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{{Short description|Industrial labor union in North America}}
{{hatnoteabout|This article is about the present-day union, for |other uses defining the worker see [[|Steel worker (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Unionorganization
| name = United Steelworkers
| full_name = United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union▼
|country = {{hlist | [[Aruba]] | [[Canada]] | United States}} ▼
| logo = United Steelworkers logo.svg
|affiliation = {{hlist | [[AFL-CIO]] | [[Canadian Labour Congress|CLC]]}}▼
| logo_alt =
|members = 860,294 (2015)<ref name="OLMS_LM-2_2014-03-28">{{Cite OLMS|filenum=000-094|rptId=548605|rptForm=LM2Form|date=March 28, 2014}}</ref>▼
| abbreviation = USW
▲|full_name = United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union
| predecessor = [[Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers]]
|native_name =
| merged = <!-- any other organization(s) which it was merged into -->
|image = [[File:USW logo.png|20em]]
| successor =
|founded formation = {{Startnowrap|{{start date and age|1942|05|22}}}}
|current =
|head founder = [[Workers<!-- or |founders = Uniting]]-->
| founding_location =
|dissolved_date=
| dissolved = <!-- or |defunct = --><!-- use {{end date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
|dissolved_state=
| merger = <!-- other organizations (if any) merged with, to constitute the new organization -->
|merged_into =
|office type = [[Pittsburgh]],Trade [[Pennsylvaniaunion]], U.S.
| headquarters = [[United Steelworkers Building]], [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]], US
|people = [[Tom Conway (trade unionist)|Tom Conway]], president
▲|country location = {{hlist | [[Aruba]] | [[Canada]] | United States}}
|website = {{official URL}}▼
▲|members membership = 860,294 (2015)<ref name="OLMS_LM-2_2014-03-28">{{Cite OLMS|filenum=000-094|rptId=548605|rptForm=LM2Form|date=March 28, 2014}}</ref>
}}<!-- Include all unused fields for future use. See [[template talk:Infobox Union]] for usage. -->
| membership_year = 2015
The '''United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union''', commonly known as the '''United Steelworkers''' ('''USW'''), is a [[General union|general trade union]] with members across [[North America]]. Headquartered in [[Pittsburgh]], the United Steelworkers represents workers in [[Canada]], the [[Caribbean]], and the United States. The United Steelworkers represent workers in a diverse range of [[industry|industries]], including primary and fabricated [[metal]]s, paper, [[chemical]]s, [[glass]], [[rubber]], heavy-duty [[conveyor belt]]ing, [[tire]]s, [[transport]]ation, [[public utility|utilities]], [[Packaging and labelling|container]] industries, [[pharmacology|pharmaceuticals]], [[call center]]s and [[health care]].▼
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = David McCall
| secessions =
▲|affiliation affiliations = {{hlist | [[AFL-CIOAFL–CIO]] | [[Canadian Labour Congress]] |CLC [[New Democratic Party]] | [[Workers Uniting]]}}
| budget =
| budget_year =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| expenses =
| expenses_year =
| endowment =
| endowment_year =
| staff =
| staff_year =
▲| website = {{official URL}}
| formerly = United Steel Workers of America
}}
▲The '''United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union''', commonly known as the '''United Steelworkers''' ('''USW'''), is a [[Generalgeneral union|general trade union]] with members across [[North America]]. Headquartered in [[Pittsburgh]], the United Steelworkers represents workers in [[Canada]], the [[Caribbean]], and the United States. The United Steelworkers represent workers in a diverse range of [[industryIndustry (economics)|industries]], including primary and fabricated [[metal]]s, [[paper]], [[chemical]]s, [[glass]], [[rubber]], heavy-duty [[conveyor belt]]ing, [[tire]]s, [[transport]]ation, [[public utility|utilities]], [[Packaging and labelling|container]] industries, [[pharmacology|pharmaceuticals]], [[call center]]s, [[museums]], and [[health care]].
 
The United Steelworkers is currently affiliated with the [[AFL–CIO]] in the United States and the [[Canadian Labour Congress]] (CLC) in Canada as well as several international union federations. On July 2, 2008, the United Steelworkers signed an agreement to merge with the United Kingdom and Ireland–based union [[Unite (trade union)|Unite]] to form a new global union entity called [[Workers Uniting]].
 
TheAs currentof 2023, the International President of the United Steelworkers is [[Tom ConwayDavid (trade unionist)|Tom Conway]]McCall, who was installed as Presidentpresident after the retirementdeath of [[LeoTom GerardConway (trade unionist)|Tom Conway]].<ref name="Reuters2023"/>
 
Rank-and-file members, as well as representatives, of the United Steelworkers refer to themselves, and are most often referred to, as Steelworkers. The use of the capitalized single word ''Steelworker'' or ''Steelworkers'', as opposed to the lowercase two-worded ''steel worker'' or ''steel workers'', is also an identifier of those who are part of, or affiliated with, the United Steelworkers International Union rather than being general non-union workers within the steel industry. This distinction is important in North America wherein a vast majority of the steel industry is unionized. For example, some of the most recognizable and largest companies in the business such as United States Steel (USS), Servestal, and the largest steel company in the world, ArcelorMittalCleveland-Cliffs, with their combined hourly workforces at facilities in North America being Steelworkers and represented by the USW, including the largest facilities on the continent, like US Steel's Gary Works in Gary, Indiana, ArcelorMittalCleveland-Cliffs's Burns Harbor in Burns Harbor, Indiana, Indiana Harbor East and West in Northwest Indiana, and Cleveland Plant in Cleveland, Ohio, all of which are situated on the Great Lakes freshwater system. On the other hand, onlysome a handful of smallersteel companies, usually at facilities known as "mini-mills", like [[Nucor]] Steel and its facility in Crawfordsville, Indiana, are non-union shops not represented by the United Steelworkers.
 
==Origins and history==
{{Main|Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers|Steel Workers Organizing Committee}}
[[File:United Steelworkers Building2.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Headquarters in Pittsburgh: [[GatewayUnited CenterSteelworkers (Pittsburgh)Building|Five Gateway Center]]]]
 
The USW was established May 22, 1942, in Cleveland, Ohio, through the [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]] (CIO) by a convention of representatives from the [[Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers]] and the [[Steel Workers Organizing Committee]], after almost six years of divisive struggles to create a new union of steelworkers. The drive to create this union included such violent incidents as the infamous [[Memorial Day]], 1937, when [[Chicago]] policemen supporting the rival [[American Federation of Labor]] (AFL) fired on workers outside a [[Republic Steel]] mill and killed 10 men.<ref>Michael Dennis, '' Blood on Steel: Chicago Steelworkers and the Strike of 1937'' (2014)
</ref>
 
The founder and first president of the USW, [[Philip Murray]], led the union through its first organizing drives and dangerousits first decade, when the workers of USW went on strike several times to win the right to [[collective bargaining|bargain collectively]] with steel companies. Through collective bargaining they secured higher wages and [[Annual leave|paid vacations]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}
 
Significant job actions of the USW include the [[1952 steel strike]], the [[steel strike of 1959]], and the [[steel strike of 1986]].:
* [[1946 US Steel Strike]]
* [[1952 steel strike]]
* [[Steel strike of 1959]]
* [[1974 Elliot Lake miners strike]]
* [[1986 USX steel strike|Steel strike of 1986]]
 
==Growth of the union==
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The 46,000 members of the [[Aluminum Workers of America]] voted to merge with the budding steelworker union that was the USW in June 1944. Eventually, eight more unions joined the USW as well: the [[Western Federation of Miners|International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers]] (1967); the [[United Stone and Allied Product Workers of America]] (1971); [[International Union of District 50, the Allied and Technical Workers of Americathe United States and Canada]] (1972); the [[Upholsterers International Union of North America]] (1985); the [[United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum &and Plastic Workers of America]] (URW) (1995); the [[Aluminum, Brick and Glass Workers Union]] (ABG) (1996); the Canadian Division of the [[Transportation Communications International Union]] (1999); and the [[American Flint Glass Workers' Union]] (AFGWU) (2003).
 
In June 2004, the USW announced a merger with the 57,000 member [[Industrial, Wood and Allied Workers of Canada]] (IWA Canada), a major Canadian [[forestry]] workers union. In 2005 it then announced an even larger merger with the [[Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union]] (PACE). The resulting new union adopted its current name after the PACE merger.
Line 72 ⟶ 96:
 
==Strategic alliances==
In addition to mergers, the USW has also formed strategic alliances with several other unions as well as other groups. In April 2005, the USW and the [[ACTRA|Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists (ACTRA)]] announced that they had formed a strategic alliance to take on the globalization of the culture industry and to address a range of common issues.<ref name="ACTRA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.usw.ca/program/content/4895.php|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514035037/http://www.usw.ca/program/content/4895.php|title=ACTRA and USW Renew Vows|archivedatearchive-date=May 14, 2008}}</ref> In July 2006, the USW announced a similar arrangement with the [[United Transportation Union]] (UTU), to address common issues in the transportation industry, including the globalization of the industry.<ref name="UTU">[http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20060706005782&newsLang=en United Transportation Union Signs Strategic Alliance with United Steelworkers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035813/http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20060706005782&newsLang=en |date=September 30, 2007 }} (July 2006)</ref> In July 2007, the USW inked yet another strategic alliance with the Canadian Region of the [[Communications Workers of America]].<ref name="CWA">[http://www.usw.ca/program/content/4299.php Steelworkers and Communications Workers Sign Strategic Alliance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928224842/http://www.usw.ca/program/content/4299.php |date=September 28, 2007 }}, USW, July 17, 2007.</ref>
 
Beyond its affiliations with other unions, in June 2006, the USW announced the formation of a 'Blue-Green Alliance' with the [[Sierra Club]], which iswith the largest grassroots environmental organization in the United States. The goal of this new partnership is to pursuepursuing a joint public policy agenda reconciling workers' need for good jobs with all people's need for a cleaner environment and safer world.<ref name="Sierra">[http://www.uswa.org/uswa/program/content/3035.php Sierra Club, United Steelworkers Announce ‘Blue-Green Alliance’] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621195924/http://www.uswa.org/uswa/program/content/3035.php |date=June 21, 2006 }} (June 2006)</ref>
 
In October 2009, the USW announced a framework for collaboration between US and Canadian Steelworkers with [[Mondragon Corporation|Mondragon Internacional, S.A.]], the world's largest federation of [[worker cooperative]]s.<ref>[http://www.usw.org/media_center/releases_advisories?id=0234 USW Site announcement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308182027/http://www.usw.org/media_center/releases_advisories?id=0234 |date=March 8, 2010 }} of USW-Mondragon Collaboration October 2009</ref>
 
==Transoceanic2008 transoceanic merger==
In early April 2007, the [[BBC]] announced that [[Amicus (trade union)|Amicus]], then the United Kingdom's second-largest trade union, was to beginbegan discussions with the USW about a possible merger.<ref name="BBC">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6531749.stm BBC announces start of discussions with UK trade union Amicus] (April 2007)</ref> Amicus subsequently merged with the British [[Transport and General Workers Union]] to form the new union Unite. Unite and the USW continued the merger talks initiated by Amicus.
 
In May 2008, the unions announced that they were putting the "finishing touches" on the merger, that the merger had been endorsed by Unite officials, and that the USW would discuss the plan at its forthcoming convention in July. Once completed, the new merged entity would represent more than 3 million workers in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, [[Ireland]] and the Caribbean. The unions have further announced that the new entity would target further mergers with labor groups in [[Australia]] and in the emerging economies of [[Asia]], [[Latin America]] and [[Eastern Europe]].<ref name="Toland">Bill Toland, [http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08149/885287-28.stm "USW, Brits near creation of 'super' union,"] Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 28, 2008.</ref> On July 2, 2008, USW and Unite leadership formally signed the merger agreement to create the new entity, to be called Workers Uniting.<ref name="Greenhouse">Steven Greenhouse, [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/03/us/03union.html?ref=us "Steelworkers Merge With British Union,"] New York Times, July 3, 2008.</ref>
 
The merger creates the first transoceanic trade union since the 1930s (when the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] [IWW] was the largest international trade union), and also creates one of the world's largest trade unions. The purpose of the merger is to globalize the labor movement in the era of [[multinational corporation]]s.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}
 
==American politics==
In the 2006 election, the USW led a massive political mobilization program that eventually grew to include 350 full-time political organizers in 26 states, a majority of whom were rank and file USW members who took time from work to organize their communities and educate fellow union members. The USW turned out some 5,000 USW volunteers on Election Day, including over 1,000 each in the key states of Pennsylvania and Ohio. Exit polls suggested union families made up 23 percent of the total vote and supported Democratic candidates by a substantial 32 percent margin, 65 percent to 33 percent. Based on these numbers, the United Steelworkers, in conjunction with the rest of the labor movement, took substantial credit for the eventual Democratic victory.<ref name="06election">Press Release: [http://www.usw.org/usw/program/content/3533.php "Unprecedented USW Voter Turnout Effort Highlighted Trade and Economy,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511144227/http://www.usw.org/usw/program/content/3533.php |date=May 11, 2008 }} November 8, 2006.</ref>▼
===2006 midterm elections===
▲In the 2006 election, the USW led a massive political mobilization program that eventually grew to include 350 full-time political organizers in 26 states, a majority of whom were rank and file USW members who took time from work to organize their communities and educate fellow union members. The USW turned out some 5,000 USW volunteers on Election Day, including over 1,000 each in the key states of Pennsylvania and Ohio. Exit polls suggested union families made up 23 percent of the total vote and supported Democratic candidates by a substantial 32 percent margin, 65 percent to 33 percent. Based on these numbers, the United Steelworkers, in conjunction with the rest of the labor movement, took substantial credit for the eventual Democratic victory.<ref name="06election">Press Release: [http://www.usw.org/usw/program/content/3533.php "Unprecedented USW Voter Turnout Effort Highlighted Trade and Economy,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511144227/http://www.usw.org/usw/program/content/3533.php |date=May 11, 2008 }} November 8, 2006.</ref>
 
The USW endorsed [[Barack Obama]]'s presidential campaign<ref name="Obama">Press Release: [http://www.usw.org/usw/program/content/4622.php "United Steelworkers Endorse Senator Barack Obama for President,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121113958/http://www.usw.org/usw/program/content/4622.php |date=November 21, 2008 }} May 15, 2008.</ref> and re-election,<ref name="Obama2012">Press Release: [http://www.usw.org/media_center/releases_advisories?id=0514 "Steelworkers Endorse Barack Obama for Re-election as President,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720104837/http://www.usw.org/media_center/releases_advisories?id=0514 |date=July 20, 2012 }} March 6, 2012.</ref> [[Hillary Clinton]]'s presidential campaign,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usw.org/blog/2016/clinton-receives-two-major-union-endorsements|title=Clinton Receives Two Major Union Endorsements|work=United Steelworkers|access-date=August 25, 2017}}</ref> and [[Joe Biden]]'s presidential campaign.<ref>{{Cite web|title=USW Endorses Joe Biden for President|url=https://m.usw.org/news/media-center/releases/2020/usw-endorses-joe-biden-for-president|website=United Steelworkers|date=May 20, 2020 |access-date=2020-08-31}}</ref>
===2008 presidential election===
In May 2008, the USW announced its endorsement of [[Barack Obama]]'s presidential campaign for president by way of Sen. [[John Edwards]]'s endorsement.<ref name="Obama">Press Release: [http://www.usw.org/usw/program/content/4622.php "United Steelworkers Endorse Senator Barack Obama for President,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121113958/http://www.usw.org/usw/program/content/4622.php |date=November 21, 2008 }} May 15, 2008.</ref>
 
In 2023 and 2024, USW expressed opposition to the [[Proposed acquisition of U.S. Steel by Nippon Steel|proposed acquisition]] of [[U.S. Steel]] by Japanese steel company [[Nippon Steel]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bomey |first=Nathan |date=December 18, 2023 |title=United Steelworkers union blasts $15B U.S. Steel-Nippon deal |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/12/18/ussteel-nippon-usw-steelworkers |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]}}</ref><ref name=mccallstates>{{cite web|url=https://m.usw.org/news/media-center/releases/2024/usw-welcomes-bidens-call-for-u-s-steel-to-remain-domestically-owned-and-operated|title=USW Welcomes Biden’s Call for U.S. Steel to Remain Domestically Owned and Operated|publisher=United Steelworker|date=March 14, 2024|accessdate=March 15, 2024}}</ref> USW International President David McCall stated in March 2024 that “Allowing one of our nation’s largest steel manufacturers to be purchased by a foreign-owned corporation leaves us vulnerable when it comes to meeting both our defense and critical infrastructure needs.”<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/nippon-steel-defends-us-steel-acquisition-biden-opposes-rcna143529|title=Nippon Steel defends U.S. Steel purchase after Biden expresses opposition|first1=Arata|last1=Yamamoto|first2=Jennifer|last2=Jett|publisher=NBC News|date=March 15, 2024|accessdate=March 15, 2024}}</ref><ref name=mccallstates />
===2012 presidential election===
On March 6, 2012, the USW endorsed President Obama's reelection.<ref name="Obama2012">Press Release: [http://www.usw.org/media_center/releases_advisories?id=0514 "Steelworkers Endorse Barack Obama for Re-election as President,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720104837/http://www.usw.org/media_center/releases_advisories?id=0514 |date=July 20, 2012 }} March 6, 2012.</ref>
 
===2016 presidential election===
On June 9, 2016, the USW endorsed Hillary Clinton for President.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usw.org/blog/2016/clinton-receives-two-major-union-endorsements|title=Clinton Receives Two Major Union Endorsements|work=United Steelworkers|access-date=August 25, 2017|language=en}}</ref>
 
=== Other US politicians ===
[[File:Doug Jones - USW.jpg|thumb|Senator [[Doug Jones (politician)|Doug Jones]] speaking at a USW rally in 2018.]]
The United Steelworkers and their Local Unions in Northwest Indiana, the current location of some of North America's largest and most profitable steel facilities, have strongly supported and endorsed Democratic Congressman [[Pete Visclosky]] of [[Indiana's 1st congressional district|Indiana's First Congressional District]], which is by-in-large part of the Chicago metropolitan area, since the 1980s. When Democrats control Congress he presides as Chairman of the [[Congressional Steel Caucus]] and when Republicans control Congress he presides as Vice-Chair.
This relationship has been a critical one as Congressman Visclosky and the Congressional Steel Caucus have supported, and voted in favor of, tariffs on foreign steel entering the United States from countries that illegally, and in violation of international agreements, subsidize and governmentally support their steel companies and industry, thereby allowing them to sell steel at an unfair and below market price, a practice known as "Steel [[Dumping (pricing policy)|Dumping]]".
 
The Congressman, as a ranking member of the Appropriations Committee, its Subcommittee on Defense, and the [[Caucuses of the United States Congress|Buy American Caucus]], has also been an avid and firm supporter of retaining jobs, work, facilities, and companies in the United States. This is most especially true of US companies associated with the United States military, of which steel and related materials produced in the US are an integral part, such as for the construction and fabrication of US Navy vessels, US Army and Marine Corps tanks, armored Humvees, and numerous other hardware. A prominent media story and well-covered, at the time, example of this was at a facility located in [[Valparaiso, Indiana]] known as "Magnequench", a United Steelworkers represented workforce, which made specialty magnets from [[Rare-earth element|rare-earth metals]]. These magnets are a key component of the US military's [[Precision-guided munition|smartbomb]] capabilities, such as the [[Joint Direct Attack Munition|JDAM]]. The Congressman opposed the closing of the US-based facility in favor of a Chinese-based production facility, thereby providing the Chinese government, a notorious violator of [[Intellectual Property]] Rights and law, access to the component and its design. A more in-depth analysis and archives of this event can be found on the websites for "The Post Tribune" and "The Times", both of Northwest Indiana, which covered the incident in detail.
 
==Canadian politics==
The United Steelworkers werewas a founding partner of the [[New Democratic Party]] and remaincontinues to be an affiliateaffiliated union of that party.<ref>United Steelworkers. [http://www.usw.ca/community/political/about "About political action."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027143447/http://www.usw.ca/community/political/about |date=October 27, 2011 }}</ref>
 
In 2011, the union endorsed [[Brian Topp]] for the [[2012 New Democratic Party leadership election|leadership]] of the NDP.<ref>United Steelworkers. [http://www.usw.ca/media/news/releases?id=0694 "United Steelworkers Endorse Brian Topp to Lead NDP."] October 12, 2011.</ref>
 
==Philanthropy==
The USW has contributed to various charitable and philanthropic causes since its creation. The USW has enthusiastically supported [[The Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential]] (IAHP), a nonprofit organization that works with brain-injured children. The USW has hosted the IAHP's founder, Glenn Doman, at their annual convention.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1153/is_n12_v115/ai_13353405/pg_3 | work=Monthly Labor Review | first=Henry P. | last=Guzda | title=United Steelworkers of America: 26th convention | year=1992}}</ref> The USW has also held fundraising events for the [[Make-A-Wish Foundation]] and the [[Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer InstituteCenter]]. The USW has consistently stated that such charitable causes are important to its mission.
 
==Partner organizations==
The [[Emerald Cities Collaborative]] is a partner organization with the United Steelworkers.
 
==Presidents==
The presidents of the United Steelworkers are:<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Emeriti |url=https://www.usw.org/union/leaders/president-emeriti |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=United Steelworkers |language=en}}</ref>
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2018}}
The presidents of the United Steelworkers are:
* [[Philip Murray]], 1942–1952
* [[David J. McDonald]], 1952–1965
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* [[George Becker (labor leader)|George Becker]], 1994–2001
* [[Leo Gerard]], 2001–2019
* [[Tom Conway (trade unionist)|Tom Conway]], 2019–2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas M. Conway |url=https://www.usw.org/union/leaders/international-executive-board/thomas-m-conway |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=United Steelworkers |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Tom Conway (trade unionist)|Tom Conway]], 2019–present
* David McCall, 2023–present<ref name="Reuters2023">{{cite news |title=United Steelworkers union names David McCall as president |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/united-steelworkers-union-names-david-mccall-president-2023-09-26/ |work=Reuters |date=September 26, 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
 
==See also==
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==Further reading==
* Bodnar, John (1977). ''[https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98622610 Immigration and Industrialization: Ethnicity in an American Mill Town, 1870-1940]''.
* Brody, David (1965). ''[https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=34200941 Labor in Crisis: The Steel Strike of 1919] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182531/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=34200941 |date=July 16, 2012 }}''.
* Caballero, Mary Hull (Spring 2006). [http://journal.heinz.cmu.edu/PDF%20Files/Current%20PDFs/HeinzSightLeoGerard.pdf "Interview with Leo Gerard"]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[The Heinz Journal]]''.
* Catano, James V. (2001). ''[https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105228668 Ragged Dicks: Masculinity, Steel, and the Rhetoric of the Self-Made Man]''.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060213033450/http://www.steelworkers-usw.org/usw/program/content/217.php Early History of the United Steelworkers]
* Scamehorn, H. Lee (1992). ''[https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94821694 Mill & Mine: The Cf&I in the Twentieth Century]''. Colorado Steel Company.
* {{cite book |ol=3054540M |title=Steelworkers handbook on arbitration decisions |edition=1981 |publisher=Pike and Fischer, Inc |year=1981 |author=United Steelworkers of America |location=Pittsburgh, Pa. (5 Gateway Center, Pittsburgh 15222) |page=1231| url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Steelworkers_Handbook_on_Arbitration_Dec.html?id=kfvIugAACAAJ |accessdate=December 9, 2010}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Steelworkers_Handbook_on_Arbitration_Dec.html?id=LQgeAAAAIAAJ |title=Steelworkers handbook on arbitration decisions |publisher=Pike and Fischer, Inc |year=1960 |author=United Steelworkers of America |location=Pittsburgh, Pa. (5 Gateway Center, Pittsburgh 15222) |page=525 |accessdate=Sep 2013}}
* [[Warne, Colston E.]], ed. (1963). ''[https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10469556 The Steel Strike of 1919]'' (primary and secondary documents).
 
==External links==
{{Commons category|United Steelworkers}}
* {{Official website}}
* [http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/view?docId=RennarGeorge0636_1656.xml George E. Rennar Papers.] 1933-1972. 37.43 cubic feet. At the [http://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.] Contains ephemera on the United Steelworkers of America.
 
{{AFL-CIO}}
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Steelworkers"