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===Early history===
The church claims [[Apostolic Succession|apostolic succession]] through the pre-Chalcedonian Patriarchate of Antioch to the [[Early Christian]] communities from [[Jerusalem]] led by [[Saint Barnabas]] and [[Saint Paul]] in [[Antioch]], during the [[Apostolic era]], as described in the [[Acts of the Apostles]]; "''The disciples were first called Christians in Antioch''" ([[New Testament]], {{bibleverse||Acts|11:26|NKJV}}). [[Saint Peter]] was selected by [[Jesus Christ]] ([[New Testament]], {{bibleverse||Matthew |16:18|NKJV}}) and is venerated as the first bishop of [[Church of Antioch|Antioch]] in {{circa|37
[[Saint Evodius]] was [[List of Patriarchs of Antioch|Bishop of Antioch]] until 66 [[AD]] and was succeeded by [[Ignatius of Antioch|Saint Ignatius of Antioch]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Evodius |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05653a.htm |website=www.newadvent.org |access-date=16 September 2018 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915070605/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05653a.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity" ({{Lang-el|Χριστιανισμός|links=no}}) was by [[Ignatius of Antioch]], in around 100 AD.{{sfn|Elwell|Comfort|2001|pp=266, 828}} In A.D 169, [[Theophilus of Antioch]] wrote three apologetic tracts to Autolycus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/theophilus-book1.html|title=Theophilus of Antioch (Roberts-Donaldson)|website=www.earlychristianwritings.com|access-date=16 September 2018|archive-date=28 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228102120/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/theophilus-book1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Patriarch [[Babylas of Antioch]] was considered the first saint recorded as having had his remains moved or "[[Translation (relic)|translated]]" for religious purposes—a practice that was to become extremely common in later centuries.<ref>Eduard Syndicus; ''Early Christian Art''; p. 73; Burns & Oates, London, 1962</ref> [[Eustathius of Antioch]] supported [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] who opposed the followers of the condemned doctrine of [[Arius]] ([[Arian controversy]]) at the [[First Council of Nicaea]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sellers |first1=Robert Victor |title=Eustathius of Antioch and His Place in the History of Early Christian Doctrine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0WosswEACAAJ&q=Eustathius+of+Antioch |date=1927 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164138/https://books.google.com/books?id=0WosswEACAAJ&q=Eustathius+of+Antioch |url-status=live }}</ref> During the time of [[Meletius of Antioch]] the church split due to his being deposed for [[Homoiousian]] leanings—which became known as the [[Meletian schism|Meletian Schism]] and saw several groups and several claimants to the See of Antioch.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stillingfleet |first1=Edward |title=Origines Britannicæ [i.e., Britannicae], Or, The Antiquities of the British Churches: With a Preface Concerning Some Pretended Antiquities Relating to Britain, in Vindication of the Bishop of St. Asaph |date=1685 |publisher=M. Flesher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj07AQAAMAAJ&q=Meletian+Schism&pg=PA96 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164139/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj07AQAAMAAJ&q=Meletian+Schism&pg=PA96#v=snippet&q=Meletian%20Schism&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gardner |first1=Rev James |title=The Faiths of the World: An Account of All Religions and Religious Sects, Their Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs |date=1858 |publisher=A. Fullarton & Company |url= https://archive.org/details/cu31924022993798 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924022993798/page/n426 403]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=General History of the Christian Religion and Church |date=1855 |publisher=Crocker & Brewster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtNKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA220 |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164140/https://books.google.com/books?id=QtNKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA220#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=}}
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Christological controversies that followed the [[Council of Chalcedon]] (451) resulted in a long struggle for the Patriarchate between those who accepted and those who rejected the council. In 512, pro-Chalcedonian patriarch [[Flavian II of Antioch]] was deposed by [[Emperor Anastasius I]] (d. 518), and new patriarch [[Severus of Antioch]] (d. 538) was chosen to succeed him. On 6 November 512, at the synod of [[Laodicea in Syria]], a prominent miapyhsite theologian [[Severus the Great]] was elected, and consecrated on 16 November at the [[Domus Aurea (Antioch)|Great Church of Antioch]].{{sfn|Meyendorff|1989|pp=202–206}} In 518, he was exiled from Antioch,{{sfn|Brock|2017|pp=25–50}} by new emperor [[Justin I]] (d. 527), who tried to enforce a uniform [[Chalcedonian Christianity|Chalcedonian]] orthodoxy throughout the empire.{{sfn|Menze|2008|p=18}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Severus of Antioch Greek theologian |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Severus-of-Antioch |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=16 September 2018 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916210711/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Severus-of-Antioch |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Honigmann |first1=Ernest |title=The Patriarchate of Antioch: A Revision of Le Quien and the Notitia Antiochena |journal=Traditio |volume=5 |pages=135–161 |date=1947|jstor=27830138 |doi=10.1017/S0362152900013544 |s2cid=151905022 }}</ref> Those who belonged to the pro-Chalcedonian party accepted newly appointed patriarch [[Paul II of Antioch (Chalcedonian)|Paul]], who took over the see of Antioch. The miaphisite patriarchate was thus forced to move from Antioch with [[Severus the Great]] who took refuge in [[Alexandria]]. The non-Chalcedonian community was divided between "Severians" (followers of Severus), and [[aphthartodocetae]], and that division remained unresolved until 527.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jugie |first1=Martin |title=J. Lebon. Le monophysisme sévérien. Étude historique, littéraire et théologique de la résistance monophysite au concile de Chalcédoine jusqu'à la constitution de l'Église jacobite. |journal=Revue des Études Byzantines |date=1910 |volume=13 |issue=85 |pages=368–369 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_1146-9447_1910_num_13_85_3882_t1_0368_0000_2 |access-date=18 October 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018125559/https://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_1146-9447_1910_num_13_85_3882_t1_0368_0000_2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Severians continued to recognize Severus as the legitimate miaphysite Patriarch of Antioch until his death in 538, and then proceeded to follow his successors.{{sfn|Menze|2008|p=150}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jeremie |first1=James Amiraux |last2=Lyall |first2=Alfred |title=Christianity in the Middle Ages ... |date=1857 |publisher=Richard Griffin |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lqQYAAAAYAAJ&dq=Severians,+the+followers+of+Severus+of+Antioch&pg=PA129 |language=en}}</ref>
[[Bishop of Edessa|Bishop]] [[Jacob Baradaeus]] (died 578) is credited for ordaining most of the [[miaphysite]] hierarchy while facing heavy persecution in the sixth century. In 544, [[Jacob Baradeus]] ordained [[Sergius of Tella]] continuing the non-Chalcedonian succession of patriarchs of the [[Church of Antioch]].{{sfn | Loetscher | 1977 | p=82}} That was done in opposition to the government-backed Patriarchate of Antioch held by the pro-Chalcedonian believers leading to the Syriac Orthodox Church being known popularly as the "Jacobite" Church, while the Chalcedonian believers were known popularly as ''[[Melkite]]s—c''oming from the Syriac word for king (malka), an implication of the Chalcedonian Church's relationship to the Roman Emperor (later emphasised by the [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church]]).{{sfn|Thomas|2001|p=47}} Because of many historical upheavals and consequent hardships that the Syriac Orthodox Church had to undergo, the patriarchate was transferred to different monasteries in [[Mesopotamia]] for centuries. [[John III of the Sedre]] was elected and consecrated Patriarch after the death of [[Athanasius I Gammolo]] in 631
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