The 1662 Hyūga-nada earthquake and tsunami affected southern Japan on 30 October at 23:01 local time. The earthquake, estimated at Mw 7.9, was considered the largest in the Hyūga Sea in recorded history. It produced strong coastal shaking corresponding to Shindo 6, causing damage to homes across Kyushu. The tsunami that followed reached 5 m (16 ft) in height, worsening the damage and flooding the coastline. Boats and ships were also destroyed. At least 200 people were reported dead. The earthquake was possibly associated with subduction beneath the Hyūga Sea.
 Seismic intensity map | |
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| Local date | October 30, 1662 |
|---|---|
| Local time | 23:01 |
| Magnitude | Mw7.9 |
| Epicenter | 31°42′N 132°00′E / 31.7°N 132.0°E |
| Areas affected | Japan |
| Max. intensity | JMA 6 |
| Tsunami | 4–5 m (13–16 ft) (reported) 12 m (39 ft) (simulated) |
| Casualties | 200 dead |
Tectonic setting
editThe Hyūga Sea is located at the southwestern end of the Nankai Trough, an active subduction zone. The Nankai Trough represents the plate boundary where the Philippine Sea plate subducts beneath the Eurasian plate. The area is associated with large earthquakes in 1968 (Mw 7.5) and 1996 (Mw 6.7 and 6.8). The Hyūga Sea is interpreted as a transition zone between the highly coupled Nankai Trough in the northeast and weakly coupled Ryukyu Trench further southwest.[1] The 1968 and 1996 earthquakes were subduction zone events occurring on the plate boundary. About 2 km (1.2 mi) beneath the seafloor, low-frequency earthquakes occur near the shallow subduction interface. Beneath the east coast of Kyushu, on the deeper part of the subduction zone, slow slip events were detected between 1996 and 2017.[2]
Earthquake characteristics
editThe earthquake was associated with very strong shaking, of seismic intensity 6, at the coast. It also generated tsunamis of 4–10 m (13–33 ft) along Kyushu's coast. No other earthquake in the region has been associated with strong shaking and large tsunami waves within the last century.[3] Previous studied have assigned the earthquake magnitude 7.6.[4]
Researchers Yusuke Yamashita, Kei Ioki and Yoshihiro Kase postulated that an earthquake with a moment magnitude of 7.9 was required to reproduce the tsunami heights and ground motion through simulation. They proposed a fault model comprising three faults extending from the deeper seismogenic subduction interface to the shallow interface where slow slip events occur. The fault model measured 80 km (50 mi) along strike and 75 km (47 mi) in width.[2]
Up to 8 m (26 ft) of slip occurred on subfault 1; the fault closest to the seafloor where its upper edge is 11.5 km (7.1 mi) beneath. On subfault 2, slip of 4 m (13 ft) was computed. The model predicted up to 2.64 m (8 ft 8 in) of vertical seafloor uplift and 0.46 m (1 ft 6 in) in subsidence. These parameters were required to reproduce the large tsunami reported in southern Miyazaki Prefecture. Furthermore, subfault 3, located at the deep interface, required 2 m (6 ft 7 in) of slip the severe damage along the coast from seismic shaking.[2]
The tsunami model predicted a maximum height of 12 m (39 ft) around coastal Miyazaki. The simulation was consistent with discovered tsunami deposits and inundated areas where reports had been documented. The maximum elevation where tsunami deposits were found was 15 m (49 ft).[2]
Damage and casualties
editAbout 200 people died including 5 to 20 in Beppu. At Beppu harbour, ten boats were destroyed. At least 32 km (20 mi) of the coast was flooded; 2,500 homes were destroyed and 246 were submerged. All of Kyushu was affected to various extent; the coastline between the Oyodo and Kaeda rivers experienced heavy losses; 1,213 homes were demolished. Ten ships transporting rice near the Ōsumi Peninsula sunk. In Miyazaki, the wave heights were 4–5 m (13–16 ft), based on documentation. In Sadowara, 800 homes were razed and the gates of Sadowara Castle toppled.[5][6] Subsidence of 1 m (3 ft 3 in) occurred and changes in the Oyodo and Kaeda river currents occurred. The subsidence could be due to coseismic deformation, land subsidence or liquefaction.[2]
Memorial tradition
editA memorial monument is erected near Miyazaki Prefectural Sports Park every 50 years to commemorate the event. The first monument was erected in 1701 and the tradition has continued. Since 2015, there has been seven monuments lined side-by-side. These monuments are managed by Saikyoji Temple. Construction of the eighth monument is expected in 2062.[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Asano, Youichi; Obara, Kazushige; Matsuzawa, Takanori; Hirose, Hitoshi; Ito, Yoshihiro (2015). "Possible shallow slow slip events in Hyuga-nada, Nankai subduction zone, inferred from migration of very low frequency earthquakes". Geophysical Research Letters. 42 (12): 331–338. doi:10.1002/2014GL062165.
- ^ a b c d e Ioki, Kei; Yamashita, Yusuke; Kase, Yoshihiro (2023). "Effects of the Tsunami Generated by the 1662 Hyuga-Nada Earthquake off Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan". Pure and Applied Geophysics. 180 (6): 1897–1907. doi:10.1007/s00024-022-03198-3. hdl:2433/284057.
- ^ "Was the 1662 Hyuga-nada Earthquake a massive earthquake of nearly M8? Kyoto University DPRI, AIST and HRO offer a new perspective through A tsunami simulation created by a new fault model". The Science News. Japan Science and Technology Agency. 17 February 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
- ^ Ohno, Hiroshi (12 January 2023). "'1662-Nen Hyuuganada jishin' wa M 8-kyū no kyodai jishin ka Kyōdai jokyō-ra kenkyū kekka" 「1662年日向灘地震」はM8級の巨大地震か 京大助教ら研究結果 [Was the 1662 Hyuga-nada Earthquake an M8-class gigantic earthquake? Research results from Kyoto University assistant professor and colleagues]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). Retrieved 22 February 2024.
- ^ National Geophysical Data Center (1972). "National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
- ^ National Geophysical Data Center (1972). "National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
- ^ Okamoto, Tadashi (29 October 2015). "10 Tsuki 31-nichi 'ton tokoro dai jishin'-hatsu wazawai-bi ― 50-nen-goto no kuyō-hi ga Hyuuganada jishin (1662-nen) o denshō suru" 10月31日「とんところ大地震」発災日―50年ごとの供養碑が日向灘地震（1662年）を伝承する [October 31st: The day of the Great Tondokoro Earthquake – Memorial monuments held every 50 years pass down the Hyuga-nada Earthquake (1662)] (in Japanese). Yahoo Japan. Retrieved 22 February 2024.