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All Souls College, Oxford

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All Souls College[7] (official name: College of the Souls of All the Faithful Departed[8]) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. Unique to All Souls, all of its members automatically become fellows (i.e., full members of the college's governing body). It has no student members, but each year, recent graduates at Oxford are eligible to apply for a small number of examination fellowships through a competitive examination (once described as "the hardest exam in the world") and, for those shortlisted after the examinations, an interview.[9][10][11]

All Souls College
University of Oxford
The twin towers of Hawksmoor's Quadrangle
Arms: Or, a chevron between three cinquefoils gules (arms of Henry Chichele)
LocationHigh Street, Oxford OX1 4AL
Coordinates51°45′12″N 1°15′11″W / 51.753279°N 1.253041°W / 51.753279; -1.253041
Full nameCollege of All Souls of the Faithful Departed[1]
Latin nameCollegium Omnium Animarum Fidelium Defunctorum de Oxonia[2][3]
Established1438; 586 years ago (1438)
Named afterFeast of All Souls
Sister collegeTrinity Hall, Cambridge
WardenSir John Vickers
UndergraduatesNone
PostgraduatesLess than 6data limitation
(2023)[4]
Endowment£486.7 million (2023)[5]
VisitorJustin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury ex officio[6]
Websitewww.asc.ox.ac.uk
Map
All Souls College, Oxford is located in Oxford city centre
All Souls College, Oxford
Location in Oxford city centre

The college entrance is on the north side of High Street, whilst it has a long frontage onto Radcliffe Square. To its east is The Queen's College, whilst Hertford College is to the north of All Souls.

The current warden (head of the college) is Sir John Vickers, a graduate of Oriel College, Oxford.

History

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The college was founded by Henry VI of England and Henry Chichele (fellow of New College and Archbishop of Canterbury), in 1438, to commemorate the victims of the Hundred Years' War.[12] The Statutes provided for a warden and 40 fellows; all to take Holy Orders: 24 to study arts and theology; and 16 to study civil or canon law.[13]

Today the college is primarily a research institution, with no student members. All Souls did formerly have students: Robert Hovenden (Warden of the college from 1571 to 1614) introduced undergraduates to provide the fellows with servientes (household servants), but this was abandoned by the end of the Commonwealth. Four Bible Clerks remained on the foundation until 1924.[14]

For over five hundred years All Souls College admitted only men; women were first allowed to join the college as fellows in 1979,[15] the same year as many other previously all-male colleges in the university.[16] The American philosopher Susan Hurley became the first female fellow in 1981. Conservative fellows opposed this change. Once, upon encountering a woman fellow, the geneticist E. B. Ford swung his umbrella at her and shouted "Out of my way, henbird!".[17]

Buildings and architecture

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All Souls College Library

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Main article: All Souls College Library
 
All Souls College Library, showing Wren's sundial over the central door

The All Souls College Library (formerly known as the Codrington Library) was founded through a 1710 bequest from Christopher Codrington (1668–1710), a fellow of the college and a wealthy slave and sugar plantation owner. Codrington was an undergraduate at Oxford and later became colonial governor of the Leeward Islands. Christopher Codrington was born in Barbados, and amassed a fortune from his sugar plantation in the West Indies.[18]

Under the terms of his will Codrington bequeathed books worth £6,000 to the college in addition to £10,000 in currency for the library to be rebuilt and endowed. The new library was completed in 1751 to the designs of Nicholas Hawksmoor and has been in continuous use since then. Today the library comprises some 185,000 items, about a third of which were published before 1800. The collections are particularly strong in law and history (especially military history).[19]

Sir Christopher Wren was a fellow from 1653. The design of the sundial, produced in 1658 for the south wall of the Chapel, is attributed Wren. The sundial was moved to the quadrangle (above the central entrance to the Library) in 1877.[20]

In 2020, the College decided to cease referring to the Library as 'The Codrington Library' as part of a set of "steps to address the problematic nature of the Codrington legacy", which comes from wealth derived from slave plantations.[21]

 
The double towers of All Souls College, Oxford

Chapel

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Built between 1438 and 1442, the college chapel remained largely unchanged until the Commonwealth. Oxford, having been a largely Royalist stronghold, suffered under the Puritans' wrath. The 42 misericords date from the Chapel's building, and show a resemblance to the misericords at St Mary's Church, Higham Ferrers. Both may have been carved by Richard Tyllock.[citation needed] During the 1660s a screen was installed in the Chapel, which was based on a design by Wren. However, this screen needed to be rebuilt by 1713. By the mid-19th century the Chapel was in great need of renovation, and so the current structure is heavily influenced by Victorian design ideals.[citation needed] There have been a number of rearrangements and repairs of the stained glass windows, but much of the original medieval glass survives.[22]

All services at the chapel are according to the Book of Common Prayer; the King James Bible is also used rather than more modern translations.[23]

Wealth

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All Souls is one of the wealthiest colleges in Oxford with a financial endowment of £486.7 million (2023).[24] Approximately 95% of its annual income is derived from its endowment as the College does not receive any income from tuition fees.[24]

Fellowships

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Examination fellowships

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In the three years following the award of their bachelor's or master's degrees, students graduating from Oxford and current Oxford postgraduate students having graduated elsewhere[25] are eligible to apply for examination fellowships (sometimes informally referred to as "prize fellowships") of seven years each. While tutors may advise their students to sit for the All Souls examination fellowship, the examination is open to anybody who fulfils the eligibility criteria and the college does not issue invitations to candidates to sit.[26] Every year in early March, the college hosts an open evening for women, offering women interested in the examination fellowship an opportunity to find out more about the exam process and to meet members of the college.[27]

Each year several dozen candidates typically sit the examination.[10][28] Two examination fellows are usually elected each year, although the college has awarded a single place or three places in some years, and on rare occasions made no award.[29]

The competition, offered since 1878[30] and open to women since 1979,[10] is held over two days in late September, with two papers of three hours each per day. It has been described in the past as "the hardest exam in the world".[30]

Two papers (the 'specialist papers') are on a single subject of the candidate's choice; the options are classics, English literature, economics, history, law, philosophy, and politics. Candidates may sit their two specialist papers in different specialist subjects, provided each paper is in one subject only (for example, a candidate might sit one paper in History and one paper in Politics). Candidates who choose Classics have an additional translation examination on a third day.[25]

Two papers (the 'general papers') are on general subjects. For each general examination, candidates choose three questions from a list.[31] Past questions have included:

Before 2010 candidates also faced another examination, a free-form "Essay" on a single, pre-selected word.[9][10][30]

Four to six[28] finalists are invited to a viva voce[29] or oral examination.[25] Previously, these candidates were then invited to dinner with about 75 members of the college. The dinner did not form part of the assessment, but was intended as a reward for those candidates who had reached the latter stages of the selection process. However, the dinner has been discontinued as the college felt candidates worried too often that it was part of the assessment process.[citation needed]

About a dozen examination fellows are at the college at any one time.[10] There are no compulsory teaching or requirements, although examination fellows must pursue a course of study or research at some point within their first two years of fellowship. They can study anything for free at Oxford with room and board.[25] As "Londoners" they can pursue approved non-academic careers[10][25] if desired, with a reduced stipend, as long as they pursue academia on a part-time basis and attend weekend dinners at the college during their first academic year.[28] As of 2011 each examination fellow receives a stipend of £14,842[33] annually for the first two years; the stipend then varies depending on whether the fellow pursues an academic career.[25]

Notable candidates

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Until 1979, women were not permitted to put themselves forward for fellowships at All Souls.[15]

Successful
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Isaiah Berlin – philosopher
 
T. E. Lawrence – "Lawrence of Arabia"
Unsuccessful
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Baron Hugh Trevor-Roper – historian

Subjects of the "Essay"

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Other fellowships

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Other categories of fellowship include:

  • Senior research fellows (a renewable seven year appointment)
  • Extraordinary research fellows (elected to conduct research into the college's history)
  • Visiting fellows (academics from other universities, usually elected for a period of one term to one year)
  • Post-doctoral research fellows (a non-renewable five year post open to those who have recently completed doctoral study at a recognised university)
  • Fifty-pound fellows (open only to former fellows no longer holding posts in Oxford)
  • Official fellows (consisting of holders of college posts, such as the Domestic Bursar, Estates Bursar, Chaplain, and Fellow Librarian)
  • Distinguished fellows

There are also a number of professorial fellows who hold their fellowships by virtue of their University post.

Chichele professorships

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Fellows of the college include the Chichele professors, who hold statutory professorships at the University of Oxford named in honour of Henry Chichele, a founder of the college. Fellowship of the college has accompanied the award of a Chichele chair since 1870.

Following the work of the 1850 Commission to examine the organisation of the university, the college suppressed ten of its fellowships to create the funds to establish the first two Chichele professorships: The Chichele Professor of International Law and Diplomacy, established in 1859 and first held by Mountague Bernard, and the Chichele Professor of Modern History, first held by Montagu Burrows.

There are currently Chichele Professorships in five different subjects:

Probably the best known former Chichele Professor is Sir Isaiah Berlin. Perhaps the best known former Professor of the History of War was Cyril Falls.

Chichele Lectures

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The Chichele Lectures are a prestigious series of lectures formally established in 1912 and sponsored by All Souls College. The lectures were initially restricted to foreign history, but have since been expanded to include law, political theory, economic theory, as well as foreign and British history. Traditionally the lectures were delivered by a single speaker, but it is now common for several speakers to deliver lectures on a common theme.[51]

Customs

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Every hundred years, and generally on 14 January, there is a commemorative feast after which the fellows parade around the college with flaming torches, singing the Mallard Song and led by a "Lord Mallard" who is carried in a chair, in search of a legendary mallard that supposedly flew out of the foundations of the college when it was being built.[52] During the hunt the Lord Mallard is preceded by a man bearing a pole to which a mallard is tied – originally a live bird, latterly either dead (1901) or carved from wood (2001). The last mallard ceremony was in 2001[53] and the next is due in 2101. The precise origin of the custom is not known, but it dates from at least 1632.[54] A benign parody of this custom has been portrayed as the Unseen University's "Megapode chase" in Sir Terry Pratchett's 2009 novel Unseen Academicals.

People associated with All Souls

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Fellows

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See also: Category:Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford

Past and current fellows of the college have included:

 
Robert Recorde – inventor of the Western "equals sign" (=).
 
Brownlow North – Bishop of Lichfield in 1771, Bishop of Worcester in 1774, and Bishop of Winchester in 1781. Portrait by Tilly Kettle.
 
George Nathaniel Curzon by John Cooke – British Conservative statesman who was Viceroy of India and Foreign Secretary. Portrait after John Singer Sargent.

Wardens

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Main article: List of Wardens of All Souls College, Oxford

In fiction

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In the 2011 historical fantasy novel A Discovery of Witches by Deborah Harkness, main character and vampire Matthew Clairmont is a Fellow of All Souls College, having passed the examination in 1989 after writing an essay on the topic of "desire".[55]

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  •  
    The gates on Radcliffe Square
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    A view of All Souls from the Radcliffe Square gate, showing Nicholas Hawksmoor's 'gothicised classical' elevation.
  •  
    The south eastern corner of All Souls College, abutting Radcliffe Square
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    All Souls Quad abutting High Street
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    All Souls College as viewed from New College Lane
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    The spires of All Souls
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    All Souls College at twilight
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    View from St Mary the Virgin's tower (with All Souls on the right)
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    All Souls College Chapel - the stone altar reredos seen through the later classical screen
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    All Souls College
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    All Souls College
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    All Souls College. Though gothic externally, this range designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor is completely classical inside.

References

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  1. ^ "Foundation | All Souls College". www.asc.ox.ac.uk.
  2. ^ Chalmers, Alexander (1810). A History of the Colleges, Halls, and Public Buildings, Attached to the University of Oxford. Oxford: J. Cooke and J. Parker. p. 166.
  3. ^ Oxon. is an abbreviation, the full word is Oxonia (nominative), with ablative also Oxonia, following "de" (Cassell's Latin Dictionary, Marchant, J.R.V, & Charles, Joseph F., (Eds.), Revised Edition, 1928, p.925)
  4. ^ "Student Statistics". 14 June 2023.
  5. ^ "All Souls College : Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 July 2018" (PDF). University of Oxford. p. 50. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  6. ^ All Souls College, Oxford. "All Souls College Statutes" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  7. ^ "Homepage | All Souls College". www.asc.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  8. ^ "History of the College". All Souls College, University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Shepherd, Jessica (14 May 2010). "The word on Oxford University's All Souls fellows exam is: axed". The Guardian.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Mount, Harry (19 May 2010). "All Souls, Oxford should continue to put genius to the test". The Daily Telegraph.
  11. ^ a b "Is the All Souls College entrance exam easy now?", The Guardian, 17 May 2010.
  12. ^ Simmonds, Tricia (1989). In and Around Oxford. Bath: Unichrome. p. 24. ISBN 1-871004-02-0.
  13. ^ Salter, H E; Lobel, Mary D., eds. (1954). "All Souls College". A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 3, the University of Oxford. London: Victoria County History. pp. 173–193.
  14. ^ History page 3 Archived 4 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine, All Souls College, Oxford (accessed 11 March 2008).
  15. ^ a b "All Souls College Oxford". University of Oxford. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  16. ^ "Women at Oxford | University of Oxford". University of Oxford. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  17. ^ Nayler, Mark (8 November 2024). "All Souls is the SAS of academia". The Spectator. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  18. ^ James Walvin (17 February 2011), "Slavery and the Building of Britain", British History, BBC.
  19. ^ "Codrington Library". all-souls.ac.uk.
  20. ^ "Architecture of the College | All Souls College". www.asc.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  21. ^ All Souls College Library, Library History[1]
  22. ^ Hutchinson, F. E. (1949). Medieval Glass at All Souls College. London, UK: Faber and Faber. OCLC 1269744.
  23. ^ "The Chapel". All Souls College. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  24. ^ a b "All Souls College : Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 July 2023" (PDF). All Souls College. p. 49. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  25. ^ a b c d e f "Examination Fellowships 2010 Archived 3 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine" All Souls College, Oxford
  26. ^ "Examination Fellowships: General Information | All Souls College". www.asc.ox.ac.uk.
  27. ^ "Examination Fellowships 2017: Open Evening for Women | All Souls College". www.asc.ox.ac.uk.
  28. ^ a b c d Wainwright, Tom (8 January 2005). "The most glittering prize". The Daily Telegraph.
  29. ^ a b "The Soul of All Souls" Time, 19 May 1961.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lyall, Sarah (27 May 2010). "Oxford Tradition Comes to This: 'Death' (Expound)". The New York Times.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g "Sample Fellowship Exam, Oxford University's All Souls College" The New York Times, 27 May 2010.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Mount, Harry (4 October 1999). "A few things pointy-heads should know". New Statesman. Archived 18 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ "Examination Fellowships 2011: Further Particulars". Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h "Sir William Anson Archived 18 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine"
  35. ^ Nagel, Thomas (7 September 2023). "Leader of the Martians". London Review of Books. Vol. 45, no. 17. ISSN 0260-9592. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  36. ^ "John Gardner at Home". University of Oxford. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  37. ^ Gordon, Olivia. "Professor Birke Häcker: Interviewed". Brasenose College. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  38. ^ "B: Appeasement and public opinion". The Churchill Era. Churchill College, Cambridge. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  39. ^ a b Lacey, Nicola (2006). A life of H.L.A. Hart: the nightmare and the noble dream. Oxford University Press. pp. 41, 43. ISBN 0-19-920277-X.
  40. ^ "Dr Marius Ostrowski | All Souls College". www.asc.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  41. ^ "Lord Pannick QC – Blackstone Chambers". blackstonechambers.com. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  42. ^ "Derek Parfit". All Souls College. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  43. ^ "Katherine Rundell | All Souls College". www.asc.ox.ac.uk.
  44. ^ "Bernard Williams (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". Plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  45. ^ Godine, David R. and Andrew Lownie. John Buchan: the Presbyterian cavalier (1995), pp. 60–61.
  46. ^ "Lord Denning, OM". The Daily Telegraph. London. 6 March 1999. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011.
  47. ^ Dabhoiwala, Fara (1 July 2021). "Imperial Delusions". The New York Review of Books. ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  48. ^ Pimlott, Ben (1992). Harold Wilson. HarperCollins. p. 61. ISBN 0002151898.
  49. ^ Hensher, Philip (24 May 2010). "'Comedy' was the word for my exam". The Independent.
  50. ^ a b c d Little, Reg (20 May 2010). "One-word exam ending". The Oxford Times.
  51. ^ Colvin, Howard, and J. S. C. Simmons, All Souls: An Oxford College and its Buildings (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 91.
  52. ^ "Hunting the Mallard, Oxfordshire". British Folk Customs.
  53. ^ Gregoriadis, Linus; Sean O'Neill. "Mallard leads Oxford fellows a merry dance". www.telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  54. ^ HOLE, Christina, English Custom and Usage, London, Batsford, 1941, p.28: "...we know that the custom existed at least as early as 1632, for in that year Archbishop Abbot censured the college for a riot "in pretence of a foolish Mallard". "Mallard" has since become a colloquialism at the college, generally meaning "rubbish".
  55. ^ Harkness, Deborah (2011). A Discovery of Witches. London: Penguin Books. pp. 171–178. ISBN 978-0-14-311968-5.
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