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{{short description|Homeless children living on the street}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
[[File:Les Misérables - Le petit Gavroche.jpg|thumb|[[Gavroche]], a fictional character in the [[historical fiction|historical novel]] ''[[Les Misérables]]'' by [[Victor Hugo]], is inspired by the street children who existed in [[France]] in the 19th century.|upright=1.3]]
[[File:Turk and Russian, Greek and Jew are represented in this group of half a dozen little street gamins Two of them are the proud possessors of tops and pieces of string to spin them with. LCCN2010650581 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Multiethnic group of "street gamins" in [[Istanbul]] (then known in English as [[Ottoman Constantinople|Constantinople]]), 1921|upright=1.3]]
'''Street children''' are [[poverty|poor]] or [[homelessness|homeless]] [[child]]ren who live on the [[street]]s of a city, town, or village. Homeless youth are often called '''street kids''', or '''urchins'''; the definition of street children is contested, but many practitioners and policymakers use [[UNICEF]]'s concept of boys and girls, aged [[minor (law)|under 18 years]], for whom "the street" (including unoccupied [[dwelling]]s and wasteland) has become home and/or their source of livelihood, and who are inadequately protected or supervised.<ref>{{cite web |title=State of the World's Street Children: Violence Report |url=http://www.slideshare.net/Consortium/state-of-the-worlds-street-children-violence-report |work=SlideShare |publisher=SlideShare Inc |access-date=30 November 2012 |author=Sarah Thomas de Benitez |date=23 February 2009 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225173931/https://www.slideshare.net/Consortium/state-of-the-worlds-street-children-violence-report%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Street girls are sometimes called '''gamines''',<ref name="gamine; Reference.com">{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gamine?s=t|title=Gamine | Define Gamine at Dictionary.com|publisher=[[Reference.com]]|access-date=5 October 2014|quote=noun 1. a neglected girl who is left to run about the streets. [...]|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131659/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gamine?s=t|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gamine; Merriam-Webster">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gamine|title=Gamine - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]|access-date=5 October 2014|quote=Full Definition of GAMINE 1: a girl who hangs around on the streets [...]|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006111002/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gamine|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gamine; Oxford Dictionaries Online">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/gamine|title=gamine: definition of gamine in Oxford dictionary (British & World English)|dictionary=[[Oxford English Dictionary|Oxford Dictionaries Online]]|access-date=5 October 2014|quote=[...] 2 (dated) A female street urchin: 'I left school and fell in with some gamines'|archive-date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520004055/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/gamine|url-status=dead}}</ref> a term that is also used for [[Colombia]]n street children of either sex.<ref name="Generation Under Fire">{{harvp|Kirk|1994}}</ref><ref name="SOS Children's Villages">{{cite web|url=http://www.street-children.org.uk/south-america/colombia|title=Street Children in Colombia|publisher=[[SOS Children's Villages]]|access-date=2 October 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006121028/http://www.street-children.org.uk/south-america/colombia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NIAAA 2004-08-23">{{cite web|url=http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Social/Module10DHomeless/Module10D.pdf|title=Alcohol Use Disorders in Homeless Populations|date=23 August 2004|publisher=[[National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism|NIAAA]]|page=9|access-date=2 October 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305170953/http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Social/Module10DHomeless/Module10D.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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====India====
{{Main|Street children in India}}
[[India]] has an estimated one million or more [[street children in India|street children]] in each of the following cities: [[New Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Poonam R. Naik, Seema S. Bansode, Ratnenedra R. Shinde & Abhay S. Nirgude |year=2011 |title=Street children of Mumbai: demographic profile and substance abuse |journal=[[Biomedical Research]] |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=495–498}}</ref> When considering India as a whole, there are
====Indonesia====
According to a 2007 study, there were over 170,000 street children living in Indonesia.<ref>(Street Children Statistics-Unicef, pg. 5)</ref> In 2000, about 1,600 children were living on the streets of [[Yogyakarta]]. Approximately five hundred of these children were girls
The street children in Indonesia are seen as a public nuisance. "They are detained, subjected to verbal and physical abuse, their means of livelihood (guitars for [[busking]], goods for sale) confiscated, and some have been shot attempting to flee the police."<ref name="Ansell, 2005, pp.203"/>
====Iran====
There are between 60,000 and 200,000 street children in [[Iran]] (2016).<ref>{{cite web|url=
====Pakistan====
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{{Further|Decree 770|Romanian orphans}}
The phenomenon of street children in Romania must be understood within the local historical context.
In 1966, in [[communist Romania]], ruler [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]] [[Nicolae Ceauşescu#The 1966 decree|outlawed contraception and abortion]], enacting an aggressive [[natalist]] policy, in an effort to increase the population. As families were not able to cope, thousands of unwanted children were placed in state orphanages where they faced terrible conditions. The struggle of families was made worse in the 1980s, when the state agreed to implement an [[1980s austerity policy in Romania|austerity program]] in exchange for [[Romania and the International Monetary Fund|international loans]], leading to a dramatic drop in living standards and to [[Rationing|food rationing]]; and the [[Romanian Revolution|fall of communism in December 1989]] meant additional economic and social insecurity. Under such conditions, in the 1990s, many children moved onto the streets, with some being from the orphanages, while others being runaways from impoverished families. During the transition period from communism to market economy in the 1990s, social issues such as those of these children were low on the government's agenda. Nevertheless, by the turn of the century things were improving. A 2000 report from the [[Council of Europe]] estimated that there were approximately 1,000 street children in the city of [[Bucharest]]. The prevalence of street children has led to a rapidly increasing [[sex tourism]] business in [[Romania]]; although, efforts have been made to decrease the number of street children in the country.<ref name="hf">{{cite web|title=Children|url=http://www.hiltonfoundation.org/press/16-pdf3.pdf|work=Conrad N. Hilton Foundation|access-date=30 November 2012|year=2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208075915/http://www.hiltonfoundation.org/press/16-pdf3.pdf|archive-date=8 December 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The 2001 documentary film ''[[Children Underground]]'' documents the plight of Romanian street children, in particular their struggles with [[malnutrition]], [[Child prostitution|sexual exploitation]], and [[substance abuse]]. In the 1990s, street children were often seen [[begging]], inhaling '[[aurolac]]' from sniffing bags, and roaming around the [[Bucharest Metro]]. In the 21st century, the number of children living permanently on the streets dropped significantly, although more children worked on the streets all day, but returned home to their parents at night. By 2004, it was estimated that less than 500 children lived permanently in the streets in Bucharest, while less than 1,500 worked in the streets during the day, returning home to their families in the evening.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/romania/children_1603.html|title=UNICEF Romania - The children - Children living on the streets|website=www.unicef.org|access-date=19 July 2017|archive-date=1 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194302/https://www.unicef.org/romania/children_1603.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> By 2014, the street children of the 1990s were adults, and many were reported to be living 'underground' in the tunnels and sewers
beneath the streets of Bucharest, with some having their own children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/romania-tunnels-bucharest-orphans-photo|title=Beneath the streets of Romania's capital, a living hell|date=20 May 2014|access-date=19 July 2017|archive-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406101448/https://www.channel4.com/news/romania-tunnels-bucharest-orphans-photo|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
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According to [[UNICEF]], there were 64,000 homeless street children brought to hospitals by various governmental services (e.g. police) in 2005. In 2008, the number was 60,000.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gks.ru/doc_2009/deti09_rus.pdf | title=Дети в России | trans-title=Children in Russia | publisher=UNICEF | date=2009 | access-date=2 September 2014 | archive-date=1 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501040051/http://www.gks.ru/doc_2009/deti09_rus.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
====Sweden====
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Based on unofficial estimates, 88,000 children in Turkey live on the streets, and the country has the fourth-highest rate of underage [[substance abuse]] in the world. 4 percent of all children in Turkey are subject to [[sexual abuse]], with 70 percent of the victims being younger than 10. Contrary to popular belief, boys are subject to sexual abuse as frequently as girls. In reported cases of children subject to commercial sexual exploitation, 77 percent of the children came from broken homes. Twenty-three percent lived with their parents, but in those homes [[Domestic violence in Turkey|domestic violence]] was common. The biggest risk faced by children who run away and live on the street is sexual exploitation. Children kidnapped from [[Southeastern Anatolia Region|southeastern provinces]] are forced into [[Prostitution in Turkey|prostitution]] here. Today, it is impossible to say for certain how many children in Turkey are being subjected to commercial sexual exploitation, but many say official information is off by at least 85 percent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gvnet.com/streetchildren/Turkey.htm|title=Street Children - Turkey|website=gvnet.com|access-date=16 October 2019|archive-date=17 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617203315/http://gvnet.com/streetchildren/Turkey.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
According to a study that sampled 54,928 students in Sanliurfa, Turkey, 7.5% of working children worked in the streets. 21.0% of the children spent the night outside and 37.4 % were obliged to spend the night outside since they work.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHRAMAN |first=Selma |last2=KARATAŞ |first2=Hülya |title=The Existing State Analysis of Working Children on the Street in Sanliurfa, Turkey |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6174033/ |journal=Iranian Journal of Public Health |volume=47 |issue=9 |pages=1300–1307 |issn=2251-6085 |pmc=6174033 |pmid=30320004}}</ref>
===North America===▼
{{see also|Street children in Latin America}}
====United States====
[[File:Homeless children in US 2006-10.png|thumb|Homeless children in the United States<ref>{{cite web|title=America's Youngest Outcasts 2010|url=http://www.homelesschildrenamerica.org/media/NCFH_AmericaOutcast2010_web.pdf|work=State Report Card on Child Homelessness|publisher=The National Center on Family Homelessness|access-date=30 November 2012|author=The National Center on Family Homelessness|date=December 2011|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322192547/http://www.homelesschildrenamerica.org/media/NCFH_AmericaOutcast2010_web.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The number of homeless children reached record highs in 2011,<ref name="Mach">{{cite news |author=Andrew Mach |date=13 December 2011 |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2011/1213/Homeless-children-at-record-high-in-US.-Can-the-trend-be-reversed |title=Homeless children at record high in US. Can the trend be reversed? |publisher=[[Christian Science Monitor]] |access-date=15 April 2015 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327082254/https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2011/1213/Homeless-children-at-record-high-in-US.-Can-the-trend-be-reversed |url-status=live }}</ref> 2012,<ref name=coalition4homeless>[http://www.coalitionforthehomeless.org/pages/state-of-the-homeless-2012 "State of the Homeless 2012"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522104617/http://www.coalitionforthehomeless.org/pages/state-of-the-homeless-2012 |date=22 May 2014 }} ''Coalition for the Homeless'', 8 June 2012</ref> and 2013<ref name="Dvorak">{{cite news |author=Petula Dvorak |date=8 February 2013 |url=https://
The number of homeless children in the US grew from 1.2 million in 2007 to 1.6 million in 2010. The United States defines [[Homelessness in the United States|homelessness]] per the [[McKinney–Vento Homeless Assistance Act]].<ref>Bassuk, E.L., ''et al.'' (2011) [http://www.homelesschildrenamerica.org/media/NCFH_AmericaOutcast2010_web.pdf ''America’s Youngest Outcasts: 2010''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322192547/http://www.homelesschildrenamerica.org/media/NCFH_AmericaOutcast2010_web.pdf |date=22 March 2016 }} (Needham, MA: The National Center on Family Homelessness) page 20</ref> The number of homeless children reached record highs in 2011,<ref name="Mach"/> 2012,<ref name="coalition4homeless"/> and 2013<ref name="Dvorak"/> at about three times their number in 1983.<ref name=coalition4homeless/>
An "estimated two million [youth] run away from or are forced out of their homes each year" in the [[United States]].<ref name="Flowers_p1">{{harvp|Flowers|2010|p=1}}</ref> The difference in these numbers can be attributed to the temporary nature of street children in the United States, unlike the more permanent state in [[Developing country|developing countries]].
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== Government and non-government responses ==
===Responses by governments===
While some governments have implemented programs to deal with street children, the general solution involves placing the children into [[orphanage]]s, juvenile homes, or correctional institutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=34083 |title=Only if 500 street kids or more |publisher=www.dailyexpress.com.my |access-date=7 February 2008 |work=Daily Express |location=Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517215101/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=34083 |archive-date=17 May 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stabroeknews.com/index.pl/article_general_news?id=56524448 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070715141521/http://www.stabroeknews.com/index.pl/article_general_news?id=56524448 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 July 2007 |title=Gov't Promises residential Facility for Street Children |work=Stabroek News |publisher=www.stabroeknews.com |access-date=7 February 2008 }}</ref> Efforts have been made by various governments to support or partner with non-government organizations.<ref>{{cite news|title=PMC to build a nest for street kids|url=
===Public approaches to street children===
There are four categories of how societies deal with street children:
*The
*The
*The
*The
===NGO responses===
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* [[Working Boy Center]], Ecuador
* [[List of homelessness organizations]]
* [[International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children]]
{{div col end}}
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