Alexios Komnenos, latinised as Alexius Comnenus (Greek: Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός; October 1106 – summer 1142), and sometimes called Alexios the Younger,[1] was the eldest son of the Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos and his wife Eirene of Hungary. He was crowned co-emperor in 1119, at 13 of age, but predeceased his father in 1142. He was an elder brother of the emperor Manuel I Komnenos, and had a twin sister, Maria Komnene (plus other siblings).
| Alexios Komnenos | |
|---|---|
| Emperor of the Romans | |
 Mosaic of Alexios Komnenos in Hagia Sophia. | |
| Byzantine co-emperor | |
| Reign | 1119–1142 |
| Coronation | 1119 as co-emperor |
| Born | October 1106 Balabista, Macedonian Theme (now Sidirokastro, Greece) |
| Died | Summer 1142 (aged 36) Attaleia, Pamphylia (now Antalya, Turkey) |
| Spouse | Eupraxia-Dobrodjeja of Kiev Eirene-Kata of Georgia |
| Issue | Maria Komnene |
| Dynasty | Komnenos |
| Father | John II Komnenos |
| Mother | Irene of Hungary |
Life
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Alexios was born at Balabista (today Sidirokastro) in Macedonia (Greece).[3] His exact birthday is not recorded, but it was shortly before the feast of Demetrius of Thessaloniki on 26 October 1106.[4] He was crowned co-emperor by his father in 1119, between 12 July and 7 October (historians often date his coronation to 1122, but this is a mistake).[5] He died of a sudden disease in the summer 1142, only one year before his father's death as the result of a hunting accident.[6] The reign of John II is less well chronicled than those of his father, Alexios I, or successor, Manuel I, and coverage of the life of his son Alexios is very sparse.
A panegyrical poem by Theodore Prodromos was addressed to John and his son on the occasion of the coronation of Alexios. It hailed both rulers as "kings born of kings and emperors, reformers of old customs and privileges, with whom the august throne and sceptre-bearing are a paternal acquisition, a matter of inheritance."[7]
His final illness is described: "...of the severest kind and of short duration, took the form of a rushing fever attacking the head as though it were an acropolis."[8] The location of Alexios' death, at Attalia, suggests that he was on campaign with his father, who had established this city as a base from which to pacify the inland areas around Lake Pousgousē (probably the modern Beyşehir Gölü).[8] Alexios' younger brother Andronikos was charged with escorting the body back to Constantinople, however, while discharging this duty, he too was taken ill and died.[9]
Family
editIt is possible that Alexios married twice, the first wife being Dobrodjeja Mstislavna of Kiev, a daughter of Mstislav I of Kiev, and the second being Kata of Georgia, a daughter of David IV of Georgia. While both women are known to have married members of the Komnenoi, several theories have been suggested as to the identities of their husband or husbands.[6]
His daughter, Maria Komnene, married the pansebastos Alexios Axouch. He was the son of John Axouch, the megas domestikos (commander-in-chief of the Byzantine army), who was a close friend of John II.[10] Alexios Axuch served as Duke of Cilicia and protostrator. However, he eventually fell out of favor with Manuel I Komnenos in 1167. John Kinnamos and Niketas Choniates report that the accusations against him included practice of witchcraft. He and an unnamed "Latin wizard" were accused of causing the pregnancy of Maria of Antioch, the Empress consort, to result in a miscarriage. They supposedly managed to do so by providing drugs to Maria.[11] Maria Komnene, "wife of Alexios the protostrator" was mentioned in a seal. According to the Dictionnaire historique et Généalogique des grandes familles de Grèce, d'Albanie et de Constantinople (1983) by Mihail-Dimitri Sturdza, this Maria was suffering from insanity by the end of her life.[12]
They were the parents of John Komnenos "the Fat", a short-lived rival emperor to Alexios III Angelos. Theodora Axuchina, wife of Alexios I of Trebizond, is considered a possible daughter of John the Fat.[13]
Footnotes
edit- ^ Kiilerich, Bente (2004). "Likeness and Icon: The Imperial Couples in Hagia Sophia". ACTA. Vol. 18. Universitetsforlaget. p. 196. ISBN 9788888620268.
- ^ Spatharakis 1976, pp. 79–83.
- ^ PBW (2017), Alexios 103
- ^ Bárány 2019, pp. 64–67.
- ^ Hendy 1999, p. 244.
- ^ a b Varzos 1984, p. 339-348.
- ^ Magdalino 1993, p. 422.
- ^ a b Choniates 1984, pp. 21–22.
- ^ Choniates 1984, p. 374.
- ^ Choniates 1984, p. 59.
- ^ Lynda Garland and Andrew Stone, "Mary of Antioch" Archived 25 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Mihail-Dimitri Sturdza, Dictionnaire historique et Généalogique des grandes familles de Grèce, d'Albanie et de Constantinople (1983), p. 276.
- ^ Kuršankis, "Autour des sources Georgiennes de la fondation de l’empire de Trebizonde", Archeion Pontou, 30 (1970), 107–115; cited in Kelsey Jackson Williams, "A Genealogy of the Grand Komnenoi of Trebizond", Foundations, 2 (2006), pp. 173f
References
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- Bárány, Attila (2019). "Diplomatic Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the Eleventh-Twelfth Centuries". In Marianne, Sághy; Ousterhout, Robert (eds.). Piroska and the Pantokrator. Central European University Press. pp. 63–96. ISBN 9789633862971. JSTOR 10.7829/j.ctvs1g99q.
- Choniates, Niketas (1984). O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniates. transl. by H. Magoulias. Detroit. ISBN 0-8143-1764-2.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Hendy, Michael F. (1999). Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection. Vol. 4. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 244. ISBN 9780884022336.
- Jeffrey, Michael, ed. (2017). "Alexios 103". Prosopography of the Byzantine World. King's College London. ISBN 978-1-908951-20-5.
- Magdalino, Paul (1993). The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52653-1.
- Spatharakis, Ioannis (1976). The Portrait in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts. Brill. ISBN 9789633862971.
- Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. pp. 339–348. OCLC 834784634.