Shabbat (Hebrew: שַׁבָּת, Modern: Shabbat, Tiberian: Šabbāṯ, Ashkenazi pronunciation: Shabbos, Yiddish: שבת [ˈʃabəs], in English: the Sabbath, "rest" or "cessation") is the seventh day of the Jewish week and a day of rest in Judaism. Shabbat is observed from a few minutes before sunset on Friday evening until a few minutes after the appearance of three stars in the sky[1] on Saturday night. The exact times, therefore, differ from week to week and from place to place, depending on the time of sunset at each location. In polar areas where there is no sunrise or sunset at certain times of the year, a different set of rules applies.
On Shabbat Jews recall the Biblical Creation account in Genesis, describing God creating the Heavens and the Earth in six days and resting on the seventh. It also recalls the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai, when God commanded the Israelite nation to observe the seventh day and keep it holy.
Shabbat is considered a festive day, when a Jew is freed from the regular labors of everyday life, can contemplate the spiritual aspects of life, and can spend time with family. Traditionally, three festive meals are eaten: on Friday night, Saturday morning, and late Saturday afternoon. The day is also noted for those activities prohibited on Shabbat according to halakha (Jewish law).
Origin
Etymology
The word Shabbat derives from the Hebrew verb shavat. Although frequently translated as "rest" (noun or verb), another accurate translation of these words is "ceasing [from work]", as resting is not necessarily denoted. The related modern Hebrew word shevita, (labor strike), has the same implication of active rather than passive abstinence from work. The notion of active cessation from labor is also regarded as more consistent with an omnipotent God's activity on the seventh day of Creation according to Genesis.
Biblical source
Shabbat is given special status as a holy day at the very beginning of the Torah in Genesis 2:1–3. It is first commanded after the Exodus from Egypt, in Exodus 16:26 (relating to the cessation of manna) and in Exodus 20:8–11 (as the fourth of the Ten Commandments). Shabbat is commanded and commended many more times in the Torah and Tanakh; special sacrifices are to be offered on the day. Shabbat is also described by the prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Hosea, Amos, and Nehemiah.
Origin theories
A longstanding Jewish position is that unbroken seventh-day shabbat originated among the Jewish people, as their first and most sacred institution,[2] whether this Mosaic tradition preserves an origin in special creation,[3] or whether it indicates some obscure later naturalistic origin.[4] Seventh-day shabbat did not originate with the Egyptians, to whom it was unknown;[5] and other origin theories based on the day of Saturn, or on the planets generally, have also been abandoned.[6] The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia advanced a theory of Assyriologists like Friedrich Delitzsch[2] (and of Marcello Craveri),[7] that shabbat originally arose from the lunar cycle in the Babylonian calendar[8][9] containing four weeks ending in Sabbath, plus one or two additional unreckoned days per month.[10] The difficulties of this theory include reconciling the differences between an unbroken week and a lunar week, and explaining the absence of texts naming the lunar week as shabbat in any language.[6]
Status as a holy day
The Tanach and siddur (Jewish prayer book) describe Shabbat as having three purposes:
- To commemorate the Israelites' redemption from slavery in ancient Egypt;
- To commemorate God's creations of the universe; on the seventh day God rested from (or ceased) his work;
- As a "taste" of Olam Haba (the Messianic Age).
Judaism accords Shabbat the status of a joyous holy day. In many ways, Jewish law gives Shabbat the status of being the most important holy day in the Jewish calendar:
- It is the first holy day mentioned in the Bible, and God was the first to observe it with the cessation of Creation (Genesis 2:1–3).
- Jewish liturgy treats the Shabbat as a "bride" and "queen" (see Shekhinah).
- The Sefer Torah is read during the Torah reading which is part of the Shabbat morning services, with a longer reading than during the week. The Torah is read over a yearly cycle of 54 parshiyot, one for each Shabbat (sometimes they are doubled). On Shabbat, the reading is divided into seven sections, more than on any other holy day, including Yom Kippur. Then, the Haftarah reading from the Hebrew prophets is read.
- A tradition states that the Jewish Messiah will come if every Jew properly observes two consecutive Shabbats.[11]
- The punishment in ancient times for desecrating Shabbat (stoning) is the most severe punishment in Jewish law.[12]
Shabbat rituals
Shabbat is a day of celebration as well as prayer. It is customary to eat three festive meals: Dinner on Shabbat eve (Friday night), lunch on Shabbat day (Saturday), and a third meal, known as Seudah Shlishit, in the late afternoon (Saturday).
Many Jews attend synagogue services on Shabbat even if they do not do so during the week. Services are held on Shabbat eve (Friday night), Shabbat morning (Saturday morning), and late Shabbat afternoon (Saturday afternoon).
With the exception of Yom Kippur, which is referred to in the Torah as the "Shabbat of Shabbats", days of public fasting are postponed or advanced if they coincide with Shabbat. Mourners sitting shivah (week of mourning subsequent to the death of a spouse or first-degree relative) outwardly conduct themselves normally for the duration of the day and are forbidden to display public signs of mourning.
According to Rabbinic literature, God via the Torah commands Jews to observe (refrain from forbidden activity) and remember (with words, thoughts, and actions) the Shabbat, and these two actions are symbolized by the two Shabbat candles which are lit before the onset of Shabbat by Jewish women, usually the mother/wife, though men who live alone are required to do so themselves. It is customary to light two candles, although some families light more, sometimes in accordance with the number of children.[13]
Although most Shabbat laws are restrictive (see below), the fourth of the Ten Commandments in Exodus is taken by the Talmud to allude to the positive commandments of the Shabbat. These include:
- Honouring Shabbat (kavod Shabbat): Preparing for the upcoming Shabbat by bathing, having a haircut, and cleaning and beautifying the home (with flowers, for example). On Shabbat itself, wearing festive clothing and refraining from unpleasant conversation. It is customary to avoid talk about money or business matters on Shabbat.[14]
- Recitation of Kiddush over a cup of wine at the beginning of the first and second Shabbat meals, or at a reception after the conclusion of morning prayers (see list of Jewish prayers and blessings)
- Eating three festive meals. Meals begin with a blessing over two loaves of bread (lechem mishneh), usually a braided challah, which is symbolic of the double portion of manna which fell for the Jewish people during their 40 years in the desert after the Exodus from Egypt. It is customary to serve meat or fish, and sometimes both, for the Shabbat evening and morning meals. The third meal, eaten late Shabbat afternoon, is called Seudah Shlishit (literally, "Third Meal"). This is generally a light meal and may be parve or dairy.
- Enjoying Shabbat (oneg Shabbat): Engaging in pleasurable activities such as eating, singing, spending time with the family and marital relations.
- Recitation of Havdalah at the conclusion of Shabbat at nightfall (over a cup of wine, and with the use of fragrant spices and a candle).
Friday Night
Though it might seem like an afterthought in the wake of Shabbat day, Friday night is an essential part of the Shabbat experience. Unlike on Shabbat day, one can partake in all the suggested activities on Friday night. There is an idea that the Jews who partake in Shabbat should not only have Shabbat, but they also make Shabbat. Through this opportunity to do all the encouraged activities, Friday night often is when a Jew will “make” Shabbat.[15]
With this idea in mind one might also assert that Friday night is not just a large part of Shabbat, but really is a full half of it. Friday night has one of the two main prayer times (the fact is that much fewer people attend services Shabbat afternoon than do Shabbat morning or Friday night), one of the two main meals (again for some reason customs have made it that the third meal is never as large as the first two, both in size and import), and time to partake in Oneg Shabbat, Learning of Torah, and socialization.
On Friday afternoon there is a common practice to go to synagogue before Shabbat actually starts to recite the regular afternoon prayers right as Shabbat comes in and that way the prayer flows right into the welcoming of Shabbat in kabalat Shabbat. Though Shabbat starts according to the Jewish laws a few minutes before sunset, many Jews have the custom to add on to the Shabbat by taking away from the mundane of Friday and making that same time holy by accepting the Shabbat upon themselves early (this custom is reserved almost solely for the summer when sunset is extremely late. In the winter when sunset is very early this practice is very uncommon). This custom is called bringing in Shabbat early. Those who bring in Shabbat early simply go to synagogue and light Shabbat candles earlier than the specified time for their community. They do the full prayer service early and thus have more time for their first Shabbat meal, sing songs, or to simply enjoy the Shabbat.
The Kabalat Shabbat service is a festive one which highlights the arrival of the Shabbat. There are songs throughout the service to bring out the festive aura. In fact, there are special Carlebach Minyanim (services) which sing almost every paragraph in the service. The Carlebach minyanim pay little attention to the sentences and focus more on the tunes and the singing. There is much dancing and a Carlebach minyan can easily last a half hour longer than the regular services without the extra singing.
The actual evening service is very similar to the weeknight evening services with a few additions and changes with emphases on the origins of Shabbat from the torah and history. After the services there is a custom for the rabbi of a community to propose a question on the week’s torah portion for the congregation to ponder over Shabbat. Whether or not this question is posed the congregation’s announcements are given over for the goings on in the community for the rest of Shabbat.
In a traditional home, the Friday night dinner is started by two songs; one is to welcome two Shabbat angels into the house[16] and the other is to thank the wife for the work she has done over the past week. After blessings on wine and special bread (challah) a regular meal ensues. Some common Friday night foods include gefilte fish, chicken soup, meatballs, and any variety of chicken recipes.[17] Each meal on Shabbat has its own group of songs to sing during meals as part of the concept Oneg Shabbat. Friday night has its own group of 6 or 7 commonly sung songs including menucha v’simcha (rest and happiness) and yom shabbaton (day of sabbatical). After all food is consumed and thanks prayers recited to conclude the meal, people often take the time before going to sleep to learn torah, read, socialize, or really anything they enjoy that is allowed on Shabbat. Among those who socialize groups of people hold “onegs” which are groups of people coming together to eat some more and do all the things mentioned above, just in a group. Onegs are common among youth groups and can be found among Jewish communities on college campuses.
Prohibited activities
The 39 Melakhot
Jewish law (halakha) prohibits doing any form of melakhah (מְלָאכָה, plural melakhot) on Shabbat, with some exceptions. Though melakhah is commonly translated as "work" in English, a better definition is "deliberate activity" or "skill and craftmanship". There are 39 categories of prohibited activities (melakhot) listed in Mishnah Tractate Shabbat Chapter 7, Mishna 2).
Different streams of Judaism view the prohibition on work in different ways. Observant Orthodox and Conservative Jews refrain from performing the prohibited activities. These prohibited activities are exegetically derived – based on juxtaposition of corresponding Biblical passages – from the kinds of work that were necessary for the construction of the Tabernacle. They are not directly listed in the Torah; elsewhere, the Mishnah observes that "the laws of Shabbat [...] are like mountains hanging by a hair, for they are little Scripture but many laws".[18] Many religious scholars have pointed out that these labors have in common activity that is "creative," or that exercises control or dominion over one's environment.
The 39 categories of melakhah are: ploughing earth, sowing, reaping, binding sheaves, threshing, winnowing, selecting, grinding, sifting, kneading, baking, shearing wool, washing wool, beating wool, dyeing wool, spinning, weaving, making two loops, weaving two threads, separating two threads, tying, untying, sewing stitches, tearing, trapping, slaughtering, flaying, tanning, scraping hide, marking hides, cutting hide to shape, writing two or more letters, erasing two or more letters, building, demolishing, extinguishing a fire, kindling a fire, putting the finishing touch on an object and transporting an object between the private domain and the public domain, or for a distance of 4 cubits within the public domain.
Each melakhah has derived prohibitions of various kinds. There are, therefore, many more forbidden activities on the Shabbat; all are traced back to one of the 39 above principal melakhot.
Given the above, the 39 melakhot are not so much activities as "categories of activity." For example, while "winnowing" usually refers exclusively to the separation of chaff from grain, and "selecting" refers exclusively to the separation of debris from grain, they refer in the Talmudic sense to any separation of intermixed materials which renders edible that which was inedible. Thus, filtering undrinkable water to make it drinkable falls under this category, as does picking small bones from fish. (Gefilte fish is one solution to this problem.)
Use of electricity
Orthodox and some Conservative authorities rule that it is prohibited to turn electric devices on or off as falling under one of the 39 categories of work (melakhot). However, the authorities are not in agreement about exactly which category (or categories) this would fall under. One view is that tiny sparks are created in a switch when the circuit is closed, and this would constitute "lighting a fire" (category 37). If the appliance is one whose purpose is for light or heat (such as an incandescent lightbulb or electric oven) then the lighting or heating elements may be considered as a type of fire; if so, then turning them on constitutes both "lighting a fire" (category 37) and "cooking" (a form of baking, category 11), and turning them off would be "extinguishing a fire" (category 36).
Another view is that a device which is plugged into an electrical outlet of a wall becomes part of the building, but is nonfunctional while the switch is off; turning it on would then constitute "building" and turning it off would be "demolishing" (categories 35 and 34). Some schools of thought consider the use of electricity to be forbidden only by rabbinic injunction, rather than because it violates one of the original categories.
A common solution to the problem of electricity involves pre-set timers (Shabbat clocks) for electric appliances, to turn them on and off automatically, with no human intervention on Shabbat itself. Some Conservative authorities[19][20][21] reject altogether the arguments for prohibiting the use of electricity.
Automobiles
Orthodox and many Conservative authorities completely prohibit the use of automobiles on Shabbat as a violation of multiple categories include "igniting a fire" (category 37), "extinguishing a fire" (category 36) and "transferring between domains" (category 39). However, the Conservative movement's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards permits driving to a synagogue on Shabbat, as an emergency measure, on the grounds that if Jews lost contact with synagogue life they would become lost to the Jewish people.
A halachically authorized Shabbat module added to an Amigo power operated vehicle may be used on the observance of Shabbat for those with walking limitations. Often referred to as a Shabbat scooter or Amigo Shabbat, it is manufactured by Zomet Institute in Israel, each Shabbat module application is individually inspected and certified by a Zomet representative. It is intended only for individuals whose limited mobility is dependent on a POV/scooter or automobile consistently throughout the week.
Shomer Shabbat
The term shomer Shabbat is used for a person (or organization) who adheres to Shabbat laws consistently. The shomer Shabbat is an archetype mentioned in Jewish songs (e.g., Baruch El Elyon) and the intended audience for various treatises on Jewish law and practice for Shabbat (e.g., Shemirat Shabbat ke-Hilkhata).
Technology in the service of Shabbat
When there is an urgent human or medical need which is life-threatening, it is possible to perform seemingly "forbidden" acts by modifying the relevant technology to such an extent that no law is actually violated. An example is the "Sabbath elevator". In this mode, an elevator will stop automatically at every floor, allowing people to step on and off without anyone having to press any buttons, which would normally be needed to work. (Dynamic braking is also disabled if it is normally used, shunting energy collected from downward travel, and thus the gravitational potential energy of passengers, into a resistor network.) This prevents "violation" of the Shabbat prohibition against doing "useful work." Many rabbinical authorities consider the use of such elevators by those who are otherwise capable as a "violation" of the Shabbat, with such workarounds being for the benefit of the frail and handicapped and not being in the spirit of the day.
Many observant Jews avoid the prohibition of "carrying" in the absence of an eruv by making their keys into a tie bar, or part of a belt buckle or brooch. The key thereby becomes a legitimate article of clothing or jewelry, which may be worn, rather than carried. Some also use an elastic band which has clips on both ends, and keys are placed between them as an integral link in the band, which may then be considered a belt.
In recent years, the Shabbat lamp has been developed to allow a light in a room to be turned on/off at will while the electricity remains on. A special mechanism blocks out the light when the off position is desired without violating Shabbat.
Permitted desecration
In the event that a human life is in danger (pikuach nefesh), a Jew is not only allowed, but required,[22][23] to violate any Shabbat law that stands in the way of saving that person, excluding murder, idolatry, and forbidden sexual acts. The concept of life being in danger is interpreted broadly: for example, it is mandated that one violate the Shabbat to bring a woman in active labor to a hospital. Lesser, rabbinic restrictions are often violated under much less urgent circumstances (a patient who is ill but not critically so).
"We did everything to save lives, despite Shabbat. People asked, 'Why are you here? There are no Jews here', but we are here because the Torah orders us to save lives… We are desecrating Shabbat with pride…"
Various other legal principles closely delineate which activities constitute desecration of the Shabbat. Examples of these include the principle of shinui ("change" or "deviation"): A severe violation becomes a non-severe one if the prohibited act was performed in a way that would be considered abnormal on a weekday. Examples include writing with one's non-dominant hand (according to many rabbinic authorities). This legal principle operates bedi'avad (ex post facto) and does not cause a forbidden activity to be permitted barring extenuating circumstances.
Liberal views
Generally, adherents of Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism believe that the individual Jew determines whether to follow Shabbat prohibitions or not. For example, some Jews might find activities, such as writing or cooking for leisure, to be enjoyable enhancements to Shabbat and its holiness, and therefore may encourage such practices. Many Reform Jews believe that what constitutes "work" is different for each person, and that only what the person considers "work" is forbidden.[25] Radical Hungarian-born Reform rabbi Ignaz Einhorn even shifted his congregation's Shabbat worship to Sundays.[26]
More rabbinically traditional Reform and Reconstruction Jews believe that these halakhot in general may be valid, but that it is up to each individual to decide how and when to apply them. A small fraction of Jews, in the Progressive Jewish community, accept these laws much the same way as Orthodox Jews.
Encouraged activities
All Jewish denominations encourage the following activities on Shabbat:
- Reading, studying and discussing Torah and commentary, Mishnah and Talmud, learning some Halakha and Midrash.
- Synagogue attendance for prayers;
- Spending time with other Jews and socializing with family, friends and guests at Shabbat meals (hachnasat orchim, "hospitality");
- Singing zemirot, special songs for the Shabbat meal (commonly sung during or after a meal)
- Marital relations between husband and wife[27]
- Sleeping
Special Shabbats
The Special Shabbats are the Shabbats that precede important Jewish holidays: e.g. Shabbat ha-Gadol is the Shabbat preceding Passover, Shabbat Zachor is the Shabbat preceding Purim, and Shabbat Teshuva is the Shabbat preceding Yom Kippur.
Sabbath adaptation
Most Christians do not celebrate Biblical Shabbat as outlined in the Ten Commandments and instead observe a weekly day of worship on Sunday, which they call "Lord's Day". This originated when Emperor Constantine of Rome changed the day of rest for the church in 321 A.D. from Saturday to Sunday. Constantine noted, "On the venerable day of the Sun let the magistrates and people residing in cities rest, and let all workshops be closed".
Several Christian denominations, such as the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Seventh Day Baptists, and the True Jesus Church, observe seventh-day Sabbath. Scriptural Sabbath is celebrated from Friday sunset to Saturday sunset. Some of Messianic Judaism considers its Sabbath to be kept according to Jewish doctrinal tradition, while most of Rabbinic Judaism disagrees.
The principle of weekly Sabbath also exists in other beliefs: compare the Babylonian calendar, the Buddhist uposatha, the Islamic jumu'ah, the Neopagan sabbat, the Bahá'í calendar, the Unification Church Ahn Shi Il, and the parody-religion Pastafarian weekend.
See also
References
- ^ Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 293:2
- ^ a b Landau, Judah Leo. The Sabbath. Johannesburg, South Africa: Ivri Publishing Society, Ltd. pp. 2, 12. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
- ^ Graham, I. L. (2009). "The Origin of the Sabbath". Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia. Retrieved 2009-03-26. [dead link]
- ^ "Jewish religious year: The Sabbath". [[Encyclopedia Britannica]]. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
Scholars have not succeeded in tracing the origin of the seven-day week, nor can they account for the origin of the Sabbath.
{{cite book}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^ Bechtel, Florentine (1912). "Sabbath". [[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
{{cite book}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^ a b Sampey, John Richard (1915). "Sabbath: Critical Theories". In Orr, James (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Howard-Severance Company. p. 2630. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
- ^ Craveri, Marcello (1967). The Life of Jesus. Grove Press. p. 134.
- ^ Joseph, Max (1943). "Holidays". In Landman, Isaac (ed.). The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times. Vol. 5. Cohen, Simon, compiler. The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc. p. 410.
- ^ Joseph, Max (1943). "Sabbath". In Landman, Isaac (ed.). The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times. Vol. 9. Cohen, Simon, compiler. The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc. p. 295.
- ^ Cohen, Simon (1943). "Week". In Landman, Isaac (ed.). The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times. Vol. 10. Cohen, Simon, compiler. The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc. p. 482.
- ^ Shabbat 118
- ^ See e.g. Numbers 15:32–36.
- ^ Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim 261.
- ^ Derived from Isaiah 58:13–14.
- ^ http://english.sadnatenosh.org/dload/shabat.htm
- ^ Shabbat 119b
- ^ http://kosherfood.about.com/od/sabbathcooking/p/menu_shabbat.htm
- ^ Chagigah 1:8.
- ^ Neulander, Arthur (1950). "The Use of Electricity on the Sabbath". Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly. 14: 165–171.
- ^ Adler, Morris; Agus, Jacob; Friedman, Theodore (1950). "Responsum on the Sabbath". Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly. 14: 112–137.
- ^ Klein, Isaac. A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice. The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1979.
- ^ 8 saved during "Shabbat from hell" (January 17, 2010) in Israel 21c Innovation News Service Retrieved 2010–01–18
- ^ ZAKA rescuemission to Haiti 'proudly desecrating Shabbat' Religious rescue team holds Shabbat prayer with members of international missions in Port au-Prince. Retrieved 2010–01–22
- ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3835327,00.html
- ^ Faigin, Daniel P. (2003-09-04). "Soc.Culture.Jewish Newsgroups Frequently Asked Questions and Answers". Usenet. p. 18.4.7. Retrieved 2009-03-27.
- ^ Meyer, Michael (1988). Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 162ff. ISBN 019505167X.
- ^ Shulkhan Arukh, Orach Chaim 280:1
External links
- A detailed summary of the laws of Shabbat from Torah.org, based on the Shulchan Aruch