The 1949 NFL draft was held on December 21, 1948, at The Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia.[1] The draft was preceded by a secret draft meeting held November 15, 1948, at the Hotel Schenley in Pittsburgh.[2]
1949 NFL draft | |
---|---|
General information | |
Date(s) | December 21, 1948 |
Location | The Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
Overview | |
251 total selections in 25 rounds | |
League | NFL |
First selection | Chuck Bednarik, C Philadelphia Eagles |
Most selections (27) | Los Angeles Rams New York Bulldogs |
Fewest selections (23) | Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers |
Hall of Famers | 5
|
This was the third year that the first overall pick was a bonus pick determined by lottery, with the previous two winners (Chicago Bears in 1947 and Washington Redskins in 1948) ineligible from the draw;[3] it was won by the Philadelphia Eagles, who selected center/linebacker Chuck Bednarik.
Player selections
edit= Pro Bowler [4] | = Hall of Famer |
Round one
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Philadelphia Eagles (Lottery bonus pick) | Chuck Bednarik | Center | Penn |
2 | Detroit Lions | John Rauch | Quarterback | Georgia |
3 | New York Bulldogs | Doak Walker[5] | Halfback | SMU |
4 | New York Giants | Paul Page | Halfback | SMU |
5 | Green Bay Packers | Stan Heath | Quarterback | Nevada |
6 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Bobby Gage | Back | Clemson |
7 | Los Angeles Rams | Bobby Thomason | Quarterback | VMI |
8 | Washington Redskins | Rob Goode | Back | Texas A&M |
9 | Philadelphia Eagles | Frank Tripucka | Quarterback | Notre Dame |
10 | Chicago Cardinals | Bill Fischer | Guard | Notre Dame |
11 | Chicago Bears | Dick Harris | Center | Texas |
Round two
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
12 | Detroit Lions | John Panelli | Back | Notre Dame |
13 | New York Bulldogs | Bob DeMoss | Back | Purdue |
14 | New York Giants | Al DeRogatis | Tackle | Duke |
15 | Green Bay Packers | Dan Dworsky | Center | Michigan |
16 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Harper Davis | Back | Mississippi State |
17 | Los Angeles Rams | George Sims | Back | Baylor |
18 | Washington Redskins | Laurie Niemi | Tackle | Washington State |
19 | Philadelphia Eagles | Frank Burns | Back | Rutgers |
20 | Chicago Bears | Billy Grimes | Back | Oklahoma A&M |
21 | Chicago Cardinals | Dick McKissack | Back | SMU |
Round three
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
22 | Detroit Lions | Lou Kusserow | Back | Columbia |
23 | New York Bulldogs | Phil Colella | Back | St. Bonaventure |
24 | New York Giants | Bill Olson | Back | Columbia |
25 | Green Bay Packers | Lou Ferry | Tackle | Villanova |
26 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Bill Walsh | Center | Notre Dame |
27 | Los Angeles Rams | Jim Winkler | Tackle | Texas A&M |
28 | Washington Redskins | Len Szafaryn | Tackle | North Carolina |
29 | Philadelphia Eagles | Frank Ziegler | Back | Georgia Tech |
30 | New York Bulldogs | Lynn Chewning | Back | Hampden–Sydney |
31 | Chicago Bears | Red O'Quinn | End | Wake Forest |
Round four
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
32 | Detroit Lions | Joe Sullivan | Back | Dartmouth |
33 | New York Bulldogs | Huey Keeney | Back | Rice |
34 | Green Bay Packers | Bob Summerhays | Back | Utah |
35 | New York Giants | Bill Kay | Tackle | Iowa |
36 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Joe Geri | Back | Georgia |
37 | Los Angeles Rams | Norm Van Brocklin | Quarterback | Oregon |
38 | Washington Redskins | Mike DeNoia | Back | Scranton |
39 | Chicago Bears | Ben Bendrick | Back | Wisconsin |
40 | Chicago Cardinals | John Goldsberry | Tackle | Indiana |
41 | Philadelphia Eagles | Don Panciera | Back | San Francisco |
Round five
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
42 | Detroit Lions | George Brodnax | End | Georgia Tech |
43 | Green Bay Packers | Glenn Lewis | Back | Texas Tech |
44 | New York Bulldogs | Mike Boyda | Back | Washington & Lee |
45 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Bill Long | End | Oklahoma A&M |
46 | New York Giants | J. D. Cheek | Guard | Oklahoma A&M |
47 | Los Angeles Rams | Dixie Howell | Back | Ole Miss |
48 | Washington Redskins | Eddie Berrang | End | Villanova |
49 | Chicago Bears | John Hoffman | Back | Arkansas |
50 | Chicago Cardinals | Tom Wham | End | Furman |
51 | Philadelphia Eagles | Terry Brennan | Back | Notre Dame |
Round six
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
52 | Detroit Lions | Bob Meinert | Back | Oklahoma A&M |
53 | New York Bulldogs | Albin Collins | Back | LSU |
54 | Green Bay Packers | Joe Ethridge | Tackle | SMU |
55 | New York Giants | Abe Gibron | Guard | Purdue |
56 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Doug Brightwell | Center | TCU |
57 | Los Angeles Rams | Charles Reynolds | Back | Texas Tech |
58 | Philadelphia Eagles | Warren Huey | End | Michigan State |
59 | Chicago Bears | Jerry Krall | Back | Ohio State |
60 | Chicago Cardinals | Bernie Hanula | Tackle | Wake Forest |
61 | New York Bulldogs | Sam Tamburo | End | Penn State |
Round seven
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
62 | Chicago Cardinals | Myrl Greathouse | Back | Oklahoma |
63 | Los Angeles Rams | Jerry Williams | Back | Washington State |
64 | New York Bulldogs | Pete Wismann | Center | St. Louis |
65 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Bill Talarico | Back | Penn |
66 | New York Giants | Frank LoVuolo | End | St. Bonaventure |
67 | Los Angeles Rams | Jon Baker | Guard | California |
68 | Washington Redskins | Chet Fritz | Guard | Missouri |
69 | Chicago Bears | Wallace Jones | End | Kentucky |
70 | Chicago Cardinals | Jim Cain | End | Alabama |
71 | Philadelphia Eagles | Frank Gillespie | Guard | Clemson |
Round eight
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
72 | Chicago Bears | Bones Weatherly | Center | Rice |
73 | New York Bulldogs | Mike Rubish | End | North Carolina |
74 | Green Bay Packers | Dan Orlich | End | Nevada |
75 | New York Giants | John Salscheider | Back | St. Thomas (MN) |
76 | Pittsburgh Steelers | George Brown | Guard | TCU |
77 | Los Angeles Rams | John Waldrum | Guard | Sul Ross |
78 | Washington Redskins | Bob Kennedy | Back | North Carolina |
79 | Chicago Bears | Bill Wightkin | End | Notre Dame |
80 | Chicago Cardinals | Joe E. Brown | Back | Georgia Tech |
81 | Philadelphia Eagles | Bob Dean | Back | Cornell |
Round nine
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
82 | Detroit Lions | Chuck Drazenovich | Back | Penn State |
83 | Green Bay Packers | Ev Faunce | Back | Minnesota |
84 | New York Bulldogs | Bernie Craig | Tackle | Denver |
85 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Tom Brennan | Tackle | Boston College |
86 | New York Giants | Joe Soboleski | Guard | Michigan |
87 | Los Angeles Rams | Johnny Smith | End | Arizona |
88 | Washington Redskins | Ed McNeil | End | Michigan |
89 | Chicago Bears | Dolph Tokarczyk | Guard | Penn |
90 | Chicago Cardinals | Hal Herring | Center | Auburn |
91 | Philadelphia Eagles | Jonathan Jenkins | Tackle | Dartmouth |
Round ten
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
92 | Detroit Lions | Bill Davis | Guard | Duke |
93 | New York Bulldogs | John Geary | Tackle | Wesleyan |
94 | Los Angeles Rams | George Buksar | Back | Purdue |
95 | New York Giants | Gene Rossides | Back | Columbia |
96 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Bob Hood | End | Alabama |
97 | Los Angeles Rams | Max Minnich | Back | Bowling Green |
98 | Washington Redskins | Vic Vasicek | Guard | Texas |
99 | Chicago Bears | Lee Nalley | Back | Vanderbilt |
100 | Chicago Cardinals | Bob Hecker | Back | Baldwin Wallace |
101 | Philadelphia Eagles | Roy Lester | End | West Virginia |
Round eleven
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
102 | Detroit Lions | Ernie Settembre | Tackle | Miami (FL) |
103 | Green Bay Packers | Harry Larche | Tackle | Arkansas State |
104 | New York Bulldogs | Edo Mencotti | Back | Detroit |
105 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Al Sanders | Center | Mississippi Southern |
106 | New York Giants | Dick Hensley | End | Kentucky |
107 | Los Angeles Rams | Jim Cozad | Tackle | Iowa |
108 | Washington Redskins | Homer Hobbs | Guard | Georgia |
109 | Chicago Bears | Jerry Tiblier | Back | Ole Miss |
110 | Chicago Cardinals | Stan Flowers | End | Redlands |
111 | Philadelphia Eagles | Bobby Wilson | Back | Ole Miss |
Round twelve
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
112 | Detroit Lions | Virgil Boteler | Center | New Mexico |
113 | New York Bulldogs | Mornane Maenhout | End | St. John's (MN) |
114 | Green Bay Packers | Rebel Roy Steiner | End | Alabama |
115 | New York Giants | George Sundheim | Back | Northwestern |
116 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Jim Finks | Quarterback | Tulsa |
117 | Los Angeles Rams | Bill Renna | Center | Santa Clara |
118 | Washington Redskins | Harry Varner | Tackle | Arizona |
119 | Chicago Bears | George Blanda | Quarterback | Kentucky |
120 | Chicago Cardinals | Billy Stone | Back | Bradley |
121 | Philadelphia Eagles | Dale Armstrong | End | Dartmouth |
Round thirteen
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
122 | Detroit Lions | Al Russas | End | Tennessee |
123 | Green Bay Packers | Al Mastrangeli | Center | Illinois |
124 | New York Bulldogs | Jim Dieckelman | End | Holy Cross |
125 | Pittsburgh Steelers | R. R. Walston | Guard | North Texas State Teachers |
126 | New York Giants | Bill Austin | Tackle | Oregon State |
127 | Los Angeles Rams | Paul Barry | Back | Tulsa |
128 | Washington Redskins | Ed Henke | Tackle | USC |
129 | Chicago Bears | George Taliaferro | Back | Indiana |
130 | Chicago Cardinals | Bob Todd | Tackle | Louisville |
131 | Philadelphia Eagles | Lyle Button | Tackle | Illinois |
Round fourteen
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
132 | Detroit Lions | Dale Panter | Tackle | Utah State |
133 | New York Bulldogs | Ed Toscani | Back | Dayton |
134 | Green Bay Packers | Bobby Williams | Center | Texas Tech |
135 | New York Giants | Norb Adams | Back | Purdue |
136 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Dave Moon | Back | SMU |
137 | Los Angeles Rams | Ed Carmichael | Tackle | Oregon State |
138 | Washington Redskins | Pat Haggerty | End | William & Mary |
139 | Chicago Bears | Ernie Kelly | Guard | Texas Mines |
140 | Chicago Cardinals | Tony Klimek | End | Illinois |
141 | Philadelphia Eagles | Bobby Lund | Back | Tennessee |
Round fifteen
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
142 | Detroit Lions | Bob Pifferini | Center | San Jose State |
143 | Green Bay Packers | Ken Cooper | Guard | Vanderbilt |
144 | New York Bulldogs | George Ramacorti | Guard | Boston University |
145 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Ed Sobczak | End | Michigan |
146 | New York Giants | Ralph Pickelsimer | Center | Otterbein |
147 | Los Angeles Rams | J. C. Dodd | Back | Sul Ross |
148 | Washington Redskins | Gene Frassetto | Tackle | California |
149 | Chicago Bears | Hal Faverty | Guard | Wisconsin |
150 | Chicago Cardinals | Bob McQuade | Back | Xavier |
151 | Philadelphia Eagles | Carl Copp | Tackle | Vanderbilt |
Round sixteen
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
152 | Detroit Lions | Kimball Merrill | Tackle | BYU |
153 | New York Bulldogs | Jack Bruce | Back | William & Mary |
154 | Green Bay Packers | Gene Remenar | Tackle | West Virginia |
155 | New York Giants | Jerry Morrical | Tackle | Indiana |
156 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Denvard Snell | Tackle | Auburn |
157 | Los Angeles Rams | Joe Morgan | Guard | Mississippi Southern |
158 | Washington Redskins | Dick Flowers | Tackle | Alabama |
159 | Chicago Bears | Al Wahl | Tackle | Michigan |
160 | Chicago Cardinals | Tom Murdock | Back | Appalachian State |
161 | Philadelphia Eagles | Frank Reno | End | West Virginia |
Round seventeen
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
162 | Detroit Lions | Zealand Thigpen | Back | Vanderbilt |
163 | Green Bay Packers | Paul Devine | Back | Heidelberg |
164 | New York Bulldogs | Warren Beson | Center | Minnesota |
165 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Veto Kissell | Back | Holy Cross |
166 | New York Giants | Wally Teninga | Back | Michigan |
167 | Los Angeles Rams | Dick Sheffield | End | Tulane |
168 | Washington Redskins | Ross Pritchard | Back | Arkansas |
169 | Chicago Bears | John Corbisiero | Back | Middlebury |
170 | Chicago Cardinals | Eddie Rupp | Back | Denison |
171 | Philadelphia Eagles | Leo Skladany | End | Pittsburgh |
Round eighteen
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
172 | Detroit Lions | Bill Wehr | Center | Denison |
173 | New York Bulldogs | Albie Gould | End | Boston College |
174 | Green Bay Packers | Floyd Lewis | Guard | SMU |
175 | New York Giants | Dick Nutt | Back | North Texas State Teachers |
176 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Clint Shipman | Tackle | East Texas State |
177 | Los Angeles Rams | Hillary Chollet | Back | Cornell |
178 | Washington Redskins | Herb Siegert | Guard | Illinois |
179 | Chicago Bears | Jim Moran | Back | John Carroll |
180 | Chicago Cardinals | Webb Halbert | Back | Iowa |
181 | Philadelphia Eagles | Russ Strait | Back | Muhlenberg |
Round nineteen
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
182 | Detroit Lions | Wallace Triplett | Back | Penn State |
183 | Green Bay Packers | Robert Folsom | End | SMU |
184 | New York Bulldogs | Bob Reich | Tackle | Colgate |
185 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Jack McBride | End | Rice |
186 | New York Giants | Ken McCall | Back | Georgia |
187 | Los Angeles Rams | Joe Leonard | Tackle | Virginia |
188 | Washington Redskins | Bob Hainlen | Back | Colorado A&M |
189 | Chicago Bears | Robert Mitten | Guard | North Carolina |
190 | Chicago Cardinals | Dean Laun | End | Iowa State |
191 | Philadelphia Eagles | Paul Odom | Guard | Rollins |
Round twenty
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
192 | Detroit Lions | Joe Romano | Tackle | North Carolina |
193 | New York Bulldogs | Frank Gaul | Tackle | Notre Dame |
194 | Green Bay Packers | Larry Cooney | Back | Penn State |
195 | New York Giants | Pat O'Sullivan | Center | Alabama |
196 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Ben Mann | Guard | Ole Miss |
197 | Los Angeles Rams | Lloyd Eisenberg | Tackle | Duke |
198 | Washington Redskins | Oliver Fletcher | End | USC |
199 | Chicago Bears | Bob Heck | Back | Pacific |
200 | Chicago Cardinals | Earl Rowan | Tackle | Hardin–Simmons |
201 | Philadelphia Eagles | Lloyd Brinkman | Back | Missouri |
Round twenty-one
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
202 | Detroit Lions | Jack Lininger | Center | Ohio State |
203 | Green Bay Packers | Ken Kranz | Back | UW–Milwaukee |
204 | New York Bulldogs | Sammy Pierce | Back | Baylor |
205 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Joe Jackura | Center | Georgia |
206 | New York Giants | A. D. Cate | Guard | North Texas State Teachers |
207 | Los Angeles Rams | George Teufel | Back | Lock Haven |
208 | Washington Redskins | Tommy Hughes | Back | Duke |
209 | Chicago Bears | Jim Duncan | End | Duke |
210 | Chicago Cardinals | Leon Joslin | Back | TCU |
211 | Philadelphia Eagles | Lou Futrell | Back | USC |
Round twenty-two
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
212 | Detroit Lions | Gil Tobler | Back | Utah |
213 | New York Bulldogs | Jim Lail | Back | Wake Forest |
214 | Green Bay Packers | Jay Kordich | Back | USC |
215 | New York Giants | Tom Fetzer | Back | Wake Forest |
216 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Lloyd Johnson | Back | West Texas State |
217 | Los Angeles Rams | Ed Hamilton | End | Arkansas |
218 | Washington Redskins | Bill Clements | End | UCLA |
219 | Chicago Bears | Dick Bertuzzi | Back | Kansas |
220 | Chicago Cardinals | Bill Sprang | Center | Purdue |
221 | Philadelphia Eagles | Harvey Kingry | Back | Colorado Mines |
Round twenty-three
editRnd. | Pick No. | NFL team | Player | Pos. | College | Conf. | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
23 | 222 | Detroit Lions | R. B. Patterson | OG | Mississippi State | SEC | ||
23 | 223 | Green Bay Packers | Bill Kelley | E | Texas Tech | Border | ||
23 | 224 | New York Bulldogs | Nick Lanza | B | Rice | SWC | ||
23 | 225 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Jim Owens | E | Oklahoma | Big Seven | ||
23 | 226 | New York Giants | Cletus Fischer | B | Nebraska | Big Seven | ||
23 | 227 | Los Angeles Rams | Walt Kersulis | E | Illinois | Big Ten | ||
23 | 228 | Washington Redskins | Frank Pattee | B | Kansas | Big Seven | ||
23 | 229 | Chicago Bears | Harry Kane | C | Pacific | CCAA | ||
23 | 230 | Chicago Cardinals | Bob Cox | E | North Carolina | SoCon | ||
23 | 231 | Philadelphia Eagles | Hank Kalver | T | Oklahoma City | Ind. |
Round twenty-four
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
232 | Detroit Lions | Oswald Clark | End | Michigan |
233 | New York Bulldogs | Joe Ponsalle | Tackle | Trinity (CT) |
234 | Green Bay Packers | Jimmy Ford | Back | Tulsa |
235 | New York Giants | Don McAuliffe | Back | Notre Dame |
236 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Ivan Snowden | Tackle | Texas A&I |
237 | Los Angeles Rams | Fred Klemenok | Back | San Francisco |
238 | Washington Redskins | Jim Cullom | Guard | California |
239 | Chicago Bears | Bernie Smith | Tackle | Texas Mines |
240 | Chicago Cardinals | Stan Szymakowski | Back | Lehigh |
241 | Philadelphia Eagles | Fred Leon | Tackle | Nevada |
Round twenty-five
editPick # | NFL team | Player | Position | College |
---|---|---|---|---|
242 | Detroit Lions | Les Cowan | End | McMurry |
243 | Green Bay Packers | Frank Lambright | Guard | Arkansas |
244 | New York Bulldogs | Paul Girolamo | Back | Cornell |
245 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Bobby Gaff | Back | Texas A&M |
246 | New York Giants | Gene Degyanski | End | Baldwin Wallace |
247 | Los Angeles Rams | Clay Matthews | Tackle | Georgia Tech |
248 | Washington Redskins | Nick Sebek | Back | Indiana |
249 | Chicago Bears | Stan Marczyk | Tackle | North Carolina |
250 | New York Giants | Ralph Doran | Back | Iowa |
251 | Philadelphia Eagles | John Schweder | Guard | Penn |
= Hall of Famer |
Hall of Famers
edit- Chuck Bednarik, center from the University of Pennsylvania taken 1st round 1st overall by the Philadelphia Eagles.
- Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 1967.[6]
- Norm Van Brocklin, quarterback from the University of Oregon taken 4th round 37th overall by the Los Angeles Rams.
- Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 1971.[7]
- George Blanda, quarterback from the University of Kentucky taken 12th round 119th overall by the Chicago Bears.
- Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 1981.[8]
- Doak Walker, halfback from Southern Methodist University taken 1st round 3rd overall by the Boston Yanks.
- Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 1986.[8]
- Jim Finks, quarterback from Tulsa taken 12th round 116th overall by the Pittsburgh Steelers.
- Inducted: For his achievements as an Executive Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 1995.
- Although not an inductee, Wallace Triplett's photograph hangs in the Hall of Fame in recognition of his being the first African-American to be drafted by and play for a National Football League team.[1]
Notable undrafted players
edit† | = Pro Bowler[4] |
Original NFL team | Player | Pos. | College | Conf. | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Los Angeles Rams | Vitamin Smith | HB | Abilene Christian | Texas | |
Los Angeles Rams | Paul "Tank" Younger † | HB | Grambling State | Ind. |
References
edit- ^ Salomone, Dan (October 2, 2014). "NFL Draft headed to Chicago in 2015". Giants.com. New York Giants. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
- ^ "NFL Draft Locations". www.footballgeography.com. October 2, 2014. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
- ^ "Draft History: 1940's". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on October 1, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
- ^ a b Players are identified as a Pro Bowler if they were selected for the Pro-Bowl at any time in their career.
- ^ Doak Walker, 1948 Heisman Trophy winner as a junior."Heisman Trophy". Archived from the original on April 4, 2010. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ List of 1960s Hall of Fame Inductee's at profootballhof.com "Pro Football Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on July 31, 2008. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
- ^ List of 1970s Hall of Fame Inductee's at profootballhof.com "Pro Football Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on July 31, 2008. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
- ^ a b List of 1980s Hall of Fame Inductee's at profootballhof.com "Pro Football Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on July 31, 2008. Retrieved October 7, 2008.