Many Brazilian dialects | esse rapaz | [ˈesi ɦaˈpajs] | 'this youth' (m.) | Allophone of /ʁ/. [h, ɦ] are marginal sounds to many speakers, particularly out of Brazil. See Portuguese phonology and guttural R |
| Many speakers | hashi | [ɦɐˈʃi] | 'chopsticks' | ||
| Some Brazilian[18][19] dialects | mesmo | [ˈmeɦmu] | 'same' | Corresponds to either /s/ or /ʃ/ (depending on dialect) in the syllable coda. Might also be deleted. | |
| Cearense dialect[20] | gente | [ˈɦẽnt͡ʃi] | 'people' | Debuccalized from [ʒ], [v] or [z]. | |
| Mineiro dialect | dormir | [doɦˈmi(h)] | 'to sleep' | Before other voiced consonants, otherwise realized as [h]. | |
| Punjabi | ਹਵਾ / ہوا | [ɦə̀ʋä̌ː] | 'air' | ||
| Riffian Berber | hwa | [ɦwæ] | 'to go down' | ||
| Romanian | Transylvanian dialects[21] | haină | [ˈɦajnə] | 'coat' | Corresponds to [h] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Silesian | hangrys | [ˈɦaŋɡrɨs] | 'gooseberry' | ||
| Slovak | hora | 'mountain' | See Slovak phonology | ||
| Slovene | Littoral dialects | [ˈɦɔra] | This is a general feature of all Slovene dialects west of the Škofja Loka–Planina line. Corresponds to [ɡ] in other dialects. See Slovene phonology | ||
| Rovte dialects | |||||
| Rosen Valley dialect | |||||
| Sylheti | ꠢꠥꠐꠇꠤ / হুটকি | [ɦuʈki] | 'dried fish' | ||
| Telugu | హల్లు | [ɦəlːu] | 'Consonant' | ||
| Ukrainian | голос | [ˈɦɔlos] | 'voice' | Also described as pharyngeal [ʕ][citation needed]. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Wu | Shanghainese | 閒話 / ghe-gho | [ɦɛ˩ ɦo˦] | 'language' | See Northern Wu phonology |
| Suzhounese | 四號 / 5sy-ghau6 | [sz̩˥˩ ɦæ˧˩] | 'fourth day of a Western month' | ||
| Zulu | ihhashi | [iːˈɦaːʃi] | 'horse' | ||
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:325–326)
- ^ Laufer (1991:91)
- ^ Qian 2003, pp.14-16.
- ^ Gu, Qin (2008). "最新派上海市区方言语音的研究分析" [A Study and Analysis on the Phonology of Newest Period Urban Shanghainese]. 东方语言学 (2). Shanghai Normal University.
- ^ Koenig, Laura L.; Shi, Lu-Feng (2014). "3aSC18: Measures of spectral tilt in Shanghainese stops and glottal fricatives". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Providence. doi:10.1121/1.4877532.
- ^ Ladefoged, Peter; Keith, Johnson (2011). A course in phonetics (Sixth ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth Publishing. p. 149. ISBN 9781428231269. OCLC 613523782.
- ^ Coretta, Stefano; Riverin-Coutlée, Josiane; Kapia, Enkeleida; Nichols, Stephen (n.d.). "Northern Tosk Albanian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 53 (3): 1122–1144. doi:10.1017/S0025100322000044. hdl:20.500.11820/ebce2ea3-f955-4fa5-9178-e1626fbae15f. ISSN 0025-1003.
- ^ Hualde & Ortiz de Urbina (2003:24)
- ^ a b Grønnum (2005:125)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ a b Cox & Fletcher (2017:159)
- ^ a b Roach (2004:241)
- ^ April (2007)
- ^ Arai, Warner & Greenberg (2007), p. 47.
- ^ Harry (2003:113)
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:155)
- ^ Verhoeven (2007:219)
- ^ The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Bragança municipality's Portuguese (in Portuguese), Pará Federal University, archived from the original on 2013-07-07
- ^ The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty (PDF) (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro Federal University, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-15
- ^ "A neutralização dos Fonemas / v – z - Z / No Falar de Fortalexa" (PDF). profala.ufc.br. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
- Aoyama, Katsura (2001), A Psycholinguistic Perspective on Finnish and Japanese Prosody: Perception, Production and Child Acquisition of Consonantal Quantity Distinctions, Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN 978-0-7923-7216-5
References
edit- April, Pascale (2007), "The Posteriorization of Palato-Alveolar Fricatives in Quebec French: An Effort-Based Approach", Cahiers Linguistiques d'Ottawa, 35: 1–24
- Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
- Harry, Otelemate (2003), "Kalaḅarị-Ịjo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 113–120, doi:10.1017/S002510030300121X
- Hualde, José Ignacio; Ortiz de Urbina, Jon, eds. (2003), A Grammar of Basque, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-017683-1
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19814-8
- Laufer, Asher (1991), "Phonetic Representation: Glottal Fricatives", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 91–93, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004448, S2CID 145231104
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940