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Owing to its geographic location, Yemen has been at the crossroads of many civilisations for over 7,000 years. In 1200 BCE, the [[Sabaeans]] formed a thriving commercial kingdom that included parts of modern [[Ethiopia]] and Eritrea.<ref name="Burrowes2010">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXRfqBv_0UC|title=Historical Dictionary of Yemen|last=Burrowes |first=Robert D.|date=2010 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-5528-1|page=319}}</ref><ref name="Simpson2002">{{cite book|author=St. John Simpson|year=2002|title=Queen of Sheba: treasures from ancient Yemen|page=8|publisher=British Museum Press|isbn=0-7141-1151-1}}</ref><ref name="Kitchen2003">{{cite book|author=Kenneth Anderson Kitchen|year=2003|title=On the Reliability of the Old Testament |url=https://archive.org/details/onreliabilityold00kitc|url-access=limited |page=[https://archive.org/details/onreliabilityold00kitc/page/n139 116] |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=0-8028-4960-1}}</ref> In 275 CE, it was succeeded by the [[Himyarite Kingdom]], which spanned much of Yemen's present-day territory and was heavily influenced by Judaism.<ref>{{cite book|author=Yaakov Kleiman|year=2004|title=DNA & Tradition: The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews|page=70|publisher=Devora Publishing|isbn=1-930143-89-3}}</ref> [[Christianity in Yemen|Christianity]] arrived in the fourth century, followed by the rapid spread of [[Islam]] in the seventh century. Yemenite troops playing a crucial role in early Islamic conquests.<ref>{{cite book|author=Marta Colburn|year=2002|title=The Republic of Yemen: Development Challenges in the 21st Century|page=13|publisher=CIIR|isbn=1-85287-249-7}}</ref> Various dynasties emerged between the 9th and 16th centuries.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Karl R. DeRouen|title=Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II, Volume 1|author2=Uk Heo|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=978-1-85109-919-1|page=810}}</ref> During the 19th century, the country was divided between the [[Yemen Eyalet|Ottoman]] and [[Aden Protectorate|British]] empires. After [[World War I]], the [[Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen]] was established, which in 1962 became the [[Yemen Arab Republic]] (North Yemen) following a coup. In 1967, the British [[Aden Protectorate]] became the independent [[South Yemen|People's Democratic Republic of Yemen]] (South Yemen), the first and only officially socialist state in the Arab world. In 1990, the two Yemeni states united to form the modern Republic of Yemen (''al-Jumhūrīyah al-Yamanīyah''), with [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] serving as the first president until his resignation in 2012 in the wake of the [[Arab Spring]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Laura Etheredge |title=Saudi Arabia and Yemen|year=2011|page=137|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-335-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Burrowes|first1=Robert|title=Why Most Yemenis Should Despise Ex-president Ali Abdullah Saleh|url=http://www.yementimes.com/en/1550/opinion/488/Why-most-Yemenis-should-despise--ex-president-Ali-Abdullah-Saleh.htm|website=Yemen Times|access-date=20 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616171932/http://www.yementimes.com/en/1550/opinion/488/Why-most-Yemenis-should-despise--ex-president-Ali-Abdullah-Saleh.htm|archive-date=16 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Since 2011, Yemen has been enduring [[Yemeni Crisis
Yemen is one of the [[least developed countries|least developed countries in the world]],<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2008 |title=LDCs at a Glance {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=Economic Analysis & Policy Division {{!}} Dept of Economic & Social Affairs {{!}} United Nations |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329160054/https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html |url-status=live }}</ref> facing significant obstacles to [[sustainable development]],<ref>{{cite web |date=23 September 2010 |title=Least Developed Countries (LDCs) {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category.html |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=Economic Analysis & Policy Division {{!}} Dept of Economic & Social Affairs {{!}} United Nations |archive-date=20 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620211205/https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and is one of the poorest countries in the [[Middle East and North Africa]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/yemen/overview | title=Overview | access-date=2 February 2023 | archive-date=26 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426131826/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/yemen/overview | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, the United Nations reported that Yemen had the highest number of people in need of humanitarian aid, amounting to about 24 million individuals, or nearly 75% of its population.<ref name="ReliefWeb 2019">{{cite web |title=Yemen: 2019 Humanitarian Needs Overview [EN/AR] |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) |date=14 February 2019 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen-2019-humanitarian-needs-overview-enar |access-date=17 June 2019 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617055834/https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen-2019-humanitarian-needs-overview-enar |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2020, Yemen ranked highest on the [[Fragile States Index]]<ref name="fragilestatesindex.org">{{cite web |title=Global Data {{!}} Fragile States Index |url=https://fragilestatesindex.org/data/ |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=fragilestatesindex.org |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715052132/https://fragilestatesindex.org/data/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and second-worst on the [[Global Hunger Index]], surpassed only by the [[Central African Republic]].<ref name="fragilestatesindex.org" /> Additionally, it has the lowest [[Human Development Index]] out of all non-African countries.
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