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'''Ramadi''' ({{
Ramadi occupies a highly strategic
==Population and demography==
Ramadi's population was reported by the [[World Food Programme]] to number 375,000 people in 2011,<ref name="citypopulation.de">{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Iraq.html#Stadt-alpha|title = Iraq: Governorates, Districts, Cities, Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts}}</ref> though the number is likely to have decreased since then given the impact of the Iraq war and insurgency.<ref name="Fitzsimmons">{{cite book|last=Fitzsimmons|first=Michael|title=Governance, Identity, and Counterinsurgency: Evidence from Ramadi and Tal Afar|url=http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1150|year=2013|publisher=Institute of Strategic Studies|isbn=978-1-304-05185-1|page=21|edition=enlarged|access-date=19 May 2015|archive-date=21 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521151107/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1150|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its population grew rapidly during the last half of the 20th century, from 12,020 people in 1956<ref>{{cite book|author=Government of Iraq Ministry of Economics Principal Bureau of Statistics|title=Report on the Housing Census of Iraq for 1956|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRjRAAAAMAAJ|year=1957|publisher=Ar-Ranita Press|page=102}}</ref> to 192,556 in 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/iraq.aspx|title=Iraq|publisher=Geohive (via Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year 1997 and 2004)|access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref> The population is very homogeneous, over 90 per cent [[Sunni]] [[Arab people|Arab]].<ref name="Fitzsimmons" /> The vast majority of its population come from the [[Dulaim]] tribal confederation, which inhabits Syria and Jordan as well as Iraq and has over a thousand individual clans, each headed by a sheik selected by tribal elders.<ref name="DiMarco2012" />
==History==
Ramadi is located in a fertile, irrigated, alluvial plain, within Iraq's [[Sunni Triangle]]. A settlement already existed in the area when the British explorer [[Francis Rawdon Chesney]] passed through in 1836 on a steam-powered boat during an expedition to test the navigability of the Euphrates. He described it as a "pretty little town" and noted that the black tents of the Bedouin could be seen along
Ramadi was described in 1892 as "the most wide awake town in the whole Euphrates valley. It has a telegraph office and large government barracks. The bazaars are very large and well filled."<ref name="Harper1892">{{cite book|last=Harper|first=William Rainey|title=Old and New Testament Student|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14fNAAAAMAAJ|year=1892|publisher=C.V. Patterson Publishing Company|page=217}}</ref> Sir [[John Bagot Glubb]] ("Glubb Pasha") was posted there in 1922 "to maintain a rickety floating bridge over the river [Euphrates], carried on boats made of reeds daubed with [[bitumen]]", as he put it.<ref name="Glubb1983">{{cite book|last=Glubb|first=Sir John Bagot|title=The changing scenes of life: an autobiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kFnAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Quartet Books|isbn=978-0-7043-2329-2|pages=58–59}}</ref> By this time the Dulaim were mostly settled, though they had not yet fully adopted an urbanised lifestyle. Glubb described them as "cultivators along the banks of the Euphrates, watering their wheat, barley and date palms by ''kerids'', or water lifts worked by horses. Yet they had but recently settled, and still lived in black goat-hair tents."<ref name="Glubb1983" /> A British military handbook published during World War I noted that "some European travellers have found the inhabitants of Rumadiyah [Ramadi] inclined to fanaticism".<ref name="BranchDivision1988">{{cite book|author1=Indian Army, General Staff Branch|author2=Naval Intelligence Division|author3=Admiralty|title=A Collection of First World War Military Handbooks of Arabia, 1913–1917|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wiq8AAAAIAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Archive Editions|isbn=978-1-85207-088-5|page=1580}}</ref>
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Ramadi was the scene of large-scale demonstrations against [[Saddam Hussein]] in 1995. This made it virtually unique in Sunni Iraq, where support for Saddam was strongest.<ref name="Fitzsimmons22">Fitzsimmons (2013), p. 22</ref> The demonstrations were prompted by Saddam's execution of a prominent member of the Dulaim tribe from Ramadi, [[Iraqi Air Force]] General Muhammad Madhlum al-Dulaimi, and three other Dulaimi officers. The four had criticized the regime and Saddam's notoriously violent and dissolute son [[Uday Hussein|Uday]]. After their execution, the bodies were sent back to Ramadi. The regime's security forces put down the demonstrations which ensued and Saddam subsequently viewed the Dulaimis with suspicion, though he was unable to purge them without risking a full-scale tribal revolt.<ref name="Hashim2005">{{cite book|last=Hashim|first=Ahmed|title=Insurgency and Counter-insurgency in Iraq|url=https://archive.org/details/insurgencycounte00hash|url-access=registration|year=2005|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=0-8014-4452-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/insurgencycounte00hash/page/105 105]}}</ref>
===
{{Main|Ramadi under U.S. military occupation}}
[[File:PIC in Ramadi.jpg|thumb|[[Iraqi Police|Iraqi police]] review in front of the government headquarters in Ramadi, 2007]]The policy of [[de-Ba'athification]] and the disbandment of the Iraqi Army, implemented by the [[United States]] following the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], hit Ramadi particularly hard because of its links to the party and the army. Many senior officials and military figures in the city suddenly found themselves excluded from public life. This gave them both the motivation and the means, given their connections and technical expertise, to mount a campaign of violence against coalition forces. As a result, Ramadi became a hotbed of insurgency between 2003 and 2006 and was badly affected by the [[Iraq War]] especially during the [[Battle of Ramadi (2006)|2006 Battle of Ramadi]].<ref name="Fitzsimmons23" />
===ISIS (Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham)===
{{Main|Battle of Ramadi (2014–15)}}
Following the withdrawal of US and Coalition forces in 2011, Ramadi was contested by Iraq and the [[ISIS|Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham]] (ISIS) during the ongoing [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–present)|Iraqi insurgency]]. On 15 May 2015 Ramadi was captured by [[ISIS]] after an assault that included suicide car bombs, mortars, and rocket launchers. CNN reported that ISIS took over 50 high-level security personnel prisoners during the assault. The ISIS flag was also raised at the Ramadi government headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/15/middleeast/iraq-isis/index.html |title=ISIS on offensive in Iraq's Ramadi, governor says |
Since the ISIS occupation of Ramadi, efforts have been made to re-take the city. In November 2015, Iraqi government forces completed an encirclement of Ramadi.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Islamic State conflict: Iraqi forces 'move into Ramadi'|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-35158105|website = BBC News|access-date = 2015-12-22|date = 22 December 2015}}</ref> On 28 December, Iraqi forces advanced into the centre of the city of Ramadi and liberated it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/mideast-crisis-iraq-ramadi-idUSKBN0UA0DH20151228 |title=Iraqi army declares first major victory over Islamic State in Ramadi |date=28 December 2015 |work=Reuters}}</ref>
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{{Main|Battle of Ramadi (2015–16)}}
On 28 December 2015, Iraq's government claimed that it retook the city from the Islamic insurgency group ISIS. The operation started in early November. The city's recapture is seen as a major reversal for ISIS. ISIS occupied the city beginning in May 2015. The ISIS occupation of the city was a major defeat for the Iraqi government forces. The recapture of Ramadi was backed by [[United States|US]]-led coalition air strikes and an Iraqi advance into the city, but made slow progress, mainly due to stiff resistance from ISIS militants inside the southern half of the city and also because the government chose not to use the powerful Shia-dominated paramilitary force [[Popular Mobilization Forces|PMF]] that had previously helped it regain the mainly Sunni northern city of [[Tikrit]], to avoid increasing sectarian tensions. The military said remaining ISIS militants have headed out to the north-east of Ramadi. The PM of Iraq declared that 30 December as celebrations of the recapture of Ramadi. However, Ramadi was highly damaged afterwards, with some estimates as high as 90%.
==Transportation==
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==Climate==
Ramadi has a [[Desert climate#Hot desert climates|hot desert climate]] (''BWh'') in the [[Köppen–Geiger climate classification system]]. Most rain falls in the winter. The average annual temperature in Ramadi is {{convert|22.4|°C|1}}. About {{convert|115|mm|2|abbr=on}} of precipitation falls annually. Sand storms often occur
{{Weather box|location = Ramadi
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|Jan high C = 15.
|Feb high C = 18.
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|Jul high C = 43.
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|Sep high C = 39.
|Oct high C = 32.7
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|Jun precipitation mm = 0
|Jul precipitation mm = 0
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| Jan humidity =66
| Feb humidity =54
| Mar humidity =36
| Apr humidity =29
| May humidity =22
| Jun humidity =17
| Jul humidity =17
| Aug humidity =19
| Sep humidity =24
| Oct humidity =33
| Nov humidity =51
| Dec humidity =64
|source = climate-data.org<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/iraq/al-anbar/ramadi-2917/ |title=Ramadi Climate |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=Climate data}}</ref>
|date=16 January 2018}}
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{{Portal|Iraq}}
* [[List of places in Iraq]]
*[[Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)|Occupation of Iraq (2003–11)]]
*[[Battle of Ramadi (2006)]]
* [[Battle of Ramadi (2014–15)]]
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==External links==
{{Commons category|Ramadi}}
* [http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Ar_Ramadi.html Iraq Image – Ramadi Satellite Observation] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130103162657/http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Ar_Ramadi.html |date=3 January 2013 }}
* [https://www.amazon.com/Quixote-Ramadi-Indigenous-Account-Imperialism/dp/1492286060/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1378940332&sr=1-1&keywords=quixote+in+ramadi Quixote in Ramadi by MB Wilmot]
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