Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals is a 1975 book by the Australian philosopher Peter Singer. It is widely considered within the animal liberation movement to be the founding philosophical statement of its ideas. Singer himself rejected the use of the theoretical framework of rights when it comes to human and nonhuman animals. Following Jeremy Bentham, Singer argued that the interests of animals should be considered because of their ability to experience suffering and that the idea of rights was not necessary in order to consider them. He popularized the term "speciesism" in the book, which had been coined by Richard D. Ryder to describe the exploitative treatment of animals.[1]
 Cover of the first edition | |
| Author | Peter Singer |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Subject | Animal rights |
| Publisher | HarperCollins |
Publication date |
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| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardcover and paperback) and eBook |
| Pages | 311 (2009 edition) |
| ISBN | 978-0-06-171130-5 (2009 edition) |
A revised edition, Animal Liberation Now, was released in 2023.[2]
Summary
editSinger allows that animal rights are not the same as human rights, writing in Animal Liberation that "there are obviously important differences between humans and other animals, and these differences must give rise to some differences in the rights that each have."[3]
In Animal Liberation, Singer argues against what he calls speciesism: discrimination on the grounds that a being belongs to a certain species. He holds the interests of all beings capable of suffering to be worthy of equal consideration and that giving lesser consideration to beings based on their species is no more justified than discrimination based on skin color. He argues that animals' rights should be based on their capacity to feel pain more than on their intelligence. In particular, he argues that while animals show lower intelligence than the average human, many severely intellectually challenged humans show equally diminished, if not lower, mental capacity and that some animals have displayed signs of intelligence (for example, primates learning elements of American sign language and other symbolic languages) sometimes on a par with that of human children. Therefore, intelligence does not provide a basis for giving nonhuman animals any less consideration than such intellectually challenged humans.[4] Singer concludes that the most practical solution is to adopt a vegetarian or vegan diet. He also condemns vivisection except where the benefit (in terms of improved medical treatment, etc.) outweighs the harm done to the animals used.[5]
Reception
editActivist Ingrid Newkirk wrote of Animal Liberation, "It forever changed the conversation about our treatment of animals. It made people—myself included—change what we ate, what we wore, and how we perceived animals."[6] Other activists who claim that their attitudes to animals changed after reading the book include Peter Tatchell[7] and Matt Ball.[8]
Singer has expressed regret that the book did not have more impact. In September 1999, he was quoted by Michael Specter in The New Yorker on the book's impact:
- It's had effects around the margins, of course, but they have mostly been minor. When I wrote it, I really thought the book would change the world. I know it sounds a little grand now, but at the time the sixties still existed for us. It looked as if real changes were possible, and I let myself believe that this would be one of them. All you have to do is walk around the corner to McDonald's to see how successful I have been.[9]
The book has also received a wide range of philosophical challenges to his formulation of animal rights. In a lengthy debate in Slate, published in 2001, Richard Posner wrote, among other things, that Singer failed to see the "radicalism of the ethical vision that powers [his] view on animals, an ethical vision that finds greater value in a healthy pig than in a profoundly intellectually challenged child, that commands inflicting a lesser pain on a human being to avert a greater pain to a dog, and that, provided only that a chimpanzee has 1 percent of the mental ability of a normal human being, would require the sacrifice of the human being to save 101 chimpanzees." Singer replied to and rejected this claim, engaging in a lengthy debate with Posner.[10]
In addition, Martha Nussbaum has argued that the capability approach provides a more adequate foundation of justice than Utilitarianism can supply. Utilitarianism, Nussbaum argues, ignores adaptive preferences, elides the separateness of distinct persons, misidentifies valuable human/non-human emotions such as grief, and calculates according to "sum-rankings" rather than inviolable protection of intrinsic entitlements.[11]
The moral philosopher Roger Scruton criticised Singer's works, including Animal Liberation, saying that they "contain little or no philosophical argument. They derive their radical moral conclusions from a vacuous utilitarianism that counts the pain and pleasure of all living things as equally significant and that ignores just about everything that has been said in our philosophical tradition about the real distinction between persons and animals."[12]
Personal background
editIn an essay entitled "Animal Liberation: A Personal View", Singer describes the personal background that led to his adoption of the views he sets out in Animal Liberation. He writes of how he arrived in Oxford in October 1969, and in 1970 had lunch with a fellow graduate student, Richard Keshen, who avoided meat. This led Singer to inquire as to why and then to read Ruth Harrison's book, Animal Machines, as well as a paper by Roslind Godlovitch (who would later co-edit Animals, Men and Morals), which convinced him to become a vegetarian and to take animal suffering seriously as a philosophical issue.[13]
Animal Liberation Now
editA revised edition, titled Animal Liberation Now: The Definitive Classic Renewed, was released on 23 May 2023, featuring a new foreword by Yuval Noah Harari. Two-thirds of the book consists of entirely new material, and it also documents changes in animal welfare since the book's original publication, along with other developments, such as the impact of meat consumption on climate and on the risk of spreading dangerous new viruses.[2]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Peter Singer, "A Utilitarian Defense of Animal Liberation," in Environmental Ethics, ed. Louis Pojman (Stamford, CT: Wadsworth, 2001), 35."
- ^ a b "Animal Liberation Now". HarperCollins. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ Op. cit., p. 2.
- ^ Singer, Peter. "On Humans and Animals". IAI TV. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
- ^ Gareth Walsh, "Father of animal activism backs monkey testing", The Sunday Times, November 26, 2006.
- ^ "What Is Animal Liberation? Philosopher Peter Singer's Groundbreaking Work Turns 40 | A Message From PETA's President | All About PETA | About". PETA. 14 April 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- ^ Tatchell, Peter (29 January 2009). "The book that changed my life - Animal Liberation". The New Statesman. UK. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
- ^ Back cover of the October 2015 Vintage edition of Animal Liberation. “Few books can honestly be said to have launched a major social movement. Animal Liberation is one. Peter Singer’s work has changed millions and millions of lives, including mine. Much more importantly, though, Professor Singer’s book helped define and build the movement that is fundamentally shifting the way humans relate to our fellow animals and that will eventually end the barbaric treatment of billions of sentient individuals.” —Matt Ball, author of The Accidental Activist and senior adviser for VegFund.
- ^ Michael Specter, "The Dangerous Philosopher", The New Yorker, 6 September 1999
- ^ "Animal Rights: Debate between Peter Singer and Richard Posner (collection of letters)". Utilitarian. June 2001. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Links to individual letters of the debate on the Slate website: First letter; Singer to Posner, June 12, 2001: https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2001/06/animal-rights-2.html; second letter, Posner to Singer, June 12, 2001: https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2001/06/animal-rights-3.html; third letter, Singer to Posner, June 13, 2001: https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2001/06/animal-rights-4.html; fourth letter, Posner to Singer, June 13, 2001: https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2001/06/animal-rights-5.htm; fifth letter, Singer to Posner, June 13, 2001: https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2001/06/animal-rights-6.html; sixth letter, Posner to Singer, June 14, 2001: https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2001/06/animal-rights-7.html; seventh letter, Singer to Posner June 14, 2001: https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2001/06/animal-rights-8.html; eighth letter, Posner to Singer, June 14, 2001: https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2001/06/animal-rights-9.html
- ^ Nussbaum, Martha and Cass Sunstein, eds. Animal Rights. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. pp. 299–320.
- ^ Scruton, Roger. "Animal Rights" Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, City Journal, summer 2000.
- Scruton (1998).
- ^ Singer, Peter (2001). "Animal Liberation: A Personal View". Writings on an ethical life. London: Fourth Estate. pp. 293–302. ISBN 1841155500.
