Content deleted Content added
Hanford4162 (talk | contribs) m spelling error |
|||
| (42 intermediate revisions by 32 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}▼
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Ramadi
|native_name = {{lang|ar|
|settlement_type = [[List of cities in Iraq|City]]
|image_skyline = Ramadi Aerial Picture - April 2008.jpeg
Line 24:
|pushpin_map = Iraq
|pushpin_label_position = left
|pushpin_relief
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location within Iraq
|coordinates = {{coord|33|25|
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Iraq}}
Line 36:
|subdivision_name2 =
|subdivision_name3 =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|established_title2 =
|established_date2 =
|established_title3 =
Line 44:
|government_type =
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = Ibrahim
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_magnitude =
Line 64:
|elevation_m = 50
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_density_km2 =
Line 97:
|blank1_name =
|blank1_info =
}}
'''Ramadi''' ({{
Ramadi occupies a highly strategic
==Population and demography==
Ramadi's population was reported by the [[World Food Programme]] to number 375,000 people in 2011,<ref name="citypopulation.de">{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Iraq.html#Stadt-alpha|title = Iraq: Governorates, Districts, Cities, Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts}}</ref> though the number is likely to have decreased since then given the impact of the Iraq war and insurgency.<ref name="Fitzsimmons">{{cite book|last=Fitzsimmons|first=Michael|title=Governance, Identity, and Counterinsurgency: Evidence from Ramadi and Tal Afar
==History==
Ramadi is located in a fertile, irrigated, alluvial plain, within Iraq's [[Sunni Triangle]]. A settlement already existed in the area when the British explorer [[Francis Rawdon Chesney]] passed through in 1836 on a steam-powered boat during an expedition to test the navigability of the Euphrates. He described it as a "pretty little town" and noted that the black tents of the Bedouin could be seen along
Ramadi was described in 1892 as "the most wide awake town in the whole Euphrates valley. It has a telegraph office and large government barracks. The bazaars are very large and well filled."<ref name="Harper1892">{{cite book|last=Harper|first=William Rainey|title=Old and New Testament Student|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14fNAAAAMAAJ|year=1892|publisher=C.V. Patterson Publishing Company|page=217}}</ref> Sir [[John Bagot Glubb]] ("Glubb Pasha") was posted there in 1922 "to maintain a rickety floating bridge over the river [Euphrates], carried on boats made of reeds daubed with [[bitumen]]", as he put it.<ref name="Glubb1983">{{cite book|last=Glubb|first=Sir John Bagot|title=The changing scenes of life: an autobiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kFnAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Quartet Books|isbn=978-0-7043-2329-2|pages=58–59}}</ref> By this time the Dulaim were mostly settled, though they had not yet fully adopted an urbanised lifestyle. Glubb described them as "cultivators along the banks of the Euphrates, watering their wheat, barley and date palms by ''kerids'', or water lifts worked by horses. Yet they had but recently settled, and still lived in black goat-hair tents."<ref name="Glubb1983" /> A British military handbook published during World War I noted that "some European travellers have found the inhabitants of Rumadiyah [Ramadi] inclined to fanaticism".<ref name="BranchDivision1988">{{cite book|author1=Indian Army, General Staff Branch|author2=Naval Intelligence Division|author3=Admiralty|title=A Collection of First World War Military Handbooks of Arabia, 1913–1917|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wiq8AAAAIAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Archive Editions|isbn=978-1-85207-088-5|page=1580}}</ref>
Line 124 ⟶ 122:
The [[Ramadi Barrage]] was built near the city in 1955 to feed water into [[Lake Habbaniyah]] to the southeast.<ref name="Britannica" /> The [[University of Anbar]] was founded there in 1987 and, together with Ramadi's trade and transport links, gave the city a more cosmopolitan, liberal and secular culture than others in the Sunni Triangle.<ref name="Fitzsimmons22" /> Many high-ranking officials of the ruling [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region|Ba'ath Party]] came from Ramadi. Its local elites were also closely tied to the regime. The Anbar tribes in and around the city were largely co-opted to support the regime and Ramadi was the home base of the [[Iraqi Army]]'s combat engineers, special forces and many active and retired senior officers.<ref name="Fitzsimmons23">Fitzsimmons (2013), p. 23</ref>
Ramadi was the scene of large-scale demonstrations against [[Saddam Hussein]] in 1995. This made it virtually unique in Sunni Iraq, where support for Saddam was strongest.<ref name="Fitzsimmons22">Fitzsimmons (2013), p. 22</ref> The demonstrations were prompted by Saddam's execution of a prominent member of the Dulaim tribe from Ramadi, [[Iraqi Air Force]] General Muhammad Madhlum al-Dulaimi, and three other Dulaimi officers. The four had criticized the regime and Saddam's notoriously violent and dissolute son [[Uday Hussein|Uday]]. After their execution, the bodies were sent back to Ramadi. The regime's security forces put down the demonstrations which ensued and Saddam subsequently viewed the Dulaimis with suspicion, though he was unable to purge them without risking a full-scale tribal revolt.<ref name="Hashim2005">{{cite book|last=Hashim|first=Ahmed|title=Insurgency and Counter-insurgency in Iraq|url=https://
===
{{
[[File:PIC in Ramadi.jpg|thumb|[[Iraqi Police|Iraqi police]] review in front of the government headquarters in Ramadi, 2007]]The policy of [[de-Ba'athification]] and the disbandment of the Iraqi Army, implemented by the [[United States]] following the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], hit Ramadi particularly hard because of its links to the party and the army. Many senior officials and military figures in the city suddenly found themselves excluded from public life. This gave them both the motivation and the means, given their connections and technical expertise, to mount a campaign of violence against coalition forces. As a result, Ramadi became a hotbed of insurgency between 2003 and 2006 and was badly affected by the [[Iraq War]] especially during the [[Battle of Ramadi (2006)|2006 Battle of Ramadi]].<ref name="Fitzsimmons23" />
===ISIS (Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham)===
{{
Following the withdrawal of US and Coalition forces in 2011, Ramadi was contested by Iraq and the [[ISIS|Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham]] (ISIS) during the ongoing [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–present)|Iraqi insurgency]]. On 15 May 2015 Ramadi was captured by [[ISIS]] after an assault that included suicide car bombs, mortars, and rocket launchers. CNN reported that ISIS took over 50 high-level security personnel prisoners during the assault. The ISIS flag was also raised at the Ramadi government headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/15/middleeast/iraq-isis/index.html |title=ISIS on offensive in Iraq's Ramadi, governor says |
Since the ISIS occupation of Ramadi, efforts have been made to re-take the city. In November 2015, Iraqi government forces completed an encirclement of Ramadi.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Islamic State conflict: Iraqi forces 'move into Ramadi'|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-35158105|website = BBC News|
===Iraq's recapture of the city===
{{
On 28 December 2015, Iraq's government claimed that it retook the city from the Islamic insurgency group ISIS. The operation started in early November. The city's recapture is seen as a major reversal for ISIS. ISIS occupied the city beginning in May 2015. The ISIS occupation of the city was a major defeat for the Iraqi government forces. The recapture of Ramadi was backed by [[United States|US]]-led coalition air strikes and an Iraqi advance into the city, but made slow progress, mainly due to stiff resistance from ISIS militants inside the southern half of the city and also because the government chose not to use the powerful Shia-dominated paramilitary force [[Popular Mobilization Forces|PMF]] that had previously helped it regain the mainly Sunni northern city of [[Tikrit]], to avoid increasing sectarian tensions. The military said remaining ISIS militants have headed out to the north-east of Ramadi. The PM of Iraq declared that 30 December as celebrations of the recapture of Ramadi. However, Ramadi was highly damaged afterwards, with some estimates as high as 90%.
==Transportation==
Line 150 ⟶ 148:
At the start of the 21st century, Ramadi stretched over an area of about {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} east to west by {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} north to south. The center of the city is densely built up, with numerous more spread-out residential suburbs surrounding it. The city center is bounded to the north by the Euphrates, to the east by suburbs, to the south by the railway line between Baghdad and [[Haditha]], and to the west by the Habbaniyah Canal. More suburbs exist to the west and northwest of the canal and north of the Euphrates.<ref name="DiMarco2012" />
The city center is connected to the suburbs by two major bridges, one across the Euphrates and the other across the canal, while the western and northern suburbs are connected by a major highway that crosses the Euphrates north of the city. Various tribal groups live in separate districts within the suburbs,<ref name="DiMarco2012" /> with dozens of sheikhs being responsible for maintaining the security and well-being of their particular grouping.<ref>DiMarco (2012), p. 192</ref> The suburbs are extensively criss-crossed with canals that are used to irrigate the farmland around the city.<ref name="Munier2004">{{cite book|last=Munier|first=Gilles|title=Iraq: an illustrated history and guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBAtAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Arris|isbn=9781844370184}}</ref>
Ramadi's recent origins mean that it is dominated by modern concrete buildings, mostly flat-roofed two- or three-story structures but with a number of taller buildings in the city center. Its modern origins mean that it lacks features typical of older Iraqi cities, such as a [[kasbah]]. The Japanese-built city hospital, with seven stories, is the tallest building in Ramadi. The city was badly damaged during the Iraq war and insurgency. Many buildings were destroyed and many more were rendered uninhabitable.<ref>DiMarco (2012), p. 191</ref>
==Climate==
Ramadi has a [[Desert climate#Hot desert climates|hot desert climate]] (''BWh'') in the [[Köppen–Geiger climate classification system]]. Most rain falls in the winter. The average annual temperature in Ramadi is {{convert|22.4|°C|1}}. About {{convert|115|mm|2|abbr=on}} of precipitation falls annually. Sand storms often occur in the warmer months in this region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iraq climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time|url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/iraq|website=www.climatestotravel.com|access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref>
{{Weather box|location = Ramadi
Line 161 ⟶ 159:
|single line = Y
|Jan high C = 15.
|Feb high C = 18.
|Mar high C =
|Apr high C =
|May high C =
|Jun high C = 40.
|Jul high C = 43.
|Aug high C =
|Sep high C = 39.
|Oct high C = 32.7
|Nov high C =
|Dec high C =
|Jan low C =
|Feb low C =
|Mar low C =
|Apr low C =
|May low C =
|Jun low C =
|Jul low C =
|Aug low C =
|Sep low C =
|Oct low C =
|Nov low C =
|Dec low C =
|Jan precipitation mm =
|Feb precipitation mm =
|Mar precipitation mm =
|Apr precipitation mm =
|May precipitation mm =
|Jun precipitation mm = 0
|Jul precipitation mm = 0
|Aug precipitation mm = 0
|Sep precipitation mm = 0
|Oct precipitation mm =
|Nov precipitation mm =
|Dec precipitation mm =
|year precipitation mm=
| Jan humidity =66
| Feb humidity =54
| Mar humidity =36
| Apr humidity =29
| May humidity =22
| Jun humidity =17
| Jul humidity =17
| Aug humidity =19
| Sep humidity =24
| Oct humidity =33
| Nov humidity =51
| Dec humidity =64
|source = climate-data.org<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/iraq/al-anbar/ramadi-2917/ |title=Ramadi Climate |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=Climate data}}</ref>
|date=16 January 2018}}
Line 207 ⟶ 217:
{{Portal|Iraq}}
* [[List of places in Iraq]]
*[[Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)|Occupation of Iraq (2003–11)]]
*[[Battle of Ramadi (2006)]]
* [[Battle of Ramadi (2014–15)]]
==References==
{{
==External links==
{{Commons category|Ramadi}}
* [http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Ar_Ramadi.html Iraq Image – Ramadi Satellite Observation] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130103162657/http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Ar_Ramadi.html |date=3 January 2013 }}
* [https://www.amazon.com/Quixote-Ramadi-Indigenous-Account-Imperialism/dp/1492286060/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1378940332&sr=1-1&keywords=quixote+in+ramadi Quixote in Ramadi by MB Wilmot]
{{Al Anbar cities}}
{{Districts of Iraq}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Ramadi| ]]▼
▲{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
[[Category:1869 establishments in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Cities in Iraq]]
[[Category:District capitals of Iraq]]
[[Category:Levant]]
▲[[Category:Ramadi| ]]
[[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]]
[[Category:Populated places in Al Anbar Governorate]]
| |||